Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology with Interactive Physiology

by Martini, Frederic; Bartholomew, Edwin F.

• ISBN13: 9780130821928
• ISBN10: 0130821926
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

For a 1 semester or 1-2 quarter course for freshmen/sophomores in allied health, biology, PE or general studies. It provides a uniform depth of coverage for all body systems, yet is still a brief text. Emphasis is placed on essential fundamental concepts, applications and terminology without excessive detail. This text is known for its clarity of presentation and its outstanding illustration program. Innovative pedagogical elements and a tightly-integrated supplements package make this new edition an excellent choice for brief A&P courses.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Student	xvi
Preface to the Instructor	xxii
An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology	2	(26)
Introduction	4	(1)
The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology	4	(1)
Anatomical Perspectives	4	(1)
Microscopic Anatomy	5	(1)
Gross Anatomy	5	(1)
Physiology	5	(1)
Levels of Organization	5	(2)
An Introduction to Organ Systems	7	(7)
Homeostasis and System Integration	14	(11)
Homeostatic Regulation	14	(1)
Negative Feedback	14	(2)
Positive Feedback	16	(1)
Homeostasis and Disease	16	(1)
The Language of Anatomy	16	(1)
Surface Anatomy	17	(1)
Anatomical Landmarks	17	(1)
Anatomical Regions	18	(1)
Anatomical Directions	18	(2)
Sectional Anatomy	20	(1)
Planes and Sections	20	(1)
Body Cavities	20	(3)
Focus: Sectional Anatomy and Clinical Technology	23	(2)
Chapter Review	25	(3)
Key Terms	25	(1)
Summary Outline	25	(1)
Review Questions	26	(1)
Answers to Concept Check Questions	27	(1)
The Chemical Level of Organization	28	(24)
Introduction	30	(1)
Atoms and Molecules	30	(4)
The Structure of an Atom	30	(1)
Isotopes	31	(1)
Atomic Weight	31	(1)
Electrons and Electron Shells	31	(1)
Chemical Bonds and Chemical Compounds	31	(1)
Ionic Bonds	32	(1)
Covalent Bonds	32	(1)
Hydrogen Bonds	33	(1)
Chemical Notation	34	(1)
Chemical Reactions	34	(3)
Basic Energy Concepts	34	(1)
Classes of Reactions	35	(1)
Decomposition	35	(1)
Synthesis	35	(1)
Exchange Reactions	36	(1)
Reversible Reactions	36	(1)
Acids and Bases	36	(1)
pH	36	(1)
Buffers and pH	37	(1)
Inorganic Compounds	37	(1)
Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen	37	(1)
Water and Its Properties	37	(1)
Solutions	38	(1)
Inorganic Acids and Bases	38	(1)
Salts	38	(1)
Organic Compounds	38	(9)
Carbohydrates	39	(1)
Monosaccharides	39	(1)
Disaccharides and Polysaccharides	39	(1)
Lipids	39	(1)
Fatty Acids	39	(1)
Fats	40	(1)
Steroids	41	(1)
Phospholipids	42	(1)
Proteins	42	(1)
Protein Function	42	(1)
Protein Structure	42	(1)
Enzymes and Chemical Reactions	43	(2)
Nucleic Acids	45	(1)
Structure of Nucleic Acids	45	(1)
High-Energy Compounds	46	(1)
Chemicals and Living Cells	47	(1)
Chapter Review	48	(4)
Key Terms	48	(1)
Summary Outline	49	(1)
Review Questions	50	(1)
Answers to Concept Check Questions	51	(1)
Cell Structure and Function	52	(28)
Introduction	54	(1)
Studying Cells	54	(3)
An Overview of Cellular Anatomy	55	(2)
The Cell Membrane	57	(7)
Membrane Structure	57	(1)
Membrane Lipids	57	(1)
Membrane Proteins	57	(1)
Membrane Carbohydrates	58	(1)
Membrane Transport	58	(1)
Diffusion	58	(3)
Filtration	61	(1)
Carrier-Mediated Transport	61	(1)
Vesicular Transport	62	(2)
The Cytoplasm	64	(5)
The Cytosol	65	(1)
Organelles	65	(1)
The Cytoskeleton	65	(1)
Microvilli	65	(1)
Centrioles, Cilia, and Flagella	66	(1)
Ribosomes	66	(1)
The Endoplasmic Reticulum	66	(1)
The Golgi Apparatus	67	(1)
Lysosomes	68	(1)
Mitochondria	68	(1)
The Nucleus	69	(4)
Chromosome Structure	69	(1)
The Genetic Code	70	(1)
DNA Fingerprinting	70	(1)
Protein Synthesis	70	(1)
Transcription	70	(1)
Translation	71	(1)
Mutations	72	(1)
Cell Division and Mitosis	73	(3)
Interphase	73	(1)
Mitosis	73	(1)
Prophase	74	(1)
Metaphase	74	(1)
Anaphase	74	(1)
Telophase	74	(1)
Cytokinesis	74	(1)
Cell Division and Cancer	75	(1)
Cell Diversity and Differentiation	76	(1)
Chapter Review	76	(4)
Key Terms	76	(1)
Summary Outline	76	(2)
Review Questions	78	(1)
Answers to Concept Check Questions	79	(1)
The Tissue Level of Organization	80	(26)
