The Essence of Anthropology

by Haviland, William A.; Prins, Harald E. L.; Walrath, Dana; McBride, Bunny

• ISBN13: 9781111833442
• ISBN10: 1111833443
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2012-01-09
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Filled with current examples, THE ESSENCE OF ANTHROPOLOGY brings to life anthropology's key concepts and their great relevance to today's complex world. You'll learn about the varied ways culture helps humans adapt to face the challenges of existence, the connection between human culture and human biology, and the impact of globalization on peoples and cultures around the world. Furthermore, the book is packed with learning tools that demonstrate major concepts, offer interesting examples of anthropology's relevance to daily life, and guide your study to help you retain what you read.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xv
The Essence of Anthropology	p. 2
The Anthropological Perspective	p. 3
Anthropology and Its Fields	p. 5
Cultural Anthropology	p. 5
Linguistic Anthropology	p. 8
Archaeology	p. 10
Physical Anthropology	p. 11
Anthropology, Science, and the Humanities	p. 15
Fieldwork	p. 16
Field Methods	p. 20
Archaeological and Paleoanthropological Methods	p. 20
Ethnographic Methods	p. 22
Anthropology's Comparative Method	p. 24
Questions of Ethics	p. 25
Anthropology and Globalization	p. 26
Chapter Checklist	p. 28
Questions for Reflection	p. 29
Key Terms	p. 29
Online Study Resources	p. 29
Biocultural Connection: Picturing Pesticides	p. 6
Anthropology Applied: Forensic Anthropology: Voices for the Dead, by Clyde C. Snow. Karen Burns, Amy Zelson Mundorff, and Michael Blakey	p. 14
Original Study: Whispers from the Ice, by Sherry Simpson	p. 18
Biology and Evolution	p. 30
Evolution and Creation Stories	p. 31
The Classification of Living Things	p. 32
The Discovery of Evolution	p. 34
Heredity	p. 35
The Transmission of Genes	p. 35
Genes and Alleles	p. 36
Cell Division	p. 38
Polygenetic Inheritance	p. 40
Evolution, Individuals, and Populations	p. 42
Mutation	p. 42
Genetic Drift	p. 42
Gene Flow	p. 44
Natural Selection	p. 44
The Case of Sickle-Cell Anemia	p. 44
Adaptation and Physical Variation	p. 46
Macroevolution and the Process of Speciation	p. 47
Chapter Checklist	p. 48
Questions for Reflection	p. 50
Key Terms	p. 50
Online Study Resources	p. 51
Biocultural Connection: The Social Impact of Genetics on Reproduction	p. 39
Original Study: Ninety-Eight Percent Alike: What Our Similarity to Apes Tells Us about Our Understanding of Genetics, by Jonathan Marks	p. 41
Living Primates	p. 52
Methods and Ethics in Primatology	p. 54
Primates as Mammals	p. 55
Primate Characteristics	p. 56
Primate Teeth	p. 56
Sensory Organs	p. 56
The Primate Brain	p. 58
The Primate Skeleton	p. 59
Living Primates	p. 60
Lemurs and Lorises	p. 60
Tarsiers	p. 60
Anthropoids: Monkeys and Apes	p. 62
Small and Great Apes	p. 62
Primate Behavior	p. 63
Chimpanzee and Bonobo Behavior	p. 64
Concealed Ovulation	p. 68
Reproduction and Care of Young	p. 68
Communication	p. 69
Use of Objects as Tools	p. 70
The Question of Culture	p. 70
Primate Behavior and Human Evolution	p. 70
Primate Conservation	p. 71
Chapter Checklist	p. 72
Questions for Reflection	p. 73
Key Terms	p. 73
Online Study Resources	p. 73
Biocultural Connection: Why Red Is Such a Potent Color, by Meredith F. Small	p. 58
Original Study: Reconciliation and Its Cultural Modification in Primates, by Frans B. M. de Waal	p. 65
Human Evolution	p. 74
Mammalian Primate Evolution	p. 76
Human Evolution	p. 78
The First Bipeds	p. 78
Ardipithecus ramidus	p. 78
The Anatomy of Bipedalism	p. 79
Australopithecines	p. 81
Homo habilis	p. 82
Interpreting the Fossil Record	p. 83
Tools, Food, and Brain Expansion	p. 83
Homo erectus	p. 85
Lumpers or Splitters	p. 88
The Neandertals	p. 88
The Upper Paleolithic	p. 91
The Modern Human Origins Debate	p. 93
Chapter Checklist	p. 95
