Essentials Of Criminal Justice

by Senna

• ISBN13: 9780534523633
• ISBN10: 0534523633
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-07-10
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
PART I The Nature of Crime, Law, and Criminal Justice
Crime and Criminal Justice	2	(36)
Is Crime a Recent Development?	6	(2)
Crime in the Old West	6	(1)
Crime at the Turn of the Twentieth Century	6	(2)
Developing the Criminal Justice System	8	(1)
The Modern Era of Justice	8	(1)
Federal Involvement in Criminal Justice	9	(1)
The Criminal Justice System Today	9	(2)
Agencies of the Criminal Justice System	10	(1)
The Formal Criminal Justice Process	11	(7)
The Criminal Justice Assembly Line	15	(3)
The Informal Criminal Justice System	18	(3)
The ``Wedding Cake'' Model of Justice	19	(2)
Criminal Justice and the Media: Double Jeopardy	21	(1)
Perspectives on Justice	22	(5)
Crime Control Perspective	23	(1)
Rehabilitation Perspective	24	(1)
Due Process Perspective	25	(1)
Nonintervention Perspective	25	(1)
Justice Perspective	26	(1)
Restorative Justice Perspective	26	(1)
Perspectives in Action: Controlling the Drug Trade	27	(5)
Crime Control Strategies	28	(1)
Justice Model Strategies	29	(1)
Rehabilitation Strategies	30	(1)
Restorative Justice Strategies	31	(1)
Nonintervention Strategies	31	(1)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Is There a Need for Drug Treatment?	32	(3)
Perspectives in Perspective	33	(2)
Summary	35	(1)
Key Terms	35	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	35	(1)
Questions	36	(1)
Notes	36	(2)
The Nature of Crime and Victimization	38	(38)
How Is Crime Defined?	41	(1)
Sources of Crime Data	42	(1)
Survey Data	42	(1)
Record Data	42	(1)
Other Sources	43	(1)
Measuring Crime Trends	43	(7)
Official Crime Data: The Uniform Crime Reports	43	(2)
Victim Surveys	45	(2)
Self-Report Surveys	47	(3)
Are the Three Sources of Crime Statistics Compatible?	50	(1)
Crime Trends	50	(5)
Trends in Violent Crime	51	(1)
Trends in Property Crime	51	(2)
Trends in Self-Reports and Victimization	53	(1)
What the Future Holds	54	(1)
Crime Patterns	55	(1)
Race, Culture, and Gender: International Crime Trends	55	(5)
Ecological and Seasonal Differences	56	(1)
Gender and Crime	56	(1)
Race and Crime	57	(1)
Social Class and Crime	57	(1)
Age and Crime	58	(1)
Crime Victims	58	(2)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: The Chronic Offender	60	(3)
Causes of Crime and Victimization	63	(5)
Choice Theory: Because They Want To	64	(1)
Biological Theory: It's in Their Blood	64	(1)
Psychological Theory: It's in Their Heads	65	(1)
Social Structure Theory: Because They're Poor	66	(1)
Social Process Theory: Socialized to Crime	67	(1)
Criminal Justice and the Media: The Media and Violence	68	(3)
Conflict Theory: It's a ``Dog-Eat-Dog World''	70	(1)
Developmental Theory: Things Change	70	(1)
A Final Word	71	(1)
Summary	71	(2)
Key Terms	73	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	73	(1)
Questions	73	(1)
Notes	73	(3)
Criminal Law: Substance and Procedure	76	(32)
The Historical Development of the Criminal Law	80	(3)
The Common Law	80	(2)
The Principle of Stare Decisis	82	(1)
Criminal Law and Civil Law	82	(1)
Sources of the Criminal Law	83	(2)
Common Law, Statutes, and Case Decisions	84	(1)
Administrative Rule Making	84	(1)
Constitutional Law and Its Limits	84	(1)
Crimes and Classifications	85	(1)
Felonies and Misdemeanors	85	(1)
Law in Review: Protecting Public Safety	86	(2)
Other Statutory Classifications	88	(1)
The Legal Definition of a Crime	88	(2)