Introduction	82	(1)
Epithelial Tissue	82	(7)
Functions of Epithelia	82	(1)
Intercelluar Connections	83	(1)
The Epithelial Surface	84	(1)
The Basement Membrane	84	(1)
Epithelial Renewal and Repair	84	(1)
Classifying Epithelia	85	(1)
Cell Layers	85	(1)
Cell Shape	85	(1)
Simple Squamous Epithelia	85	(1)
Simple Cuboidal Epithelia	85	(1)
Simple Columnar Epithelia	85	(1)
Pseudostratified Epithelia	85	(3)
Transitional Epithelia	88	(1)
Stratified Squamous Epithelia	88	(1)
Exfoliative Cytology	88	(1)
Glandular Epithelia	88	(1)
Mode of Secretion	88	(1)
Type of Secretion	88	(1)
Connective Tissues	89	(6)
Classifying Connective Tissues	90	(1)
Connective Tissue Proper	90	(1)
Connective Tissue Fibers	90	(2)
Ground Substance	92	(1)
Marfan's Syndrome	92	(1)
Loose Connective Tissue	92	(1)
Adipose Tissue	92	(1)
Adipose Tissue and Weight Loss	92	(1)
Dense Connective Tissues	92	(1)
Fluid Connective Tissues	92	(1)
Supporting Connective Tissues	93	(1)
Cartilage	93	(2)
Cartilages and Knee Injuries	95	(1)
Bone	95	(1)
Membranes	95	(2)
Mucous Membranes	96	(1)
Serous Membranes	96	(1)
Cutaneous Membrane	96	(1)
Synovial Membranes	96	(1)
Muscle Tissue	97	(2)
Skeletal Muscle Tissue	99	(1)
Cardiac Muscle Tissue	99	(1)
Smooth Muscle Tissue	99	(1)
Neural Tissue	99	(1)
Tissue Injuries and Repairs	100	(1)
Tissues and Aging	100	(1)
Aging and Cancer Incidence	101	(1)
Chapter Review	101	(5)
Key Terms	101	(1)
Summary Outline	101	(2)
Review Questions	103	(2)
Answers to Concept Check Questions	105	(1)
The Integumentary System	106	(14)
Introduction	108	(1)
Integumentary Structure and Function	108	(7)
The Epidermis	109	(1)
Layers of the Epidermis	109	(1)
Permeability of the Epidermis	110	(1)
Drug Administration Through the Skin	110	(1)
Skin Color	110	(1)
The Epidermis and Vitamin D3	111	(1)
The Dermis	111	(1)
Layers of the Dermis	111	(1)
Other Dermal Components	112	(1)
The Subcutaneous Layer	112	(1)
Accessory Structures	112	(1)
Hair Follicles	112	(1)
Hair Loss	113	(1)
Sebaceous Glands	113	(1)
Sweat Glands	113	(1)
Nails	114	(1)
Injury and Repair	115	(1)
Aging and The Integumentary System	115	(1)
Integration With Other Systems	116	(1)
Chapter Review	116	(4)
Key Terms	116	(1)
Summary Outline	116	(2)
Review Questions	118	(1)
Answers to Concept Check Questions	119	(1)
The Skeletal System	120	(46)
Introduction	122	(1)
The Structure of Bone	122	(3)
Macroscopic Features of Bone	122	(1)
Microscopic Features of Bone	123	(1)
Compact and Spongy Bone	123	(1)
Cells in Bone	124	(1)
Bone Development and Growth	125	(2)
Intramembranous Ossification	125	(1)
Endochondral Ossification	125	(1)
Bone Growth and Body Proportions	125	(1)
Requirements For Normal Bone Growth	126	(1)
Remodeling and Homeostatic Mechanisms	127	(3)
Remodeling and Support	127	(1)
Homeostasis and Mineral Storage	127	(1)
Injury and Repair	127	(1)
Aging and the Skeletal System	128	(1)
Osteoporosis	128	(1)
Focus: A Classification of Fractures	129	(1)
An Overview of the Skeleton	130	(1)
Skeletal Terminology	130	(1)
Skeletal Divisions	130	(1)
The Axial Division	131	(7)
The Skull	131	(1)
The Bones of the Cranium	131	(5)
The Bones of the Face	136	(1)
The Hyoid Bone	137	(1)
The Skulls of Infants and Children	137	(1)
The Neck and Trunk	138	(4)
Spinal Curvature	138	(1)
Vertebral Anatomy	138	(1)
The Cervical Vertebrae	139	(1)
The Thoracic Vertebrae	140	(1)
The Lumbar Vertebrae	140	(1)
The Sacrum and Coccyx	140	(1)
The Thorax	141	(1)
The Appendicular Division	142	(7)
The Pectoral Girdle	142	(1)
The Clavicle	142	(1)
The Scapula	142	(2)
The Upper Limb	144	(1)
The Humerus	144	(1)
The Radius and Ulna	144	(1)
The Wrist and Hand	145	(1)
The Pelvic Girdle	145	(1)
The Coxa	146	(1)
The Pelvis	147	(1)
The Lower Limb	147	(1)
The Femur	147	(1)
The Tibia and Fibula	148	(1)
The Ankle and Foot	148	(1)
Articulations	149	(9)
A Classification of Joints	149	(1)
Immovable Joints (Synarthroses)	149	(1)
Slightly Movable Joints (Amphiarthroses)	150	(1)
Freely Movable Joints (Diarthroses)	150	(1)
Rheumatism and Arthritis	150	(1)
Articular Form and Function	151	(1)
Types of Movement	151	(2)
A Functional Classification of Synovial Joints	153	(2)
Representative Articulations	155	(1)
Intervertebral Articulations	155	(1)
