Essentials of American Government : Continuity and Change, 2006 Edition

by O'Connor, Karen; Sabato, Larry J.

• ISBN13: 9780321276230
• ISBN10: 032127623X
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Longman

Summary

The Essentials edition of the number one book in American government continues to provide the most current and engaging introduction available for the course and contains an entire unit devoted to Texas government and politics. Like the comprehensive edition, this nuts-and-bolts version was written with the belief that knowledge of the development of American government is integral to fully understand our current political system.Essentials of American Government: Continuity and Changeis a student-friendly text offering a strong historical perspective that highlights the evolution of government and engages students with examples relevant to their lives.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
PART I FOUNDATIONS OF GOVERNMENT
The Political Landscape	1	(27)
Government: What It Is and Why We Need It	3	(2)
Functions of Government	4	(1)
Roots of American Government: Where Did the Ideas Come From?	5	(4)
Types of Government	6	(1)
The Reformation and the Enlightenment: Questioning the Divine Right of Kings	6	(1)
Hobbes, Locke, and a Social Contract Theory of Government	7	(1)
Devising a National Government in the American Colonies	8	(1)
American Political Culture and the Characteristics of American Democracy	9	(3)
Personal Liberty	9	(1)
Equality	10	(1)
Popular Consent and Majority Rule	10	(1)
Popular Sovereignty	10	(1)
Building Civil Society	10	(1)
Global Perspective American Uniqueness in the World: Are We Number One?	11	(1)
Individualism	12	(1)
Changing Characteristics of the American People	12	(10)
Changing Size and Population	12	(1)
Changing Demographics of the U.S. Population	13	(3)
Join the Debate The Huntington Theory of Hispanization	16	(2)
Implications of These Changes	18	(1)
Analyzing Visuals Changing Age Composition of the United States	19	(1)
Ideology of the American Public	20	(1)
Problems with Political Labels	21	(1)
Current Attitudes Toward American Government	22	(6)
High Expectations	23	(1)
A Missing Appreciation of the Good	23	(1)
Mistrust of Politicians	24	(1)
Voter Apathy	24	(1)
Politics Now Disapproval of U.S. Involvement in Iraq	25	(1)
Redefining Our Expectations	26	(2)
The Constitution	28	(35)
The Origins of a New Nation	30	(5)
Trade and Taxation	30	(2)
First Steps Toward Independence	32	(1)
The Continental Congresses	33	(1)
The Declaration of Independence	33	(2)
The First Attempt at Government: The Articles of Confederation	35	(1)
Problems Under the Articles of Confederation	35	(1)
The Miracle at Philadelphia: Writing a Constitution	36	(3)
The Virginia and New Jersey Plans	37	(1)
Constitutional Compromises	37	(2)
Unfinished Business Affecting the Executive Branch	39	(1)
The U.S. Constitution	39	(10)
The Basic Principles of the Constitution	40	(3)
The Articles of the Constitution	43	(2)
The Characteristics and Motives of the Framers	45	(1)
Global Perspective Writing a Constitution: How Do We Compare?	46	(2)
Analyzing Visuals Who Were the Framers?	48	(1)
The Drive for Ratification	49	(4)
Federalists Versus Anti-Federalists	49	(1)
The Federalist Papers	50	(1)
Ratifying the Constitution	51	(1)
On Campus A Student's Revenge: The Twenty-Seventh (Madison) Amendment	52	(1)
Adding a Bill of Rights	53	(1)
Methods of Amending the Constitution	53	(10)
Formal Methods of Amending the Constitution	54	(1)
The Living Constitution Article V	55	(1)
Informal Methods of Amending the Constitution	56	(1)
Politics Now The Marriage Amendment	57	(1)
Join the Debate The ``Equal Opportunity to Govern'' Amendment	58	(5)
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES	63	(499)
Federalism	100	(29)
The Roots of the Federal System: Governmental Powers Under the Constitution	102	(8)
National Powers Under the Constitution	104	(1)
