Essentials of Conservation Biology

by Primack, Richard B.

• ISBN13: 9780878937219
• ISBN10: 0878937218
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-04-01
• Publisher: Sinauer Associates Inc

Table of Contents

PART ONE Major Issues That Define the Discipline	3	(76)
1 What is Conservation Biology?	3	(20)
Concern for Biological Diversity	5	(2)
The Origins of Conservation Biology	7	(2)
BOX 1 MACAW CONSERVATION IN PERU: A CASE STUDY OF INTERDISCIPLINARY CONSERVATION METHODS	9	(9)
The Current Status of Conservation Biology	18	(1)
A Statement of Ethical Principles	19	(4)
2 What Is Biological Diversity?	23	(32)
What Is a Species?	25	(1)
BOX 2 NAMING AND CLASSIFYING SPECIES	26	(2)
The Origin of New Species	28	(4)
Genetic Diversity	32	(3)
Community and Ecosystem Diversity	35	(1)
BOX 3 KELP FORESTS AND SEA OTTERS: SHAPING AN OCEAN ECOSYSTEM	36	(3)
Trophic Levels	39	(3)
Principles of Community Organization	42	(2)
Keystone Species	44	(2)
BOX 4 FLYING FOXES: THE DECLINE OF KEYSTONE SPECIES MAY LEAD TO MASSIVE EXTINCTIONS	46	(3)
Keystone Resources	49	(1)
Measuring Biological Diversity	49	(6)
3 Where Is the World's Biological Diversity Found?	55	(24)
Why Are There So Many Species in the Tropics?	60	(4)
How Many Species Exist Worldwide?	64	(8)
BOX 5 CONSERVING A WORLD UNKNOWN: HYDROTHERMAL VENTS AND OIL PLUMES	72	(2)
The Need for More Taxonomists	74	(5)
PART TWO Valuing Biodiversity	79	(68)
4 What Is the Value of Biological Diversity?	79	(22)
Ecological Economics	80	(1)
Assigning Value to Biological Diversity	81	(5)
BOX 6 HOW MUCH IS A SPECIES WORTH?	86	(1)
Direct Use Values	86	(8)
BOX 7 CASSAVA MEALYBUGS: A BIOCONTROL SUCCESS STORY	94	(7)
5 Indirect Economic Values	101	(24)
Nonconsumptive Use Value	102	(1)
Ecosystem Productivity	103	(7)
BOX 8 THE DECLINE OF FUNGI IN THE FOREST: A PREMONITION OF DISASTER	110	(2)
BOX 9 INDUSTRY, ECOLOGY, AND ECOTOURISM IN YELLOWSTONE PARK	112	(1)
Educational and Scientific Value	113	(2)
Option Value	115	(2)
Existence Value	117	(3)
Concluding Comments on Ecological Economics	120	(5)
6 Ethical Values	125	(22)
A Duty to Protect Biological Diversity	127	(4)
BOX 10 MIGHTY MULTITUDES OF MICROBES: NOT TO BE IGNORED!	131	(3)
BOX 11 SHARKS: AN UNPOPULAR ANIMAL IN DECLINE	134	(3)
Enlightened Self-Interest: Biodiversity and Human Excellence	137	(3)
Deep Ecology	140	(7)
PART THREE Threats to Biological Diversity	147	(132)
7 Extinction	147	(28)
Past Rates of Extinction	148	(2)
Human-Caused Extinctions	150	(5)
Endemic Species	155	(2)
Extinction Rates on Islands	157	(3)
BOX 12 INTRODUCED SPECIES AND EXTINCTIONS IN ISLAND ECOSYSTEMS	160	(2)
Extinction Rates in Water	162	(1)
Island Biogeography and Modern Extinction Rates	163	(1)
BOX 13 CONSERVING ENDEMIC FISH IN LAKE VICTORIA	164	(7)
Local Extinctions	171	(4)
8 Vulnerability to Extinction	175	(22)
Which Species Are Most Vulnerable?	178	(2)
BOX 14 CRISIS AFTER CRISIS FOR THE BLACK-FOOTED FERRET	180	(6)
BOX 15 WHY ARE FROGS AND TOADS CROAKING?	186	(2)
Conservation Categories	188	(9)
9 Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation, and Degradation	197	(52)
Habitat Destruction	201	(8)
BOX 16 CONSERVATION OF MADAGASCAR'S FORESTS: A LAST-DITCH EFFORT?	209	(6)
Desertification	215	(1)
Habitat Fragmentation	216	(9)
BOX 17 SONGBIRD DECLINE IN NORTH AMERICA: IS THE SKY REALLY FALLING?	225	(4)
Habitat Degradation and Pollution	229	(2)
BOX 18 PESTICIDES AND RAPTORS: SENTINEL SPECIES WARN OF DANGER	231	(8)
Global Climate Change	239	(10)
10 Overexploitation, Exotic Species, and Disease	249	(30)
Overexploitation	250	(4)
BOX 19 ENDANGERED WHALES: MAKING A COMEBACK?	254	(5)
Exotic Species	259	(10)
Disease	269	(3)
The Implications of Exotic Species and Disease for Human Health	272	(2)
Conclusion	274	(5)
PART FOUR Conservation at the Population and Species Levels	279	(119)
