Environmental Soil and Water Chemistry Principles and Applications

by Evangelou, V. P.

• ISBN13: 9780471165156
• ISBN10: 0471165158
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-10-12
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

In a world where chemical pollutants pose a grave threat to the earth's natural resources, Environmental Soil and Water Chemistry offers students both an excellent textbook and a handy reference on the wide spectrum of environmental problems they will confront outside the classroom.

Author Biography

V. P. EVANGELOU, Ph.D., is Professor of Soil and Water Chemistry at the University of Kentucky. A recipient of the Marion L. and Chrystie M. Jackson Award from the Soil Science Society and the Senior Fulbright Award, he is the author of Pyrite Oxidation and Its Control.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii	(2)
About the Author	xix
PRINCIPLES	1	(320)
I WATER CHEMISTRY AND MINERAL SOLUBILITY	3	(97)
1 Physical Chemistry of Water and Some of Its Constituents	3	(42)
1.1 Elements of Nature	3	(3)
1.1.1 Light Metals [Groups 1,2, and Aluminium (Al)]	5	(1)
1.1.2 Heavy Metals (Transition Metals)	6	(1)
1.1.3 Nonmetals or Metalloids	6	(1)
1.2 Chemical Bonding	6	(6)
1.3 Review of Chemical Units	12	(4)
1.4 Basic Information About Water Chemistry	16	(6)
1.4.1 Physical States and Properties of Water	17	(3)
1.4.2 Effects of Temperature, Pressure, and Dissolved Salts	20	(1)
1.4.3 Hydration	21	(1)
1.5 Chemical Properties of Water	22	(1)
1.6 Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis Definitions of Acids and Bases	23	(19)
1.6.1 Weak Monoprotic Acids	24	(1)
1.6.2 Weak Polyprotic Acids	25	(2)
1.6.3 Titration Curve	27	(2)
1.6.4 Environmental Water Buffers	29	(3)
1.6.5 Open and Closed Systems	32	(2)
Acid-Base Chemistry Problems	34	(8)
Problems and Questions	42	(3)
2 Solution/Mineral-Salt Chemistry	45	(55)
2.1 Introduction	45	(35)
2.1.1 Mineral Solubility	48	(3)
2.1.2 Single-Ion Activity Coefficient	51	(2)
2.1.3 Ion Pair or Complex Effects	53	(9)
Iteration Example	62	(3)
2.1.4 Role of Hydroxide on Metal Solubility	65	(6)
Special Note	71	(7)
2.1.5 Solubility Diagrams	78	(2)
2.2 Specific Conductance	80	(2)
Example	82	(1)
2.3 Acidity-Alkalinity	82	(9)
2.3.1 Alkalinity Speciation	83	(4)
2.3.2 Neutralization Potential	87	(1)
2.3.3 Alkalinity Contribution by CaCO(3)	88	(3)
2.4 Chelates	91	(7)
Problems and Questions	98	(2)
II SOIL MINERALS AND SURFACE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES	100	(129)
3 Soil Minerals and Their Surface Properties	100	(67)
3.1 Composition and Structure of Soil Minerals	100	(2)
3.2 Aluminosilicate Minerals	102	(29)
Soil Mineral Terms and Definitions	116	(15)
3.3 Metal-Oxides	131	(1)
3.4 Soil Organic Matter	131	(10)
3.4.1 Humic Substances	135	(2)
3.4.2 Reaction Among Humic Substances, Clays, and Metals	137	(3)
3.4.3 Mechanisms of Complex Formation	140	(1)
3.5 Clay Mineral Surface Charge	141	(13)
3.5.1 Permanent Structural Charge	141	(5)
3.5.2 Variable Charge	146	(3)
3.5.3 Mixtures of Constant and Variably Charged Minerals	149	(1)
3.5.4 Relevant Soil Charge Components	150	(4)
3.6 Soil-Mineral Titrations	154	(9)
3.6.1 Conductimetric Titration	154	(2)
3.6.2 Potentiometric Titration	156	(4)
3.6.3 Soil Acidity	160	(3)
3.7 Soil and Soil Solution Components	163	(1)
3.8 Role of Soil-Minerals in Controlling Water Chemistry	164	(1)