Global Perspective Federalism Around the World	105	(1)
State Powers Under the Constitution	106	(1)
Concurrent and Denied Powers Under the Constitution	106	(1)
The Living Constitution Tenth Amendment	107	(1)
Relations Among the States	108	(1)
On Campus Legislating Against Violence Against Women: A Casualty of the Devolution Revolution?	109	(1)
Relations Within the States: Local Government	110	(1)
Federalism and the Marshall Court	110	(2)
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)	110	(2)
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)	112	(1)
Dual Federalism: The Taney Court, Slavery, and the Civil War	112	(7)
Dred Scott v. Sandford and the Advent of Civil War	113	(1)
The Civil War, Its Aftermath, and the Continuation of Dual Federalism	113	(1)
Setting the Stage for a Stronger National Government	114	(1)
Cooperative Federalism: The New Deal and the Growth of National Government	114	(1)
The New Deal	115	(2)
The Changing Nature of Federalism: From Layer Cake to Marble Cake	117	(1)
Federal Grants and National Efforts to Influence the States	117	(2)
New Federalism: Returning Power to the States	119	(10)
The Reagan Revolution	119	(1)
The Devolution Revolution	120	(1)
Federalism Under the Bush Administration	121	(1)
Join the Debate The No Child Left Behind Act	122	(2)
The Supreme Court: A Return to States' Rights?	124	(1)
Analyzing Visuals State-by-State Report Card on Access to Abortion	125	(4)
Civil Liberties	129	(37)
The First Constitutional Amendments: The Bill of Rights	131	(3)
The Incorporation Doctrine: The Bill of Rights Made Applicable to the States	132	(1)
Selective Incorporation and Fundamental Freedoms	133	(1)
First Amendment Guarantees: Freedom of Religion	134	(3)
The Establishment Clause	135	(1)
The Free Exercise Clause	136	(1)
First Amendment Guarantees: Freedom of Speech, Press, and Assembly	137	(11)
Freedom of Speech and the Press in the United States	137	(2)
Global Perspective Freedom of the Press	139	(2)
Protected Speech and Publications	141	(1)
Join the Debate The USA Patriot Act	142	(3)
Unprotected Speech and Publications	145	(3)
Freedoms of Assembly and Petition	148	(1)
The Second Amendment: The Right to Keep and Bear Arms	148	(2)
The Rights of Criminal Defendants	150	(7)
The Fourth Amendment and Searches and Seizures	150	(2)
Politics Now The Wartime Rights of Political Detainees	152	(1)
The Fifth Amendment and Self-Incrimination	153	(1)
The Fourth and Fifth Amendments and the Exclusionary Rule	154	(1)
The Sixth Amendment and the Right to Counsel	155	(1)
The Sixth Amendment and Jury Trials	156	(1)
The Eighth Amendment and Cruel and Unusual Punishment	156	(1)
The Right to Privacy	157	(9)
Birth Control	158	(1)
Abortion	158	(1)
The Living Constitution Ninth Amendment	159	(1)
Homosexuality	160	(1)
Analyzing Visuals Partial Birth Abortion Ban	161	(2)
The Right to Die	163	(3)
Civil Rights	166	(37)
Slavery, Abolition, and Winning the Right to Vote, 1800--1890	168	(5)
Slavery and Congress	168	(1)
The First Civil Rights Movements: Abolition and Women's Rights	168	(1)
The 1850s: The Calm Before the Storm	169	(1)
The Civil War and Its Aftermath: Civil Rights Laws and Civil War Amendments	169	(2)
The Living Constitution Thirteenth Amendment, Section 1	171	(1)
Civil Rights, Congress, and the Supreme Court	172	(1)
The Push for Equality, 1890--1954	173	(8)
The Founding of Key Groups	174	(2)
Litigating for Equality	176	(2)
Join the Debate Brown v. Board of Education After Fifty Years	178	(3)
The Civil Rights Movement	181	(3)
School Desegregation After Brown	181	(1)
A New Move for African American Rights	182	(1)
Formation of New Groups	182	(1)
The Civil Rights Act of 1964	183	(1)
The Women's Rights Movement	184	(7)
The Equal Rights Amendment	185	(1)
Litigating for Equal Rights	186	(3)
Global Perspective Women in Parliament	189	(2)
Other Groups Mobilize for Rights	191	(7)
Hispanic Americans	191	(1)
On Campus Helping Others to Achieve Their Civil Rights	192	(2)