Articulations of the Upper Limb	156	(1)
Articulations of the Lower Limb	157	(1)
Hip Fractures	157	(1)
Integration with Other Systems	158	(2)
Chapter Review	160	(6)
Key Terms	160	(1)
Summary Outline	160	(3)
Review Questions	163	(1)
Answers to Concept Check Questions	164	(2)
The Muscular System	166	(48)
Introduction	168	(1)
Functions of Skeletal Muscle	168	(1)
The Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles	168	(9)
Gross Anatomy	168	(1)
Connective Tissue Organization	168	(1)
Nerves and Blood Vessels	168	(1)
Microanatomy	169	(1)
Transverse Tubules and the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum	169	(2)
Myofibrils and Myofilaments	171	(1)
Sarcomere Organization	171	(1)
Thin and Thick Filaments	171	(1)
Sliding Filaments	171	(1)
The Muscular Dystrophies	172	(1)
The Control of Muscle Fiber Contraction	172	(1)
The Structure and Function of the Neuromuscular Junction	172	(1)
The Contraction Cycle	172	(2)
Rigor Mortis	174	(1)
Muscle Contraction: A Summary	174	(1)
Interference with Neural Control Mechanisms	174	(1)
Tetanus	174	(3)
Muscle Mechanics	177	(2)
The Frequency of Muscle Stimulation	177	(1)
Incomplete Tetanus	177	(1)
Complete Tetanus	177	(1)
The Number of Muscle Fibers Involved	177	(1)
Muscle Tone	178	(1)
Isotonic and Isometric Contractions	178	(1)
Muscle Elongation	179	(1)
Elastic Forces	179	(1)
Opposing Muscle Movements	179	(1)
The Energetics of Muscular Activity	179	(2)
ATP and CP Reserves	179	(1)
ATP Generation	179	(1)
Aerobic Metabolism	179	(1)
Glycolysis	180	(1)
Muscle Fatigue	180	(1)
The Recovery Period	180	(1)
Lactic Acid Recycling	181	(1)
Heat Loss	181	(1)
Muscle Performance	181	(1)
Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers	181	(1)
Fast Fibers	181	(1)
Slow Fibers	181	(1)
The Distribution of Muscle Fibers and Muscle Performance	181	(1)
Physical Conditioning	182	(1)
Cardiac and Smooth Muscle Tissues	182	(2)
Cardiac Muscle Tissue	182	(1)
Differences between Cardiac Muscle and Skeletal Muscle	183	(1)
Smooth Muscle Tissue	183	(1)
Differences between Smooth Muscle and Other Muscle Tissues	183	(1)
Anatomy of the Muscular System	184	(22)
Origins, Insertions, and Actions	184	(1)
Names of Skeletal Muscles	184	(4)
The Axial Musculature	188	(1)
Muscles of the Head and Neck	188	(2)
Muscles of the Spine	190	(2)
The Axial Muscles of the Trunk	192	(1)
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor	192	(1)
Hernias	192	(3)
The Appendicular Musculature	195	(1)
Muscles of the Shoulder and Upper Limb	195	(6)
Muscles of the Lower Limb	201	(3)
Intramuscular Injections	204	(2)
Aging and the Muscular System	206	(1)
Integration with other Systems	207	(1)
Chapter Review	207	(7)
Key Terms	207	(1)
Summary Outline	207	(4)
Review Questions	211	(1)
Answers to Concept Check Questions	212	(2)
Neural Tissue and the Central Nervous System	214	(36)
Introduction	216	(1)
The Nervous System	216	(1)
Cellular Organization in Neural Tissue	216	(4)
Neurons	217	(1)
Functional Classification of Neurons	217	(1)
The General Structure of Neurons	217	(1)
Structural Classification of Neurons	218	(1)
Neuroglia	218	(2)
Neurophysiology	220	(4)
The Membrane Potential	220	(1)
Factors Responsible for the Membrane Potential	220	(1)
Changes in the Membrane Potential	221	(1)
The Generation of an Action Potential	222	(1)
Conduction of an Action Potential	222	(2)
Synaptic Communication	224	(2)
Structure of a Synapse	224	(1)
Synaptic Events and Neurotransmitters	225	(1)
Neuronal Pools	226	(1)
An Introduction to Reflexes	227	(1)
The Reflex Arc	227	(1)
An Introduction to the Anatomy of the Nervous System	227	(3)
The Meninges	228	(1)
The Dura Mater	229	(1)
The Arachnoid	229	(1)
Epidural and Subdural Damage	229	(1)
The Pia Mater	230	(1)
Meningitis	230	(1)
The Blood-Brain Barrier	230	(1)
The Spinal Cord	230	(2)
Gross Anatomy	230	(1)
Sectional Anatomy	230	(2)
The Brain	232	(11)
Major Divisions of the Brain	233	(1)
The Ventricles of the Brain	234	(1)
Cerebrospinal Fluid	235	(1)
The Cerebrum	235	(1)
Structure of the Cerebral Hemispheres	236	(1)
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex	236	(1)
Association Areas	237	(1)
Cortical Connections	237	(1)
Cerebral Processing Centers	237	(1)
Aphasia and Dyslexia	238	(1)
Memory	238	(1)