Problems and Questions	164	(3)
4 Sorption and Exchange Reactions	167	(62)
4.1 Sorption Processes	167	(11)
4.1.1 Surface Functional Groups	169	(9)
4.2 Adsorption-Sorption Models	178	(13)
4.2.1 Freundlich Equilibrium Approach	179	(4)
4.2.2 Langmuir Equilibrium Approach	183	(3)
4.2.3 Surface Complexation Models	186	(2)
Adsorption on a Surface Fraction Basis	188	(3)
4.3 Exchange Reactions	191	(34)
4.3.1 Homovalent Cation Exchange	191	(3)
Relationship Between CR(Ca) and ExCa	194	(2)
Nonpreference Homovalent Isotherms	196	(1)
4.3.2 Heterovalent Cation Exchange	196	(3)
Relationship Between SAR and ExNa	199	(2)
4.3.3 The Vanselow Equation	201	(4)
4.3.4 Relationship Between K(V) and K(G)	205	(3)
4.3.5 Ion Preference	208	(1)
Nonpreference Heterovalent Isotherms	209	(1)
4.3.6 Adsorbed-Ion Activity Coefficients	210	(1)
Example on Adsorbed-Ion Activity Coefficients	211	(2)
4.3.7 Quantity-Intensity Relationships	213	(2)
Q/I Justification	215	(1)
4.3.8 Ternary Exchange Systems	216	(3)
4.3.9 Influence of Anions	219	(2)
4.3.10 Exchange Reversibility	221	(2)
4.3.11 Thermodynamic Relationships	223	(2)
Problems and Questions	225	(4)
III ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND KINETICS	229	(92)
5 Redox Chemistry	229	(31)
5.1 Redox	229	(2)
5.2 Redox-Driven Reactions	231	(3)
Some Thermodynamic Relationships	232	(2)
5.3 Redox Equilibria	234	(10)
5.3.1 Redox as Eh and the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)	235	(1)
5.3.2 Redox as pe and the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)	236	(5)
5.3.3 Redox as Eh in the Presence of Solid Phases	241	(2)
5.3.4 Redox as pe in the Presence of Solid Phases	243	(1)
5.4 Stability Diagrams	244	(9)
5.5 How Do You Measure Redox?	253	(6)
5.5.1 Redox in Soils	255	(4)
Problems and Questions	259	(1)
6 Pyrite Oxidation Chemistry	260	(12)
6.1 Introduction	260	(1)
6.2 Characterization	261	(1)
6.3 Pyrite Oxidation Mechanisms	261	(2)
6.4 Bacterial Pyrite Oxidation	263	(1)
6.5 Electrochemistry and Galvanic Effects	264	(1)
6.6 Bacterial Oxidation of Fe(2+)	265	(1)
6.7 Surface Mechanisms	265	(3)
6.8 Carbonate Role on Pyrite Oxidation	268	(1)
6.9 Mn- and Fe-Oxides	269	(1)
6.10 Prediction of Acid Drainage	269	(2)
6.10.1 Potential Acidity	269	(1)
6.10.2 Acid-Base Accounting	270	(1)
6.10.3 Simulated Weathering	270	(1)
Problems and Questions	271	(1)
7 Reaction Kinetics in Soil-Water Systems	272	(49)
7.1 Introduction	272	(2)
7.2 Rate Laws	274	(5)
7.2.1 First-Order Rate Law	274	(2)
7.2.2 Second-Order Rate Law	276	(1)
7.2.3 Zero-Order Rate Law	277	(2)
7.3 Application of Rate Laws	279	(18)
7.3.1 Pseudo First-Order Reactions	280	(7)
7.3.2 Reductive and Oxidative Dissolution	287	(4)
7.3.3 Oxidative Precipitation or Reductive Precipitation	291	(3)
7.3.4 Effect of Ionic Strength on Kinetics	294	(1)
7.3.5 Determining Reaction Rate Order	295	(2)
7.4 Other Kinetic Models	297	(2)
7.5 Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions (Consecutive Reactions)	299	(14)
7.5.1 Noncompetitive Inhibition, Michaelis-Menten Steady State	299	(3)
Derivation of the Noncompetitive Equation	302	(2)
7.5.2 Competitive Inhibition	304	(2)
Derivation of Competitive Inhibition	306	(1)
7.5.3 Uncompetitive Inhibition	307	(2)
Derivation of Uncompetitive Inhibition	309	(1)
7.5.4 Competitive-Uncompetitive Inhibition	310	(1)
Competitive-Uncompetitive Inhibition	311	(2)