Actus Reus and Mens Rea	89	(1)
The Relationship of Mens Rea and Actus Reus	90	(1)
Strict Liability	90	(1)
Criminal Responsibility	90	(3)
The Legal Definition of Insanity	91	(2)
Intoxication	93	(1)
Age	93	(1)
Criminal Defense: Justification or Excuse	93	(4)
Consent	94	(1)
Self-Defense	94	(1)
Entrapment	95	(1)
Mistake, Compulsion, and Necessity	95	(2)
Substantive Criminal Law Reform	97	(1)
The RICO Act	97	(1)
Federal Crime Legislation, 1984-1999	98	(1)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Criminal Law Reform	98	(2)
Constitutional Criminal Procedure	100	(2)
The U.S. Constitution	100	(1)
The Bill of Rights	101	(1)
The State Criminal Justice System under the Constitution	102	(1)
Procedural Due Process of Law	103	(1)
Future Directions in Criminal Law	104	(2)
Summary	106	(1)
Key Terms	106	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	106	(1)
Questions	106	(1)
Notes	107	(1)
PART II The Police and Law Enforcement
Police in Society: History and Organization	108	(26)
The History of Police	111	(5)
Eighteenth-Century Developments	111	(1)
Law Enforcement in Colonial America	112	(1)
Early Police Agencies	113	(2)
Twentieth-Century Reform	115	(1)
The Emergence of Professionalism	115	(1)
The Modern Era of Policing: 1960-2000	116	(2)
Policing in the 1960s	116	(1)
Policing in the 1970s	116	(1)
Policing in the 1980s	117	(1)
Policing in the 1990s	117	(1)
Law Enforcement Today	118	(6)
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies	118	(3)
State Law Enforcement Agencies	121	(1)
County Law Enforcement Agencies	122	(1)
Metropolitan Law Enforcement Agencies	122	(2)
The Future of Law Enforcement	124	(2)
Criminal Investigation	124	(1)
Information Technology	125	(1)
Criminal Identification	125	(1)
Criminal Justice and Technology: Crime Mapping	126	(5)
Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems	128	(1)
DNA Testing	129	(1)
Communications	130	(1)
Private Security	131	(1)
Summary	132	(1)
Key Terms	132	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	132	(1)
Questions	132	(1)
Notes	132	(2)
The Police: Role and Function	134	(30)
The Police Organization	136	(2)
The Police Role	138	(1)
The Patrol Function	139	(3)
Patrol Activities	140	(1)
Does Patrol Deter Crime?	140	(1)
Proactive Patrol	141	(1)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Zero Tolerance: Aggressive Policing in New York City	142	(2)
Adding Patrol Officers	144	(1)
The Investigation Function	144	(3)
Sting Operations	145	(1)
Undercover Work	145	(1)
Evaluating Investigations	146	(1)
Improving Investigations	146	(1)
The Changing Concepts of Policing	147	(7)
Community Policing	147	(5)
Problem-Oriented Policing	152	(2)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: School Resource Officers	154	(2)
Has Innovative Policing Met Its Goals?	155	(1)
Support Functions	156	(2)
Improving Police Productivity	158	(3)
Consolidation and Informal Arrangements	158	(1)
Sharing, Pooling, and Contracting	159	(1)
Police Service Districts	160	(1)
Civilian Employees	160	(1)
Multiple Tasking	160	(1)
Special-Assignement Programs	160	(1)
Budget Supplements	160	(1)
Differential Police Response	161	(1)
Summary	161	(1)
Key Terms	161	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	161	(1)
Questions	161	(1)
Notes	162	(2)
Issues in Policing	164	(38)
The Police Profession	167	(1)
The Police Culture	167	(1)
Criminal Justice and the Media: NYPD Blue	168	(4)
The Police Personality	169	(1)
Policing Style	170	(2)
Police Discretion	172	(4)
Legal Factors	172	(1)