Hemispheric Specialization	239	(1)
The Electroencephalogram	239	(1)
The Cerebral Nuclei	239	(1)
Seizures	240	(1)
The Limbic System	241	(1)
The Diencephalon	241	(1)
The Thalamus	241	(1)
The Hypothalamus	241	(1)
The Midbrain	242	(1)
The Pons	242	(1)
The Cerebellum	243	(1)
The Medulla Oblongata	243	(1)
Aging and the Nervous System	243	(1)
Alzheimer's Disease	244	(1)
Chapter Review	244	(6)
Key Terms	244	(1)
Summary Outline	244	(3)
Review Questions	247	(1)
Answers to Concept Check Questions	248	(2)
The Peripheral Nervous System and Integrated Neural Functions	250	(20)
Introduction	252	(1)
The Peripheral Nervous System	252	(4)
The Cranial Nerves	252	(1)
Distribution and Function	252	(3)
The Spinal Nerves	255	(1)
Nerve Plexuses	256	(1)
The CNS and PNS: Integrated Functions	256	(2)
Simple Reflexes	256	(1)
The Stretch Reflex	256	(1)
Complex Reflexes	257	(1)
Withdrawal Reflexes	257	(1)
Integration and Control of Spinal Reflexes	258	(1)
Sensory and Motor Pathways	258	(3)
Sensory Pathways	258	(1)
The Posterior Column Pathway	258	(1)
Motor Pathways	259	(1)
The Pyramidal System	259	(1)
The Extrapyramidal System	260	(1)
Cerebral Palsy and Huntington's Disease	260	(1)
The Autonomic Nervous System	261	(4)
The Sympathetic Division	262	(1)
The Sympathetic Chain	262	(1)
The Collateral Ganglia	262	(1)
The Adrenal Medullae	262	(1)
The Parasympathetic Division	262	(1)
Organization	263	(1)
General Functions	263	(1)
Relationships Between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions	264	(1)
Integration with other Systems	265	(1)
Chapter Review	265	(5)
Key Terms	265	(2)
Summary Outline	267	(1)
Review Questions	268	(1)
Answers to Concept Check Questions	269	(1)
Sensory Function	270	(34)
Introduction	272	(1)
The General Senses	272	(4)
Pain	272	(1)
Temperature	273	(1)
Touch, Pressure, and Position	273	(1)
Tactile Receptors	273	(1)
Baroreceptors	274	(1)
Proprioceptors	275	(1)
Chemical Detection	275	(1)
Smell	276	(1)
The Olfactory Pathways	276	(1)
Taste	277	(1)
The Taste Pathways	277	(1)
Vision	278	(11)
The Accessory Structures of the Eye	278	(1)
The Anatomy of the Eye	279	(1)
The Fibrous Tunic	280	(1)
The Vascular Tunic	281	(1)
The Neural Tunic	282	(2)
The Chambers of the Eye	284	(1)
The Lens	284	(1)
Cataracts	284	(2)
Focus: Accommodation Problems	286	(1)
Visual Acuity	286	(1)
Visual Physiology	286	(1)
Rods and Cones	286	(1)
Photoreceptor Function	287	(1)
Visual Pigments	287	(1)
Night Blindness	288	(1)
The Visual Pathway	288	(1)
Equilibrium and Hearing	289	(2)
The Anatomy of the Ear	289	(1)
The External Ear	290	(1)
The Middle Ear	290	(1)
The Inner Ear	291	(1)
Equilibrium	291	(3)
The Semicircular Ducts: Rotational Motion	292	(1)
The Vestibule: Gravity and Linear Acceleration	292	(2)
Central Processing of Vestibular Sensations	294	(1)
Hearing	294	(4)
The Cochlear Duct	294	(1)
The Hearing Process	294	(3)
Auditory Pathways	297	(1)
Auditory Sensitivity	298	(1)
Hearing Deficits	298	(1)
Aging and the Senses	298	(1)
Olfactory Sensitivity	298	(1)
Gustatory Sensitivity	298	(1)
Vision	298	(1)
Hearing	299	(1)
Chapter Review	299	(5)
Key Terms	299	(1)
Summary Outline	299	(2)
Review Questions	301	(2)
Answers to Concept Check Questions	303	(1)
The Endocrine System	304	(28)
Introduction	306	(1)
An Overview of the Endocrine System	306	(4)
The Structure of Hormones	306	(1)
The Mechanisms of Hormonal Action	307	(1)
Hormones and the Cell Membrane	307	(1)
Hormones and Intracellular Receptors	308	(1)
The Control of Endocrine Activity	309	(1)
Direct Negative Feedback Control	309	(1)
The Hypothalamus and Endocrine Regulation	309	(1)
The Pituitary Gland	310	(4)
The Anterior Pituitary Gland	310	(1)
The Hypophyseal Portal System	310	(1)
Hypothalamic Control of the Anterior Pituitary	311	(1)
Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary	312	(1)
The Posterior Pituitary Gland	313	(1)
Diabetes Insipidus	313	(1)
The Thyroid Gland	314	(3)
Thyroid Follicles and Thyroid Hormones	314	(2)
The C Cells of the Thyroid Gland: Calcitonin	316	(1)
The Parathyroid Glands	317	(1)
The Thymus	318	(1)
The Adrenal Glands	318	(2)
The Adrenal Cortex	318	(1)
Corticosteroids	318	(1)
The Adrenal Medulla	319	(1)
The Kidneys	320	(1)
The Heart	320	(1)
Endocrine Tissues of the Digestive System	320	(2)