Native Americans	194	(1)
Gays and Lesbians	195	(1)
Politics Now Reclaiming Rights: Indians Use Diverse Ways to Reverse the Economic Adversity of Discrimination	196	(1)
Disabled Americans	197	(1)
Continuing Controversies in Civil Rights	198	(5)
Analyzing Visuals How Americans View Affirmative Action	199	(4)
PART II INSTITUTIONS OF GOVERNMENT
Congress	203	(37)
The Constitution and the Legislative Branch of Government	205	(3)
Apportionment and Redistricting	206	(1)
Constitutional Powers of Congress	206	(1)
The Living Constitution Article 1, Section 8	207	(1)
How Congress Is Organized	208	(12)
The House of Representatives	210	(1)
The Senate	211	(1)
Join the Debate Ethics and the Congress	212	(2)
Politics Now A Minority Bill of Rights?	214	(1)
The Role of Political Parties in Organizing Congress	215	(2)
The Committee System	217	(3)
The Members of Congress	220	(6)
Running for Office and Staying in Office	221	(1)
Congressional Demographics	222	(1)
Analyzing Visuals Approval Ratings of Congress and Individual Representatives	223	(2)
Theories of Representation	225	(1)
Global Perspective The Parliament of the ``United States of Europe''	226	(1)
How Members of Congress Make Decisions	226	(4)
Party	227	(1)
Constituents	228	(1)
Colleagues and Caucuses	228	(1)
Interest Groups, Lobbyists, and Political Action Committees	229	(1)
Staff and Support Agencies	230	(1)
The Law-making Function of Congress	230	(3)
How a Bill Becomes a Law	230	(3)
Congress and the President	233	(4)
The Shifting Balance of Power	233	(1)
Congressional Oversight of the Executive Branch	234	(3)
Congress and the Judiciary	237	(3)
The Presidency	240	(30)
The Roots of and Rules Governing the Office of President of the United States	242	(4)
Presidential Qualifications and Terms of Office	243	(1)
Removal from Office	243	(1)
Rules of Succession	244	(1)
The Living Constitution Twenty-Fifth Amendment, Section 2	245	(1)
The Constitutional Powers of the President	246	(7)
The Appointment Power	246	(1)
The Power to Convene Congress	247	(1)
The Power to Make Treaties	247	(1)
The Veto Power	248	(1)
The Power to Preside over the Military as Commander in Chief	248	(1)
The Pardoning Power	249	(1)
Join the Debate The War Powers Act	250	(3)
The Development and Expansion of Presidential Power	253	(2)
The Growth of the Modern Presidency	254	(1)
The Presidential Establishment	255	(4)
The Vice President	255	(1)
The Cabinet	256	(1)
The First Lady	257	(1)
The Executive Office of the President (EOP)	258	(1)
The White House Staff	258	(1)
The President as Policy Maker	259	(4)
The President's Role in Proposing Legislation	259	(1)
Politics Now The President as Policy Maker: Turning the Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission into Law	260	(1)
The Budgetary Process and Executive Implementation	261	(1)
Policy Making Through Regulation	262	(1)
Presidential Leadership and the Importance of Public Opinion	263	(7)
Presidential Leadership	263	(1)
Presidential Personality and the Power to Persuade	264	(1)
Global Perspective In the Public Eye: Prime Ministers and Presidents	265	(1)
Going Public: Mobilizing Public Opinion	266	(1)
The Public's Perception of Presidential Performance	266	(1)
Analyzing Visuals Presidential Approval Ratings Since 1938	267	(3)
The Executive Branch and the Federal Bureaucracy	270	(28)
The Executive Branch and the Development of the Federal Bureaucracy	272	(5)
Bureaucracy in the United States	273	(1)
The Civil War and the Growth of Government	273	(1)
From the Spoils System to the Merit System	273	(1)
The Living Constitution Article II, Section 2	274	(1)
Regulating the Economy and the Growth of Government in the Twentieth Century	275	(1)
Government Workers and Political Involvement	276	(1)
The Modern Bureaucracy	277	(13)
Politics Now E-Government	278	(1)
Who Are Bureaucrats?	278	(2)
Analyzing Visuals Characteristics and Rank Distribution of Federal Civilian Employees	280	(2)