Environmental Factors	173	(1)
Departmental Factors	173	(1)
Situational Factors	174	(1)
Extralegal Factors	175	(1)
Who Are the Police?	176	(1)
Race, Culture, and Gender: Does Race Influence the Police Use of Discretion?	176	(6)
Police Education	177	(1)
Minorities in Policing	178	(1)
Women in Policing	179	(3)
Problems of Policing	182	(6)
Job Stress	182	(2)
Violence	184	(4)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Suing the Police	188	(5)
Corruption	193	(1)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: In the Line of Fire: Shootings of Police	193	(4)
Summary	197	(1)
Key Terms	198	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	198	(1)
Questions	198	(1)
Notes	198	(4)
Police and the Rule of Law	202	(24)
Court Review of Police Operations	204	(1)
Search and Seizure	205	(1)
Search Warrant Requirements	206	(1)
Use of Informers	206	(1)
Warrantless Searches	206	(4)
Searches Incident to a Lawful Arrest	206	(2)
Field Interrogation: Stop and Frisk	208	(1)
Motor Vehicle Searches	208	(1)
Consent Searches	209	(1)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Traffic Stops: Undercutting the Fourth Amendment	210	(4)
The Bus Sweep	211	(1)
The Doctrines of Plain View and Curtilage	211	(2)
Electronic Surveillance	213	(1)
Arrest	214	(2)
Interrogation of a Suspect: The Miranda Case	215	(1)
Law in Review: Miranda v. Arizona (1966)	216	(2)
The Pretrial Identification Process	218	(1)
The Exclusionary Rule	219	(4)
Current Status and Controversy	221	(2)
Law in Review: Mapp v. Ohio (1961)	223	(1)
Summary	224	(1)
Key Terms	224	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	224	(1)
Questions	225	(1)
Notes	225	(1)
PART III Courts and Adjudication
Courts, Prosecution, and the Defense	226	(38)
The Criminal Court Process	229	(1)
State Courts	230	(2)
Courts of Limited Jurisdiction	230	(1)
Courts of General Jurisdiction	231	(1)
Appellate Courts	231	(1)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Specialty Courts	232	(1)
Federal Courts	233	(5)
District Courts	235	(1)
Federal Appeals Courts	236	(1)
The U.S. Supreme Court	236	(2)
Federal and State Court Caseloads	238	(1)
Law in Review: The Role of the High Court and States' Rights	239	(1)
The Judiciary	240	(2)
Other Judicial Functions	240	(1)
Judicial Qualifications	241	(1)
The Prosecutor	242	(3)
Duties of the Prosecutor	243	(1)
Types of Prosecutors	244	(1)
Prosecutorial Discretion	245	(3)
The Role of the Prosecutorial Discretion	246	(1)
Judicial Restraints	247	(1)
The Defense Attorney	248	(3)
The Role of the Criminal Defense Attorney	249	(1)
Ethical Issues	249	(2)
The Right to Counsel	251	(8)
The Private Bar	252	(1)
Legal Services for the Indigent	252	(6)
The Competence of Defense Attorneys	258	(1)
Court Administration	259	(2)
Technology and Court Management	260	(1)
Summary	261	(1)
Key Terms	262	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	262	(1)
Questions	262	(1)
Notes	262	(2)
Pretrial Procedures	264	(30)
Procedures Following Arrest	267	(1)
Pretrial Services	268	(1)
Bail	269	(4)
The Legal Right to Bail	270	(1)
Receiving Bail	271	(1)
Bail Bonding Today	272	(1)
The History of Bail Reform	272	(1)
The Preventive Detention Controversy	273	(2)
Pretrial Detention	275	(1)
Law in Review: United States v. Salerno (1987)	276	(2)
Charging the Defendant	278	(1)
The Incident Process---The Grand Jury	278	(1)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: The Pretrial Release Debate	278	(4)
The Indictment Process---The Preliminary Hearing	279	(1)
Arraignment	280	(1)
The Plea	281	(1)
Plea Bargaining	282	(7)