The Pancreas	320	(1)
Diabetes Mellitus	321	(1)
Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentrations	321	(1)
Endocrine Tissues of the Reproductive System	322	(1)
The Testes	322	(1)
The Ovearies	322	(1)
Endocrinology and Athletic Performance	323	(1)
The Pineal Gland	323	(1)
Patterns of Hormonal Interaction	324	(2)
Hormones and Growth	324	(1)
Hormones and Behavior	324	(1)
Hormones and Stress	325	(1)
Hormones and Aging	326	(1)
Endocrine Disorders	326	(1)
Integration with other Systems	326	(1)
Chapter Review	326	(6)
Key Terms	326	(1)
Summary Outline	326	(4)
Review Questions	330	(1)
Answers to Concept Check Questions	331	(1)
Blood	332	(22)
Introduction	334	(1)
The Functions of Blood	334	(1)
The Composition of Blood	334	(2)
Blood Collection and Analysis	334	(2)
Plasma	336	(1)
Differences Between Plasma and Interstitial Fluid	336	(1)
Plasma Proteins	336	(1)
Formed Elements	336	(12)
The Production of Formed Elements	336	(1)
Red Blood Cells	337	(1)
The Structure of RBCs	337	(1)
Hemoglobin Structure and Function	338	(1)
RBC Life Span and Circulation	338	(1)
Abnormal Hemoglobin	338	(1)
Red Blood Cell Formation	339	(1)
Blood Tests and RBCs	340	(1)
Blood Types	340	(2)
Testing for Compatibility	342	(1)
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn	343	(1)
White Blood Cells	343	(1)
WBC Circulation and Movement	343	(1)
General Functions	344	(1)
Neutrophils	344	(1)
Eosinophils	344	(1)
Basophils	344	(1)
Monocytes	344	(1)
Lymphocytes	344	(1)
The Differential Count and Changes in WBC Profiles	345	(1)
White Blood Cell Formation	346	(1)
Platelets	347	(1)
Hemostasis	348	(2)
The Clotting Process	348	(1)
The Extrinsic, Intrinsic, and Common Pathways	348	(1)
Clot Retraction and Removal	349	(1)
Abnormal Hemostasis	350	(1)
Chapter Review	350	(4)
Key Terms	350	(1)
Summary Outline	351	(1)
Review Questions	352	(1)
Answers to Concept Check Questions	353	(1)
The Heart	354	(20)
Introduction	356	(1)
The Heart and the Circulatory System	356	(1)
The Anatomy and Organization of the Heart	356	(7)
The Surface Anatomy of the Heart	357	(1)
Internal Anatomy and Organization	357	(2)
Structural Differences between the Left and Right Ventricles	359	(1)
The Heart Valves	360	(1)
Mitral Valve Prolapse	361	(1)
Valvular Heart Disease	361	(1)
The Heart Wall	361	(1)
Cardiac Muscle Cells	361	(1)
The Fibrous Skeleton	361	(1)
The Blood Supply to the Heart	362	(1)
The Heartbeat	363	(5)
Contractile Cells	363	(1)
The Conducting System	364	(1)
Nodal Cells	364	(1)
Conducting Cells	364	(1)
The Electrocardiogram	365	(2)
The Cardiac Cycle	367	(1)
Heart Sounds	368	(1)
Heart Dynamics	368	(2)
Factors Controlling Cardiac Output	368	(1)
Blood Volume Reflexes	368	(1)
Autonomic Innervation	369	(1)
Extracellular Ions, Temperature, and the Heart	370	(1)
Chapter Review	370	(4)
Key Terms	370	(1)
Summary Outline	371	(1)
Review Questions	372	(1)
Answers to Concept Check Questions	373	(1)
Blood Vessels and Circulation	374	(36)
Introduction	376	(1)
The Anatomy of Blood Vessels	376	(3)
The Structure of Vessel Walls	376	(1)
Arteries	377	(1)
Capillaries	377	(1)
Capillary Beds	377	(1)
Arteriosclerosis	378	(1)
Veins	379	(1)
Circulatory Physiology	379	(5)
Pressure	379	(1)
Resistance	380	(1)
Vascular Resistance	380	(1)
Viscosity	380	(1)
Turbulence	380	(1)
Circulatory Pressure	380	(1)
Arterial Blood Pressure	380	(1)
Capillary Pressures and Capillary Dynamics	381	(1)
Capillary Dynamics and Blood Volume	381	(1)
Venous Pressure	382	(1)
Checking the Pulse and Blood Pressure	383	(1)
Cardiovascular Regulation	384	(5)
The Autoregulation of Blood Flow	384	(1)
The Neural Control of Blood Pressure and Blood Flow	385	(1)
Baroreceptor Reflexes	385	(1)
Chemoreceptor Reflexes	386	(1)
Influence of the ANS and Higher Brain Centers	386	(1)
Hormones and Cardiovascular Regulation	387	(1)
Angiotensin II	387	(1)
Antidiuretic Hormone	387	(1)
Erythropoietin	387	(2)
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide	389	(1)
Patterns of Cardiovascular Response	389	(1)
Exercise and the Cardiovascular System	389	(1)
Exercise, Cardiovascular Fitness, and Health	389	(1)
Cardiovascular Response to Hemorrhaging	389	(1)
The Elevation of Blood Pressure	389	(1)
The Restoration of Blood Volume	390	(1)
Shock	390	(1)