11 Problems of Small Populations	279	(30)
Minimum Viable Populations	280	(3)
Loss of Genetic Variability	283	(8)
Effective Population Size	291	(7)
BOX 20 RHINO SPECIES IN ASIA AND AFRICA: GENETIC DIVERSITY AND HABITAT LOSS	298	(3)
Demographic Variation	301	(2)
Environmental Variation and Catastrophes	303	(1)
Extinction Vortices	304	(5)
12 Applied Population Biology	309	(28)
Gathering Ecological Information	311	(2)
Monitoring Populations	313	(2)
BOX 21 THREE PRIMATOLOGISTS WHO BECAME ACTIVISTS	315	(9)
Population Viability Analysis	324	(3)
Metapopulations	327	(4)
Long-Term Monitoring of Species and Ecosystems	331	(6)
13 Establishing New Populations	337	(24)
BOX 22 WOLVES RETURN TO A COLD WELCOME	339	(2)
Behaviors of Released Animals	341	(2)
BOX 23 THE GOLDEN LION TAMARIN	343	(2)
Considerations for Successful Programs	345	(1)
BOX 24 THE CALIFORNIA CONDOR RETURNS	346	(6)
Establishment of New Plant Populations	352	(5)
Reestablishment Programs and the Law	357	(4)
14 Ex Situ Conservation Strategies	361	(37)
Zoos	365	(1)
BOX 25 LOVE ALONE CANNOT SAVE THE GIANT PANDA	366	(8)
Aquaria	374	(3)
Botanical Gardens and Arboreta	377	(2)
Seed Banks	379	(5)
BOX 26 SEED SAVERS AND CROP VARIETIES	384	(13)
PART FIVE Practical Applications	397	(128)
15 Establishing Protected Areas	397	(32)
The IUCN System of Classification	398	(1)
BOX 27 ECOLOGISTS AND REAL ESTATE EXPERTS MINGLE AT THE NATURE CONSERVANCY	399	(2)
Protected Areas	401	(5)
Establishing Priorities	406	(18)
National Priorities	424	(5)
16 Designing Protected Areas	429	(24)
Reserve Size	430	(6)
Effective Preservation of Species	436	(4)
Linking Reserves With Habitat Corridors	440	(5)
Landscape Ecology and Park Design	445	(3)
BOX 28 NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES	448	(5)
17 Managing Protected Areas	453	(26)
Identifying and Dealing With Threats to Protected Areas	456	(7)
BOX 29 HABITAT MANAGEMENT: THE KEY TO SUCCESS IN THE CONSERVATION OF ENDANGERED BUTTERFLIES	463	(3)
Park Management and People	466	(6)
BOX 30 CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT OF AMERICAN CRANES	472	(2)
Park Management Resources	474	(5)
18 Outside Protected Areas	479	(24)
The Value of Unprotected Habitat	482	(2)
BOX 31 IN DEFENSE OF WILDLIFE... SEND IN THE MARINES!	484	(2)
Multiple-Use Habitat	486	(2)
Ecosystem Management	488	(8)
African Wildlife Outside Parks	496	(7)
19 Restoration Ecology	503	(22)
BOX 32 EASIER SAID THAN DONE: RESTORING THE KISSIMMEE RIVER	510	(1)
Lakes	511	(3)
Prairies	514	(2)
Restoration of Tropical Dry Forest in Costa Rica	516	(3)
The Fine Points of Restoration Ecology	519	(6)
PART SIX Conservation and Human Societies	525	(84)
20 Conservation and Sustainable Development at the Local and National Levels	525	(34)
Local Conservation	527	(4)
National Legislatures	531	(6)
Traditional Societies and Biological Diversity	537	(13)
BOX 33 PEOPLE-FRIENDLY CONSERVATION IN THE HILLS OF SOUTHWEST INDIA	550	(5)
Living with Biodiversity	555	(4)
21 An International Approach to Conservation and Sustainable Development	559	(34)
Agreements for Protecting Species	560	(3)
BOX 34 THE WAR FOR THE ELEPHANT: IS THE ARMISTICE OVER?	563	(2)
Agreements for Habitat Protection	565	(2)
Earth Summit 1992	567	(5)
Funding	572	(7)
International Development Banks and Ecosystem Damage	579	(3)
BOX 35 HOW MUCH WILL THE THREE GORGES DAM REALLY COST?	582	(3)
Changing the Funding Process	585	(3)
Conclusion	588	(5)
22 An Agenda for the Future	593	(16)
BOX 36 ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVISM CONFRONTS THE OPPOSITION	599	(1)
The Role of Conservation Biologists	600	(2)
BOX 37 TWO WHO MADE A DIFFERENCE	602	(7)
Appendix: Selected Environmental Organizations and Sources of Information	609	(3)
Bibliography	612	(28)
Index	640