Legal Issues in Plea Bargaining	283	(1)
Plea-Bargaining Decision Making	284	(1)
The Role of the Prosecutor in Plea Bargaining	284	(2)
The Role of the Defense Counsel in Plea Bargaining	286	(1)
The Role of the Judge in Plea Bargaining	287	(1)
The Victim and Plea Bargaining	287	(1)
Plea-Bargaining Reform	288	(1)
Pretrial Diversion	289	(2)
Summary	291	(1)
Key Terms	291	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	291	(1)
Questions	292	(1)
Notes	292	(2)
The Criminal Trial	294	(30)
Legal Rights during Trial	297	(5)
The Right to Confront Witnesses	298	(1)
The Right to a Jury Trial	298	(2)
The Right to Counsel at Trial	300	(2)
The Right to Self-Representation	302	(1)
Law in Review: Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)	302	(5)
The Right to a Speedy Trial	304	(1)
The Right to a Fair Trial	305	(1)
The Right to a Public Trial	306	(1)
The Trial Process	307	(1)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Guidelines to Televising Criminal Trials	308	(5)
Jury Selection	310	(1)
Opening Statements	311	(1)
Presentation of the Prosecutor's Evidence	312	(1)
Race, Culture, and Gender: Jury Selection and Peremptory Challenges	313	(5)
Motion for a Directed Verdict	314	(1)
Presentation of the Defense Attorney's Evidence	315	(1)
Closing Arguments	315	(1)
Instructions to the Jury	315	(1)
The Verdict	316	(1)
The Sentence	316	(1)
The Appeal	316	(2)
Evidentiary Standards	318	(1)
Criminal Trial Practices in the Twenty-First Century	319	(1)
Summary	320	(1)
Key Terms	321	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	322	(1)
Questions	322	(1)
Notes	322	(2)
Punishment and Sentencing	324	(36)
The History of Punishment	327	(3)
From Exile to Fines, Torture to Forfeiture	327	(1)
Public Work and Transportation to the Colonies	328	(1)
The Rise of the Prison	329	(1)
The Goals of Modern Sentencing	330	(3)
General Deterrence	330	(1)
Incapacitation	330	(1)
Specific Deterrence	331	(1)
Retribution/Just Desert	331	(1)
Rehabilitation	331	(1)
Equity/Restitution	332	(1)
Imposing the Sentence	332	(1)
Sentencing Models	333	(5)
Indeterminate Sentences	333	(1)
Determinate Sentences	334	(1)
Structured Sentences	335	(3)
Mandatory Sentences	338	(1)
How People Are Sentenced	338	(2)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Let's Get Tough: Truth-in-Sentencing and Three-Strikes Laws	340	(4)
What Factors Affect Sentencing?	342	(2)
Capital Punishment	344	(2)
Arguments for the Death Penalty	345	(1)
Race, Culture, and Gender: Race and Sentencing	346	(2)
Race, Culture, and Gender: The International Use of the Death Penalty	348	(8)
Arguments against the Death Penalty	350	(3)
Legal Issues	353	(1)
Death-Qualified Juries	354	(1)
Does the Death Penalty Deter Murder?	355	(1)
Summary	356	(1)
Key Terms	356	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	357	(1)
Questions	357	(1)
Notes	357	(3)
PART IV Corrections and Alternative Sanctions
Probation and Intermediate Sanctions	360	(34)
Probation	362	(13)
The History of Probation	363	(1)
The Concept of Probation	363	(1)
Awarding Probation	364	(1)
The Extent of Probation	364	(1)
Eligibility for Probation	365	(1)
Conditions of Probation	366	(1)
Administration of Probation Services	366	(4)
How Successful Is Probation?	370	(3)
Legal Rights of Probationers	373	(1)
The Future of Probation	374	(1)
Intermediate Sanctions	375	(1)
Advantages of Intermediate Sanctions	376	(1)
Race, Culture, and Gender: Community Sentencing Abroad	376	(12)
Fines	377	(2)
Forfeiture	379	(1)
Restitution	380	(1)