7.6 Factors Controlling Reaction Rates	313	(5)
7.6.1 Temperature Influence	313	(4)
7.6.2 Relationships Between Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Exchange	317	(1)
Problems and Questions	318	(3)
APPLICATIONS	321	(196)
IV SOIL DYNAMICS AND AGRICULTURAL-ORGANIC CHEMICALS	323	(41)
8 Organic Matter, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Synthetic Organics	323	(41)
8.1 Introduction	323	(1)
8.2 Decomposition of Organic Waste	323	(19)
8.2.1 Some General Properties of Soil Organic Matter (SOM)	325	(1)
8.2.2 Nitrogen Mineralization-Immobilization	326	(3)
8.2.3 Ammonia Reactions in Soil-Water Systems	329	(1)
8.2.4 NH(3) Volatilization	330	(2)
An Equilibrium-Based Model for Predicting Potential Ammonia Volatilization from Soil	332	(2)
8.2.5 Nitrification	334	(6)
8.2.6 Denitrification	340	(1)
8.2.7 Eutrophication	341	(1)
8.3 Phosphorus in Soils	342	(2)
8.4 Sulfur in Soils	344	(1)
8.5 Microbial Role in Soil Reactions	345	(1)
8.6 Synthetic Organic Chemicals	345	(17)
8.6.1 Names of Organic Compounds-Brief Review	345	(7)
8.6.2 Persistence of Organics in Soil-Water Systems	352	(3)
8.6.3 Adsorption-Sorption of Synthetic Organics	355	(7)
Problems and Questions	362	(2)
V COLLOIDS AND TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN SOILS	364	(64)
9 Soil Colloids and Water-Suspended Solids	364	(27)
9.1 Introduction	364	(2)
9.2 Factors Affecting Colloid Behavior and Importance	366	(17)
9.2.1 Colloid Dispersion or Flocculation	367	(6)
9.2.2 Zeta Potential	373	(1)
9.2.3 Repulsive Index	374	(9)
9.3 Flocculation and Settling Rates	383	(6)
9.4 Flocculants	389	(1)
Problems and Questions	389	(2)
10 Water and Solute Transport Processes	391	(16)
10.1 Water Mobility	391	(2)
10.2 Soil Dispersion--Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity	393	(4)
10.3 Solute Mobility	397	(1)
10.4 Miscible Displacement	398	(7)
Problems and Questions	405	(2)
11 The Chemistry and Management of Salt-Affected Soils and Brackish Waters	407	(21)
11.1 Introduction	407	(4)
11.1.1 Osmotic Effects	408	(1)
11.1.2 Specific Ion Effect	408	(1)
11.1.3 Physicochemical Effect	408	(1)
Derivation of the Empirical SAR-ESP Relationship	409	(2)
11.2 Salts and Sources	411	(8)
11.2.1 High Sodium	411	(1)
11.2.2 SAR and ESP Parameters	411	(1)
11.2.3 SAR-ESP Relationships	412	(2)
11.2.4 Adverse Effects of Na(+) in the Soil-Water Environment	414	(1)
11.2.5 Brine Chloride and Bromide	415	(1)
11.2.6 Heavy Metals	416	(1)
11.2.7 Boron	416	(1)
11.2.8 Alkalinity	416	(3)
11.3 Management of Brine Disposal	419	(7)
11.3.1 Reclamation of Salt-Affected Soils	420	(3)
11.3.2 Brine Evaluation Prior to Disposal	423	(3)
Problems and Questions	426	(2)
VI LAND-DISTURBANCE POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL	428	(48)
12 Acid Drainage Prevention and Heavy Metal Removal Technologies	428	(48)
12.1 Introduction	428	(1)
12.2 Mechanisms of Acid Drainage Control	429	(20)
12.2.1 Precipitation	429	(10)
12.2.2 Redox Potential	439	(10)
12.3 Acid Drainage Prevention Technologies	449	(7)
12.3.1 Alkaline Materials	449	(2)
12.3.2 Phosphate	451	(1)
12.3.3 Anoxic Limestone Drains	451	(1)
12.3.4 Hydrology	451	(1)
12.3.5 Microencapsulation Technologies	452	(1)
12.3.6 Organic Waste	452	(1)
12.3.7 Bactericides	452	(2)
12.3.8 Wetlands	454	(1)
12.3.9 Inundation	454	(2)
12.4 Neutralization Technologies	456	(17)
12.4.1 Calcium Bases	456	(1)
12.4.2 Sodium and Potassium Bases	457	(1)