Questions for Reflection	p. 96
Key Terms	p. 97
Online Study Resources	p. 97
Biocultural Connection: Evolution and Human Birth	p. 84
Anthropology Applied: Stone Tools for Modern Surgeons	p. 87
The Neolithic Revolution	p. 98
The Mesolithic Roots of Farming and Pastoralism	p. 99
The Neolithic Revolution	p. 100
What Is Domestication?	p. 101
Evidence of Early Plant Domestication	p. 102
Evidence of Early Animal Domestication	p. 102
Why Humans Became Food Producers	p. 103
The Fertile Crescent	p. 103
Other Centers of Domestication	p. 105
Food Production and Population Size	p. 110
The Spread of Food Production	p. 111
The Culture of Neolithic Settlements	p. 112
Jericho: An Early Farming Community	p. 112
Neolithic Material Culture	p. 112
Social Structure	p. 113
Neolithic Cultures in the Americas	p. 114
The Neolithic and Human Biology	p. 114
The Neolithic and the Idea of Progress	p. 116
Chapter Checklist	p. 117
Questions for Reflection	p. 119
Key Terms	p. 119
Online Study Resources	p. 119
Original Study: The Real Dirt on Rainforest Fertility, by Charles C. Mann	p. 108
Biocultural Connection: Paleolithic Prescriptions for the Neolithic and Beyond	p. 115
The Emergence of Cities and States	p. 120
Defining Civilization	p. 122
Tikal: A Case Study	p. 124
Surveying and Excavating the Site	p. 125
Evidence from the Excavation	p. 126
Cities and Cultural Change	p. 127
Agricultural Innovation	p. 127
Diversification of Labor	p. 127
Central Government	p. 128
Social Stratification	p. 131
The Making of States	p. 132
Ecological Theories	p. 132
Action Theory	p. 134
Civilization and Its Discontents	p. 135
Social Stratification and Disease	p. 135
Colonialism and Disease	p. 135
Anthropology and Cities of the Future	p. 136
Chapter Checklist	p. 138
Questions for Reflection	p. 138
Key Terms	p. 139
Online Study Resources	p. 139
Anthropology Applied: Tell It to the Marines: Teaching Troops about Cultural Heritage, by Jane C. Waldbaum	p. 133
Biocultural Connection: Perilous Pigs: The Introduction of Swine-Borne Disease to the Americas, by Charles C. Mann	p. 136
Modern Human Diversity-Race and Racism	p. 140
The History of Human Classification	p. 142
Race as a Biological Concept	p. 144
The Conflation of the Biological into the Cultural Category of Race	p. 144
The Social Significance of Race: Racism	p. 146
Race and Behavior	p. 146
Race and Intelligence	p. 146
Studying Human Biological Diversity	p. 149
Skin Color: A Case Study in Adaptation	p. 150
Culture and Biological Diversity	p. 150
Chapter Checklist	p. 155
Questions for Reflection	p. 156
Key Terms	p. 156
Online Study Resources	p. 156
Original Study: A Feckless Quest for the Basketball Gene, by Jonathan Marks	p. 147
Biocultural Connection: Beans, Enzymes, and Adaptation to Malaria	p. 153
The Characteristics of Culture	p. 158
Culture and Adaptation	p. 159
The Concept of Culture	p. 161
Characteristics of Culture	p. 162
Culture Is Learned	p. 162
Culture Is Shared	p. 164
Culture Is Based on Symbols	p. 166
Culture Is Integrated	p. 167
Culture Is Dynamic	p. 170
Culture and Change	p. 170
Culture, Society, and the Individual	p. 171
Ethnocentrism and the Evaluation of Culture	p. 172
Chapter Checklist	p. 174
Questions for Reflection	p. 175
Key Terms	p. 175
Online Study Resources	p. 175
Biocultural Connection: Pig Lovers and Pig Haters, by Marvin Harris	p. 160
Anthropology Applied: New Houses for Apache Indians, by George S. Esber	p. 168
Language and Communication	p. 176
Linguistic Research and the Nature of Language	p. 178
Descriptive Linguistics	p. 179
Phonology	p. 179
Morphology, Syntax, and Grammar	p. 179
Historical Linguistics	p. 180
Processes of Linguistic Divergence	p. 180
Language Loss and Revival	p. 181
Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings	p. 183
Sociolinguistics	p. 183
Ethnolinguistics	p. 186
Language Versatility	p. 187
Beyond Words: The Gesture-Call System	p. 138
Nonverbal Communication	p. 188