The Blood Vessels	390	(14)
The Pulmonary Circulation	391	(1)
The Systemic Circulation	392	(1)
Systemic Arteries	392	(5)
Systemic Veins	397	(5)
Fetal Circulation	402	(1)
Placental Blood Supply	402	(1)
Circulation in the Heart and Great Vessels	403	(1)
Circulatory Changes at Birth	403	(1)
Aging and the Cardiovascular System	404	(1)
Integration with other Systems	404	(1)
Chapter Review	404	(6)
Key Terms	404	(1)
Summary Outline	404	(3)
Review Questions	407	(2)
Answers to Concept Check Questions	409	(1)
The Lymphatic System and Immunity	410	(26)
Introduction	412	(1)
Organization of the Lymphatic System	412	(6)
Functions of the Lymphatic System	412	(1)
Lymphatic Vessels	413	(1)
Lymphocytes	413	(1)
Types of Lymphocytes	413	(1)
The Origin and Circulation of Lymphocytes	414	(1)
Lymphoid Nodules	415	(1)
Lymphoid Organs	416	(1)
Lymph Nodes	416	(1)
Swollen Glands	416	(1)
The Thymus	416	(1)
The Spleen	416	(2)
Injury to the Spleen	418	(1)
Body Defenses and the Lymphatic System	418	(1)
Nonspecific Defenses	418	(3)
Physical Barriers	418	(1)
Phagocytes	418	(2)
Immunological Surveillance	420	(1)
Interferons	420	(1)
Complement	420	(1)
Inflammation	420	(1)
Fever	421	(1)
Specific Defenses: The Immune Response	421	(7)
Forms of Immunity	421	(1)
Properties of Immunity	422	(1)
An Overview of the Immune Response	422	(1)
T Cells and Cell-Mediated Immunity	422	(1)
Crtotoxic T Cells	423	(1)
Memory T Cells	423	(1)
Suppressor T Cells	423	(1)
Helper T Cells	423	(1)
B Cells and Antibody-Mediated Immunity	424	(1)
B Cell Activation	424	(1)
Antibody Structure	424	(1)
Classes of Antibodies	425	(1)
Antibody Function	425	(1)
Note Aids	426	(1)
Primary and Secondary Responses to Antigen Exposure	427	(1)
Hormones of the Immune System	427	(1)
Patterns of Immune Response	428	(2)
Immune Disorders	428	(1)
Autoimmune Disorders	428	(1)
Allergies	429	(1)
Stress and the Immune Response	430	(1)
Age and the Immune Response	430	(1)
Integration with other Systems	430	(1)
Technology, Immunity, and Disease	430	(1)
Chapter Review	430	(6)
Key Terms	430	(2)
Summary Outline	432	(2)
Review Questions	434	(1)
Answers to Concept Check Questions	435	(1)
The Respiratory System	436	(26)
Introduction	438	(1)
The Functions of the Respiratory System	438	(1)
The Organization of the Respiratory System	438	(9)
The Respiratory Tract	438	(1)
The Nose	438	(2)
The Pharynx	440	(1)
Cystic Fibrosis	440	(1)
The Larynx	441	(1)
The Vocal Cords and Sound Production	442	(1)
The Trachea	442	(1)
Tracheal Blockage	443	(1)
The Bronchi	443	(1)
The Bronchioles	443	(1)
The Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli	443	(2)
The Respiratory Memberane	445	(1)
Circulation to the Respiratory Membrane	445	(1)
Pneumonia	445	(1)
The Lungs	445	(1)
The Pleural Cavities	446	(1)
Respiratory Changes at Birth	446	(1)
Respiratory Physiology	447	(7)
Tuberculosis	447	(1)
Pulmonary Ventilation	447	(1)
Artificial Respiration	447	(1)
Pressure and Airflow to the Lungs	447	(2)
Modes of Breathing	449	(1)
Respiratory Volumes and Rates	449	(1)
Pulmonary Function Tests	450	(1)
Gas Exchange at the Respiratory Membrane	450	(1)
Mixed Gases and Partial Pressures	450	(1)
Alveolar versus Atmospheric Air	450	(1)
Decompression Sickness	451	(1)
Partial Pressures within the Circulatory System	451	(1)
Emphysema	451	(1)
Gas Pickup and Delivery	451	(1)
Oxygen Transport	451	(1)
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning	452	(1)
Carbon Dioxide Transport	453	(1)
The Control of Respiration	454	(3)
The Respiratory Centers of the Brain	454	(1)
The Activities of the Respiratory Rhythmicity Center	454	(1)
The Reflex Control of Respiration	454	(1)
Mechanoreceptor Reflexes	454	(1)
Chemoreceptor Reflexes	455	(1)
Hypercapnia	455	(1)
Lung Cancer, Smoking, and Diet	456	(1)
Control By Higher Centers	456	(1)
SIDS	456	(1)
Aging and the Respiratory System	457	(1)
Integration with other Systems	457	(1)
Chapter Review	457	(5)
Key Terms	457	(2)
Summary Outline	459	(1)
Review Questions	460	(1)
Answers to Concept Check Questions	461	(1)
The Digestive System	462	(32)
Introduction	464	(1)
An Overview of the Digestive Tract	464	(3)
Histological Organization	464	(1)
The Mucosa	464	(1)
The Submucosa	464	(1)
The Muscularis Externa	464	(2)
The Serosa	466	(1)