Global Perspective Who Are the Bureaucrats? Should We Care?	282	(2)
Formal Organization	284	(2)
Join the Debate The EPA and Lead in Water	286	(4)
How the Bureaucracy Works	290	(4)
Making Policy	291	(2)
On Campus Enforcing Gender Equity in College Athletics	293	(1)
Making Agencies Accountable	294	(4)
Executive Control	294	(1)
Congressional Control	295	(1)
Judicial Control	295	(3)
The Judiciary	298	(38)
The Constitution and the Creation of the Federal Judiciary	300	(6)
Global Perspective Judicial Structure and Powers	301	(1)
The Judiciary Act of 1789 and the Creation of the Federal Judicial System	302	(1)
The Living Constitution Article III, Section 1	303	(2)
The Marshall Court: Marbury v. Madison and Judicial Review	305	(1)
The American Legal System	306	(2)
Jurisdiction	306	(1)
Criminal and Civil Law	307	(1)
The Federal Court System	308	(4)
District Courts	308	(2)
The Courts of Appeals	310	(1)
The Supreme Court	310	(2)
How Federal Court Judges Are Selected	312	(7)
Who Are Federal Judges?	312	(2)
Politics Now Senatorial Confirmation of Judicial Nominations	314	(1)
Appointments to the U.S. Supreme Court	315	(1)
Nomination Criteria	315	(1)
Analyzing Visuals Race/Ethnicity and Gender of District Court	316	(2)
The Supreme Court Confirmation Process	318	(1)
The Supreme Court Today	319	(8)
Deciding to Hear a Case	320	(3)
How Does a Case Survive the Process?	323	(2)
Hearing and Deciding the Case	325	(2)
Judicial Philosophy and Decision Making	327	(5)
Judicial Philosophy, Original Intent, and Ideology	327	(1)
Join the Debate Separation of Powers and the Scalia Recusals	328	(1)
Models of Judicial Decision Making	328	(4)
Judicial Policy Making and Implementation	332	(4)
Policy Making	332	(1)
Implementing Court Decisions	333	(3)
PART III POLITICAL BEHAVIOR
Public Opinion and the News Media	336	(48)
Efforts to Influence and Measure Public Opinion	338	(3)
Early Efforts to Measure Public Opinion	338	(2)
Recent Efforts to Measure Public Opinion	340	(1)
Political Socialization and Other Factors That Influence Opinion Formation	341	(11)
The Family	341	(1)
School and Peers	342	(1)
The Mass Media	343	(1)
Social Groups	344	(3)
Analyzing Visuals Racial and Ethnic Attitudes on Selected Issues	347	(4)
The Impact of Events	351	(1)
Political Ideology and Public Opinion About Government	351	(1)
How We Form Political Opinions	352	(2)
Personal Benefits	352	(1)
Political Knowledge	353	(1)
Cues from Leaders	353	(1)
How Public Opinion Is Measured	354	(6)
Creating a Public Opinion Poll	354	(2)
Political Polls	356	(2)
Shortcomings of Polling	358	(2)
The News Media	360	(16)
The Evolution of Journalism in the United States	360	(1)
The Living Constitution Amendment I	361	(2)
The U.S. Media Today	363	(4)
Global Perspective Al-Jazeera: CNN of the Arab World?	367	(1)
How the Media Cover Politicians and Government	368	(2)
Investigative Journalism and the Character Issue	370	(1)
Are the Media Biased?	371	(3)
Join the Debate Media Bias: Is the News Affected by an Ideological Bias?	374	(2)
The Media's Influence on the Public	376	(2)
Politics Now When the Media Become the Story	377	(1)
The Public's Perception of the Media	378	(2)
Government Regulation of the Electronic Media	380	(4)
Content Regulation	381	(1)
Prior Restraint	381	(3)
Political Parties and Interest Groups	384	(39)
Political Parties	386	(17)
The Evolution of American Party Democracy	386	(3)
The Modern Era Versus the Golden Age: Is the Party Over?	389	(1)
The Two-Party System and Third Parties	390	(1)
The Basic Structure of American Political Parties	391	(3)
Global Perspective The Emergence of New Parties	394	(3)
The Roles of Political Parties in the United States	397	(6)
Interest Groups	403	(20)
Why and How Interest Groups Form and Maintain Themselves	404	(2)
Join the Debate Limits on Interest Group Participation	406	(2)
The Roots and Development of American Interest Groups	408	(2)
The Living Constitution First Amendment	410	(2)
What Do Interest Groups Do?	412	(1)