Paralanguage	p. 189
Tonal Languages	p. 190
Telecommunication: Talking Drums and Whistled Speech	p. 190
The Origins of Language	p. 191
From Speech to Writing	p. 191
Literacy and Modern Telecommunication in Our Globalizing World	p. 193
Chapter Checklist	p. 194
Questions for Reflection	p. 195
Key Terms	p. 195
Online Study Resources	p. 195
Anthropology Applied: When Bambi Spoke Arapaho: Preserving Indigenous Languages, by S. Neyooxet Greymorning	p. 184
Biocultural Connection: The Biology of Human Speech	p. 192
Social Identity, Personality, and Gender	p. 196
Enculturation: The Self and Social Identity	p. 197
Self-Awareness	p. 198
Social Identity Through Personal Naming	p. 199
Self and the Behavioral Environment	p. 200
Culture and Personality	p. 201
Personality Development: A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Gender	p. 201
Group Personality	p. 205
Modal Personality	p. 206
National Character	p. 206
Core Values	p. 207
Alternative Gender Models	p. 208
Normal and Abnormal Personality in Social Context	p. 211
Sadhus: Holy Men in Hindu Cultures	p. 212
Mental Disorders Across Time and Cultures	p. 212
Personal Identity and Mental Health in Globalizing Society	p. 216
Chapter Checklist	p. 216
Questions for Reflection	p. 111
Key Terms	p. 218
Online Study Resources	p. 218
Original Study: The Blessed Curse, by R. K. Williamson	p. 208
Biocultural Connection: Down Syndrome Across Cultures, by Katherine A. Detrwyler	p. 214
Subsistence and Exchange	p. 220
Adaptation	p. 221
The Unit of Adaptation	p. 223
Adaptation in Cultural Evolution	p. 223
Modes of Subsistence	p. 224
Food-Foraging Societies	p. 224
Characteristics of Food-Foraging Societies	p. 224
Food-Producing Societies	p. 225
Producing Food in Gardens: Horticulture	p. 225
Producing Food on Farms: Agriculture	p. 226
Mixed Farming: Crop Growing and Animal Breeding	p. 226
Herding Grazing Animals: Pastoralism	p. 227
Inten Agriculture: Urbanization and Peasantry	p. 227
Industrial Food Production	p. 228
Subsistence and Economics	p. 229
Land and Water Resources	p. 229
Technology Resources	p. 230
Labor Resources and Patterns	p. 231
Distribution and Exchange	p. 233
Reciprocity	p. 233
Redistribution	p. 236
Market Exchange and the Marketplace	p. 237
Local Economies and Global Capitalism	p. 238
Informal Economy and the Escape from State Bureaucracy	p. 239
Chapter Checklist	p. 241
Questions for Reflection	p. 243
Key Terms	p. 243
Online Study Resources	p. 243
Biocultural Connection: Surviving in the Andes: Aymara Adaptation to High Altitude	p. 222
Anthropology Applied: Anthropologist S. Ann Dunham: Mother to a U.S. President, by Nancy I. Cooper	p. 240
Sex, Marriage, and Family	p. 244
Control of Sexual Relations,	p. 246
Marriage and the Regulation of Sexual Relations	p. 246
Incest Taboo	p. 247
Endogamy and Exogamy	p. 249
Distinction Between Marriage and Mating	p. 249
Forms of Marriage	p. 249
Monogamy	p. 249
Polygamy	p. 250
Group Marriage	p. 253
Choice of Spouse	p. 253
Cousin Marriage	p. 255
Same-Sex Marriage	p. 256
Marriage and Economic Exchange	p. 257
Divorce	p. 258
Family and Household	p. 259
Forms of the Family	p. 260
Nontraditional Families and Nonfamily Households	p. 261
Residence Patterns	p. 262
Marriage, Family, and Household in Our Globalized and Technologized World	p. 263
Adoption and New Reproductive Technologies	p. 263
Migrant Workforces	p. 264
Chapter Checklist	p. 265
Questions for Reflection	p. 266
Key Terms	p. 266
Online Study Resources	p. 267
Biocultural Connection: Marriage Prohibitions in the United States, by Martin Ottenheimer	p. 250
Original Study: Arranging Marriage in India, by Serena Nanda	p. 254
Kinship and Other Forms of Grouping	p. 268
Descent Groups	p. 269
Unilineal Descent	p. 271
Other Forms of Descent	p. 273
Descent Within the Larger Cultural System	p. 274
Lineage Exogamy	p. 274
From Lineage to Clan	p. 274
Phratries and Moieties	p. 275