12.4.3 Ammonia	458	(15)
Problems and Questions	473	(3)
VII SOIL AND WATER: QUALITY AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES	476	(41)
13 Water Quality	476	(23)
13.1 Introduction	476	(7)
13.2 Aquatic Contaminants	483	(1)
13.3 Toxicity Indicators	484	(1)
13.4 Metals	484	(1)
13.5 Primary Contaminants	484	(4)
13.5.1 Arsenic	484	(1)
13.5.2 Barium	485	(1)
13.5.3 Aluminum	485	(1)
13.5.4 Cadmium	485	(1)
13.5.5 Chromium	486	(1)
13.5.6 Fluoride	486	(1)
13.5.7 Lead	486	(1)
13.5.8 Mercury	486	(1)
13.5.9 Nitrate	487	(1)
13.5.10 Selenium	487	(1)
13.5.11 Nickel	487	(1)
13.5.12 Silver	487	(1)
13.6 Secondary Contaminants	488	(3)
13.6.1 Copper	488	(1)
13.6.2 Iron	488	(1)
13.6.3 Zinc	488	(1)
13.6.4 Foaming Agents	488	(1)
13.6.5 Chloride	488	(1)
13.6.6 Color	489	(1)
13.6.7 Corrosivity	489	(1)
13.6.8 Hardness	489	(1)
13.6.9 Manganese	489	(1)
13.6.10 Odor	490	(1)
13.6.11 pH	490	(1)
13.6.12 Sodium	490	(1)
13.6.13 Sulfate	490	(1)
13.6.14 Taste	490	(1)
13.6.15 Total Dissolved Solids	491	(1)
13.7 Microbiological MCLs	491	(1)
13.8 Maximum Contaminant Levels for Turbidity	491	(1)
13.9 Radioactivity (Radionuclides)	491	(1)
13.10 Ammonia	492	(1)
13.11 Industrial Organics	493	(2)
13.11.1 Benzene	493	(1)
13.11.2 Carbon Tetrachloride	493	(1)
13.11.3 Chlordane	493	(1)
13.11.4 Chlorobenzene	493	(1)
13.11.5 m-Dichlorobenzene, o-Dichlorobenzene, and p-Dichlorobenzene	493	(1)
13.11.6 1,2-Dichloroethane	493	(1)
13.11.7 1,1-Dichloroethylene and 1,2-Dichloroethylene	493	(1)
13.11.8 Methylene Chloride	494	(1)
13.11.9 Polychlorinated Biphenyls	494	(1)
13.11.10 Tetrachloroethylene	494	(1)
13.11.11 Trichlorobenzene(s)	494	(1)
13.11.12 1,1,1-Trichlorethane	494	(1)
13.11.13 Trichloroethylene	494	(1)
13.11.14 Vinyl Chloride	494	(1)
13.11.15 Xylene(s)	495	(1)
13.12 Pesticides	495	(1)
13.12.1 Endrin	495	(1)
13.12.2 Lindane	495	(1)
13.12.3 Methoxychlor	495	(1)
13.12.4 Toxaphene	495	(1)
13.12.5 2,4-D(2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid)	496	(1)
13.12.6 2,4,5-TP (Silvex)	496	(1)
13.12.7 Trihalomethanes	496	(1)
13.13 Chelators	496	(1)
13.13.1 EDTA	496	(1)
13.13.2 NTA	497	(1)
13.13.3 DTPA	497	(1)
13.13.4 DMPS	497	(1)
13.13.5 Citrate	497	(1)
13.14 Summary	497	(1)
Problems and Questions	498	(1)
14 Soil and Water Decontamination Technologies	499	(18)
14.1 Introduction	499	(1)
14.2 Methods of Soil Treatment	499	(3)
14.2.1 High-Low Temperature Treatment	500	(1)
14.2.2 Radio Frequency Heating	500	(1)
14.2.3 Steam Stripping	500	(1)
14.2.4 Vacuum Extraction	500	(1)
14.2.5 Aeration	501	(1)
14.2.6 Bioremediation	501	(1)
14.2.7 Soil Flushing or Washing	502	(1)
14.3 In Situ Technologies	502	(5)
14.3.1 Surfactant Enhancements	502	(1)
14.3.2 Cosolvents	502	(1)
14.3.3 Electrokinetics	503	(1)
14.3.4 Hydraulic and Pneumatic Fracturing	503	(2)
14.3.5 Treatment Walls	505	(2)
14.4 Supercritical Water Oxidation	507	(1)
14.5 Public Community Water Systems	507	(6)
14.5.1 Some General Information on Water Testing	509	(1)
14.5.2 Microbiological Maximum Contaminant Levels	510	(1)
14.5.3 Activated Carbon Filtration	510	(1)
14.5.4 Air Stripping	510	(1)
14.5.5 Disinfection	511	(1)
14.5.6 Distillation	512	(1)
14.5.7 Ion Exchange	512	(1)
14.5.8 Mechanical Filtration	513	(1)
14.5.9 Reverse Osmosis	513	(1)
14.6 Bottled Water	513	(2)
Problems and Questions	515	(2)
Appendix	517	(3)
SUGGESTED AND CITED REFERENCES	520	(37)
Index	557