Ascites	466	(1)
The Movement of Digestive Materials	466	(1)
Peristalsis and Segmentation	466	(1)
The Oral Cavity	467	(3)
The Tongue	467	(1)
Salivary Glands	467	(1)
Mumps	468	(1)
Salivary Secretions	468	(1)
Teeth	468	(1)
Dental Succession	469	(1)
The Pharynx	470	(1)
The Esophagus	470	(1)
Swallowing	470	(1)
Esophagitis and Hiatal Hernias	471	(1)
The Stomach	471	(3)
The Gastric Wall	471	(1)
Parietal Cells	471	(1)
Chief Cells	471	(2)
Gastritis and Peptic Ulcers	473	(1)
The Regulation of Gastric Activity	473	(1)
Stomach Cancer	474	(1)
Digestion in the Stomach	474	(1)
The Small Intestine	474	(4)
The Intestinal Wall	475	(1)
Intestinal Movements	476	(1)
Intestinal Secretions	476	(1)
Vomiting	476	(1)
Intestinal Hormones
Digestion in the Small Intestine	477	(1)
The Pancreas	478	(1)
Histological Organization	478	(1)
Pancreatitis	478	(1)
The Control of Pancreatic Secretion	479	(1)
The Liver	479	(3)
Anatomy of the Liver	479	(1)
Histological Organization	479	(1)
Liver Functions	480	(1)
Metabolic Regulation	480	(1)
Hematological Regulation	481	(1)
The Synthesis and Secretion of Bile	481	(1)
Other Liver Functions	481	(1)
The Gallbladder	481	(1)
The Physiological Role of Bile	481	(1)
The Large Intestine	482	(3)
The Cecum	482	(1)
The Colon	482	(1)
Colon Cancer	482	(2)
The Physiology of the Large Intestine	484	(1)
Absorption in the Large Intestine	484	(1)
Movements of the Large Intestine	484	(1)
Diverticulosis	484	(1)
The Rectum	484	(1)
Defecation	484	(1)
Diarrhea and Constipation	485	(1)
Digestion and Absorption	485	(3)
The Processing and Absorption of Nutrients	485	(1)
Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption	485	(1)
Lactose Intolerance	486	(1)
Lipid Digestion and Absorption	486	(1)
Protein Digestion and Absorption	486	(1)
Water and Electrolyte Absorption	487	(1)
The Absorption of Vitamins	487	(1)
Malabsorption Syndromes	488	(1)
Aging and the Digestive System	488	(1)
Integration with Other Systems	488	(1)
Chapter Review	488	(6)
Key Terms	488	(2)
Summary Outline	490	(2)
Review Questions	492	(1)
Answers to Concept Check Questions	493	(1)
Nutrition and Metabolism	494	(22)
Introduction	496	(1)
Cellular Metabolism	496	(8)
Carbohydrate Metabolism	497	(1)
Glycolysis	497	(1)
Mitochondrial Energy Production	497	(2)
Energy Yield of Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration	499	(1)
Carbohydrate Loading	500	(1)
Other Catabolic Pathways	500	(1)
Gluconeogenesis	500	(1)
Lipid Metabolism	501	(1)
Lipid Catabolism	501	(1)
Lipids and Energy Production	501	(1)
Lipid Synthesis	501	(1)
Lipid Transport and Distribution	502	(1)
Protein Metabolism	502	(1)
Amino Acid Catabolism	502	(1)
Dietary Fats and Cholesterol	503	(1)
Amino Acids and Protein Synthesis	503	(1)
Ketoacidosis	504	(1)
Nucleic Acid Metabolism	504	(1)
Nucleic Acid Synthesis	504	(1)
A Summary of Cellular Metabolism	504	(1)
Diet and Nutrition	504	(6)
The Basic Food Groups	505	(1)
Minerals, Vitamins, and Water	506	(1)
Minerals	506	(1)
Vitamins	507	(1)
Water	508	(1)
Diet and Disease	509	(1)
Bioenergetics	510	(2)
Food and Energy	510	(1)
Metabolic Rate	510	(1)
Thermoregulation	510	(1)
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer	510	(2)
Aging and Nutritional Requirements	512	(1)
Chapter Review	512	(4)
Key Terms	512	(1)
Summary Outline	513	(1)
Review Questions	514	(1)
Answers to Concept Check Questions	515	(1)
The Urinary System	516	(30)
Introduction	518	(1)
The Organization of the Urinary System	518	(1)
The Kidneys	518	(6)
Superficial and Sectional Anatomy	519	(1)
The Nephron	519	(1)
An Overview of the Nephron	520	(1)
Functions of the Nephron	520	(1)
The Renal Corpuscle	521	(2)
The Proximal Convoluted Tubule	523	(1)
The Loop of Henle	523	(1)
The Distal Convoluted Tubule	523	(1)
The Collecting System	523	(1)
The Blood Supply to the Kidneys	523	(1)
Basic Principles of Urine Production	524	(7)
Filtration at the Glomerulus	525	(1)
Filtration Pressure	525	(1)
The Glomerular Filtration Rate	526	(1)
Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Renal Tubule	526	(1)
The Proximal Convoluted Tubule	526	(1)
The Loop of Henle	526	(1)
The Distal Convoluted Tubule and the Collecting System	527	(1)
The Properties of Normal Urine	528	(1)
The Control of Kidney Function	528	(1)