Shock Probation and Split Sentencing	381	(1)
Intensive Probation Supervision	381	(1)
House Arrest	382	(1)
Electronic Monitoring	383	(2)
Residential Community Corrections	385	(2)
Can Intermediate Sanctions Work?	387	(1)
Summary	388	(1)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Restorative Justice in the Community	389	(1)
Key Terms	390	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	390	(1)
Questions	390	(1)
Notes	391	(3)
Corrections: History, Institutions, and Populations	394	(34)
The History of Correctional Institutions	398	(8)
American Developments	400	(6)
Jails	406	(4)
Jail Populations	408	(1)
Jail Inmate Characteristics	408	(1)
Jail Conditions	409	(1)
Prisons	410	(2)
Types of Prisons	410	(2)
Criminal Justice and Technology: Super-Maximum-Security Prisons	412	(4)
Prison Inmate Characteristics	414	(2)
Alternative Correctional Institutions	416	(5)
Prison Farms and Camps	416	(1)
Shock Incarceration in Boot Camps	416	(3)
Community Correctional Facilities	419	(1)
Private Prisons	419	(2)
Correctional Populations	421	(3)
Why Is the Prison Population Rising?	421	(1)
Prison Overcrowding	421	(3)
Summary	424	(1)
Criminal Justice and Technology: Using Technology to Increase Prison Security	424	(1)
Key Terms	425	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	426	(1)
Questions	426	(1)
Notes	426	(2)
Prison Life	428	(38)
Men Imprisoned	432	(4)
Living in Prison	432	(3)
The Inmate Social Code	435	(1)
The New Inmate Culture	436	(1)
Women Imprisoned	436	(2)
Female Institutions	436	(2)
Race, Culture, and Gender: Women in Prison: Vengeful Equity	438	(3)
Correctional Treatment Methods	441	(7)
Group Counseling	441	(1)
Treating the Special-Needs Inmate	442	(1)
Educational and Vocational Programs	443	(3)
Inmate Self-Help	446	(1)
Can Rehabilitation Work?	447	(1)
Guarding the Institution	448	(1)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: The No-Frills Movement	449	(1)
Female Correctional Officers	450	(1)
Prison Violence	450	(2)
Individual Violence	451	(1)
Collective Violence	451	(1)
Controlling Violence	452	(1)
Prisoner's Rights	452	(4)
Substantive Rights	454	(2)
Leaving Prison	456	(7)
Parole	456	(4)
The Effectiveness of Parole	460	(3)
Summary	463	(1)
Key Terms	463	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	463	(1)
Questions	464	(1)
Notes	464	(2)
PART V Juvenile Justice
Juvenile Justice	466	(36)
The History of Juvenile Justice	469	(6)
Care of Children in Early America	470	(1)
The Child-Saving Movement	470	(2)
The Development of Juvenile Justice	472	(3)
Juvenile Justice Today	475	(1)
Police Processing of the Juvenile Offender	476	(4)
Legal Rights	479	(1)
The Juvenile Court Process	480	(9)
The Intake Process	481	(1)
The Detention Process	481	(1)
Bail	482	(1)
Plea Bargaining	483	(1)
Waiver of Jurisdiction	484	(2)
The Trial	486	(1)
Disposition and Treatment	487	(2)
The Juvenile Correctional Process	489	(5)
Probation	489	(1)
Institutionalization	490	(4)
Comprehensive Juvenile Justice Reform	494	(2)
Early Prevention	494	(1)
Intervention Programs	494	(1)
Graduated Sanction Programs	494	(1)
Reforming Institutionalization	495	(1)
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Preventing Delinquency with Early Childhood Intervention	496	(2)
Increasing Waiver	498	(1)
Current and Future Issues in Juvenile Justice	498	(1)
Summary	499	(1)
Key Terms	499	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises	499	(1)
Questions	500	(1)
Notes	500	(2)
Glossary	502	(15)
Table of Cases	517	(3)
Name Index	520	(9)
Subject Index	529	(17)
Photo Credits	546