On Campus Conservative Student Groups: Speaking Up	413	(3)
Analyzing Visuals Top Lobbying Expenditures	416	(2)
Politics Now The March for Women's Lives	418	(1)
Election Activities	419	(4)
Campaigns, Elections, and Voting	423	(53)
Global Perspective National Elections 2004	425	(1)
Types of Elections	426	(2)
Politics Now Is California the New Florida?	427	(1)
Presidential Elections	428	(16)
The Living Constitution Age Qualifications for National Elected Office	429	(1)
The Nomination Campaign	430	(2)
The General Election Campaign	432	(1)
The Personal Campaign	433	(1)
The Organizational Campaign	433	(2)
The Media Campaign	435	(2)
The Electoral College: How Presidents Are Elected	437	(5)
Patterns of Presidential Elections	442	(2)
Congressional Elections	444	(3)
The Incumbency Advantage	444	(2)
Analyzing Visuals Congressional Election Results, 1948--2004	446	(1)
Campaign Finance	447	(8)
Sources of Political Contributions	448	(6)
Future Campaign Finance Reform	454	(1)
Voting Behavior	455	(9)
Patterns in Voter Turnout	455	(3)
Join the Debate Should the Voting Age Be Lowered to Sixteen?	458	(2)
Why Is Voter Turnout So Low?	460	(2)
Patterns in Vote Choice	462	(2)
Bringing It Together: The 2004 Presidential Campaign and Elections	464	(12)
The Party Nomination Battle	464	(2)
The Democratic Convention	466	(1)
The Republican Convention	467	(2)
The Presidential Debates	469	(1)
The Fall Campaign and General Election	470	(1)
Election Results	471	(1)
Turnout in the 2004 Election	472	(1)
The Next Four Years	472	(4)
Social and Economic Policy	476	(38)
The Policy Process	478	(10)
Stages of the Policy Process	478	(1)
Problem Recognition and Definition	479	(1)
Agenda Setting	480	(1)
Policy Formulation	481	(1)
Join the Debate Should the Federal Government Regulate Marriage and Family?	482	(2)
Policy Adoption	484	(1)
Budgeting	484	(1)
Policy Implementation	485	(2)
Policy Evaluation	487	(1)
Social Welfare Policy	488	(14)
The Roots of Social Welfare Policy	488	(2)
Social Welfare Policies Today	490	(3)
Politics Now The Politics of Social Security Reform	493	(2)
Analyzing Visuals: Unemployment Rates by State, February 2004	495	(2)
The Living Constitution Preamble	497	(1)
The Effectiveness of Income Security Programs	498	(1)
Health Care	499	(3)
Economic Policy	502	(12)
The Roots of Economic Policy	502	(1)
The Progressive Era	503	(2)
Economic and Social Regulations	505	(1)
Deregulation	505	(1)
Global Perspective Economic Freedom Around the World	506	(3)
Stabilizing the Economy	509	(5)
Foreign and Defense Policy	514	(48)
The Roots of Current U.S. Foreign and Defense Policy	516	(15)
Detente, Human Rights, and Renewed Containment: 1969--1981	518	(2)
Containment Revisited and Renewed: 1981--1989	520	(1)
Searching for a New International Order: 1989--2001	521	(2)
A New Order for the Twenty-First Century?	523	(1)
Global Perspective U.S. Foreign Policy and the United Nations	524	(3)
On Campus The Impact of 9/11 on American Campuses	527	(3)
The Living Constitution Article 1, Section 8	530	(1)
The Executive Branch and Foreign and Defense Policy Making	531	(4)
The Role of the President	532	(1)
Politics Now The United States and the International Criminal Court	532	(1)
The Departments of State, Defense, and Homeland Security	533	(1)
The Central Intelligence Agency and National Security Council	534	(1)
Other Shapers and Influencers of Foreign and Defense Policy	535	(7)
Congress	535	(2)
Analyzing Visuals U.S. Defense Spending	537	(1)
The Military-Industrial Complex	538	(1)
The News Media	538	(1)
The Public	539	(1)
Join the Debate Should the United States Pull Out of the United Nations?	540	(2)
The Challenge of Balancing Foreign and Domestic Affairs	542	(5)
APPENDICES
I The Declaration of Independence	547	(3)
II Federalist No. 10	550	(5)
III Federalist No. 51	555	(3)
IV Presidents, Congresses, and Chief Justices: 1789--2005	558	(4)
Selected Supreme Court Cases	562	(5)
Glossary	567	(11)
Notes	578	(9)
Index	587