The Local Regulation of Kidney Function	528	(1)
Symapathetic Activation and Kidney Function	528	(1)
Focus: A Summary of Urine Formation	529	(1)
The Treatment of Kidney Failure	530	(1)
The Hormonal Control of Kidney Function	530	(1)
Urine Transport, Storage, and Elimination	531	(2)
The Ureters and Urinary Bladder	531	(1)
The Urethra	532	(1)
The Micturition Reflex and Urination	532	(1)
Incontinence	533	(1)
Integration with Other Systems	533	(2)
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance	535	(5)
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance	535	(1)
Fluid Balance	536	(1)
Fluid Shifts	536	(1)
Electrolyte Balance	536	(1)
Acid-Base Balance	537	(1)
Acids in the Body	537	(1)
Buffers and Buffer Systems	538	(1)
Maintaining Acid-Base Balance	539	(1)
Clinical Noye: Disturbances of Acid-Base Balance	539	(1)
Aging and the Urinary System	540	(1)
Chapter Review	541	(5)
Key Terms	541	(1)
Summary Outline	541	(3)
Review Questions	544	(1)
Answers to Concept Check Questions	545	(1)
The Reproductive System	546	(30)
Introduction	548	(1)
The Reproductive System of the Male	548	(8)
The Testes	548	(2)
Cryptorchidism	550	(1)
Spermatogenesis	550	(1)
Anatomy of a Spermatozoon	551	(1)
The Male Reproductive Tract	552	(1)
The Epididymis	552	(1)
The Ductus Deferens	552	(1)
The Urethra	552	(1)
The Accessory Glands	552	(1)
The Seminal Vesicles	552	(1)
The Prostate Gland	553	(1)
Prostatitis	553	(1)
The Bulbourethral Glands	553	(1)
Semen	553	(1)
The Penis	553	(2)
Hormones and Male Reproductive Function	555	(1)
FSH and Spermatogenesis	555	(1)
LH and Androgen Production	555	(1)
The Reproductive System of the Female	556	(9)
The Ovaries	556	(1)
Oogenesis	557	(1)
The Ovarian Cycle	557	(2)
The Uterine Tubes	559	(1)
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)	559	(1)
The Uterus	560	(1)
The Uterine Cycle	560	(1)
Amenorrhea	560	(1)
The Vagina	561	(1)
The External Genitalia	561	(1)
The Mammary Glands	561	(1)
Breast Cancer	562	(1)
Hormones and the Female Reproductive Cycle	562	(1)
Hormones and the Preovulatory Phase	562	(3)
Hormones and the Postovulatory Phase	565	(1)
Hormones and the Uterine Cycle	565	(1)
Hormones and Body Temperature	565	(1)
The Physiology of Sexual Intercourse	565	(1)
Male Sexual Function	565	(1)
Female Sexual Function	565	(1)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases	566	(1)
Aging and the Reproductive System	566	(1)
Menopause	566	(1)
The Male Climacteric	566	(1)
Integration with Other Systems	566	(5)
FOCUS: Birth Control Strategies	569	(2)
Chapter Review	571	(5)
Key Terms	571	(1)
Summary Outline	572	(1)
Review Questions	573	(2)
Answers to Concept Check Questions	575	(1)
Development and Inheritance	576
Introduction	578	(1)
An Overview of Topics in Development	578	(1)
Fertilization	578	(3)
The Oocyte at Ovulation	578	(2)
A Preview of Prenatal Development	580	(1)
The First Trimester	581	(9)
Cleavage and Blastocyst Formation	581	(1)
Implantation	581	(1)
The Formation of the Blastodisc	582	(1)
Infertility	582	(1)
Gastrulation and Germ Layer Formation	582	(1)
The Formation of Extraembryonic Membranes	583	(2)
Placentation	585	(1)
Placental Circulation	585	(1)
Placental Hormones	585	(1)
Embryogenesis	585	(5)
The Second and Third Trimesters	590	(2)
Pregnancy and Maternal Systems	590	(1)
Structural and Functional Changes in the Uterus	591	(1)
Labor and Delivery	592	(2)
The Stages of Labor	592	(1)
Premature Labor	593	(1)
Multiple Births	594	(1)
Postnatal Development	594	(1)
The Neonatal Period, Infancy, and Childhood	594	(1)
The Neonatal Period	594	(1)
Infancy and Childhood	595	(1)
Adolescence and Maturity	595	(1)
Genetics, Development, and Inheritance	595	(5)
Genes and Chromosomes	596	(1)
Autosomal Chromosomes	596	(2)
Sex Chromosomes	598	(1)
The Human Genome Project	598	(1)
Chromosomal Abnormalties and Genetic Analysis	599	(1)
Chapter Review	600
Key Terms	600	(1)
Summary Outline	600	(2)
Review Questions	602	(1)
Answers to Concept Check Questions	603
Appendix I: Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions A
Appendix II: A Periodic Chart of the Elements	A-10
Appendix III: Weights and Measures	A-11
Appendix IV: Normal Physiolgical Values	A-14
Glossary/Index	GI-1
Illustration Credits	IC-1