Bilateral Kinship and the Kindred	p. 276
Kinship Terminology and Kinship Groups	p. 277
The Eskimo System	p. 277
The Hawaiian System	p. 278
The Iroquois System	p. 278
Kinship Terms and New Reproductive Technologies	p. 278
Grouping Beyond Kinship	p. 279
Grouping by Gender	p. 279
Grouping by Age	p. 279
Grouping by Common Interest	p. 280
Grouping by Social Status in Stratified Societies	p. 282
Chapter Checklist	p. 287
Questions for Reflection	p. 289
Key Terms	p. 289
Online Study Resources	p. 289
Biocultural Connection: Maori Origins: Ancestral Genes and Mythical Canoes	p. 270
Original Study: African Burial Ground Project, by Michael Blakey	p. 284
Politics, Power, and Violence	p. 290
Systems of Political Organization	p. 291
Uncentralized Political Systems	p. 291
Centralized Political Systems	p. 295
Political Systems and the Question of Legitimacy	p. 297
Politics and Religion	p. 298
Political Leadership and Gender	p. 298
Political Organization and the Maintenance of Order	p. 300
Internalized Controls	p. 300
Externalized Controls	p. 300
Social Control Through Law	p. 301
Functions of Law	p. 301
Punishing Crimes and Settling Disputes	p. 302
Restorative Justice and Conflict Resolution	p. 302
Violent Conflict and Warfare	p. 303
Why War?	p. 304
Wars Today	p. 306
Domination and Repression	p. 307
Acculturation	p. 307
Ethnocide	p. 308
Genocide	p. 308
Resistance to Domination and Repression	p. 309
Violent Resistance: Rebellion and Revolution	p. 309
Nonviolent Resistance: Revitalization Movements	p. 311
Chapter Checklist	p. 311
Questions for Reflection	p. 313
Key Terms	p. 313
Online Study Resources	p. 313
Anthropology Applied: William Ury: Dispute Resolution and the Anthropologist	p. 303
Biocultural Connection: Gender, Sex, and Human Violence	p. 305
Spirituality and Religion	p. 314
The Role of Spirituality and Religion	p. 315
The Anthropological Approach to Religion	p. 317
Myth	p. 318
Supernatural Beings and Spiritual Forces	p. 319
Gods and Goddesses	p. 319
Ancestral Spirits	p. 320
Other Types of Supernatural Beings and Spiritual Forces	p. 321
Sacred Places	p. 322
Religious Specialists	p. 323
Priests and Priestesses	p. 323
Shamans	p. 323
Sacred Performances: Rituals and Ceremonies	p. 327
Rites of Passage	p. 327
Rites of Intensification	p. 329
Magic	p. 329
Witchcraft	p. 330
Ibibio Witchcraft	p. 330
Functions of Witchcraft	p. 331
Consequences of Witchcraft	p. 332
Religion in Cultural Change: Revitalization Movements	p. 332
Persistence of Spirituality and Religion	p. 333
Chapter Checklist	p. 334
Questions for Reflection	p. 335
Key Terms	p. 335
Online Study Resources	p. 335
Biocultural Connection; Change Your Karma and Change Your Sex? by Hillary Crane	p. 324
Original Study: Healing among the Ju/'hoansi of the Kalahari, by Marjorie Shostak	p. 326
Global Changes and the Role of Anthropology	p. 336
Modernization in the Age of Globalization	p. 337
A Global Culture?	p. 338
Doubts about a Global Cultural Unification	p. 340
Pluralistic Societies and Multiculturalism	p. 341
Pluralistic Societies and Ethnocentrism	p. 341
Structural Power in the Age of Globalization	p. 342
Military Hard Power	p. 343
Economic Hard Power	p. 344
Soft Power: A Global Media Environment	p. 345
Problems of Structural Violence	p. 346
Overpopulation and Poverty	p. 347
Hunger and Obesity	p. 347
Pollution and Global Warming	p. 349
Reactions to Globalization	p. 352
Ethnic Minorities and Indigenous Peoples: Struggles for Human Rights	p. 353
Global Migrations: Refugees, Migrants, and Diasporic Communities	p. 353
Concluding Remarks	p. 355
Chapter Checklist	p. 358
Questions for Reflection	p. 359
Key Terms	p. 359
Online Study Resources	p. 359
Biocultural Connection: Toxic Breast Milk Threatens Arctic Culture	p. 350
Anthropology Applied: Paul Farmer: Anthropology and Local Health Care Worldwide	p. 356
Glossary	p. 361
Bibliography	p. 369
Index	p. 387
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