Essentials of Human Communication

by Devito, Joseph A.

• ISBN13: 9780321086525
• ISBN10: 032108652X
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-06-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Table of Contents

Specialized Contents	viii
Preface	ix
PART ONE Foundations of Human Communication	1	(154)
Introduction to Human Communication
Communication Models and Concepts	5	(11)
Communication Context	7	(1)
Sources-Receivers	8	(4)
Messages	12	(2)
Channel	14	(1)
Noise	14	(2)
Effects	16	(1)
Principles of Communication	16	(6)
Communication Is a Process of Adjustment	16	(2)
Communication Is a Package of Messages	18	(1)
Communication Involves Content and Relationship Dimensions	18	(2)
Communication Sequences Are Punctuated	20	(1)
Communication Is Purposeful	20	(1)
Communication Is Inevitable, Irreversible, and Unrepeatable	21	(1)
Culture and Human Communication	22	(7)
The Importance of Culture	26	(1)
The Aim of a Cultural Perspective	27	(1)
Ethnocentrism	28	(1)
Thinking Critically About Human Communication	29	(5)
Approaching the Study of Communication	29	(1)
Transferring Skills	29	(1)
Summary of Concepts and Skills	30	(1)
Key Word Quiz	31	(1)
Skill Development Experiences	31	(3)
The Self in Communication	34	(20)
Self-Concept	35	(4)
Others' Images of You	35	(1)
Comparisons with Others	36	(1)
Cultural Teachings	36	(2)
Your Own Interpretations and Evaluations	38	(1)
Self-Awareness	39	(4)
Your Four Selves	39	(2)
Growing in Self-Awareness	41	(2)
Self-Disclosure	43	(6)
Factors Influencing Self-Disclosure	44	(3)
The Rewards and Dangers of Self-Disclosure	47	(2)
Thinking Critically About the Self in Communication	49	(5)
Summary of Concepts and Skills	50	(1)
Key Word Quiz	51	(1)
Skill Development Experiences	52	(2)
Perception in Interpersonal Communication	54	(23)
The Stages of Perception	55	(5)
Stage One: Stimulation	55	(1)
Stage Two: Organization	56	(1)
Stage Three: Interpretation-Evaluation	57	(1)
Stage Four: Memory	57	(1)
Stage Five: Recall	58	(2)
Perceptual Processes	60	(8)
Implicit Personality Theory	61	(1)
The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy	62	(1)
Primacy-Recency	63	(1)
Stereotyping	64	(1)
Attribution	65	(3)
Thinking Critically About Interpersonal Perception	68	(9)
Analyze Your Perceptions	69	(1)
Check Your Perceptions	69	(2)
Reduce Your Uncertainty	71	(2)
Increase Your Cultural Sensitivity	73	(1)
Summary of Concepts and Skills	74	(1)
Key Word Quiz	75	(1)
Skill Development Experiences	75	(2)
Listening	77	(20)
The Listening Process	80	(4)
Receiving	80	(1)
Understanding	81	(1)
Remembering	82	(1)
Evaluating	83	(1)
Responding	84	(1)
Effective Listening	84	(7)
Empathic and Objective Listening	85	(1)
Nonjudgmental and Critical Listening	86	(2)
Surface and Depth Listening	88	(1)
Active and Inactive Listening	88	(3)
Listening, Culture, and Gender	91	(2)
Listening and Culture	91	(1)
Listening and Gender	92	(1)
Thinking Critically About Listening	93	(4)
Summary of Concepts and Skills	94	(1)
Key Word Quiz	95	(1)
Skill Development Experiences	95	(2)
Verbal Messages	97	(27)
The Nature of Language	98	(9)
Language Is Both Denotative and Connotative	98	(1)
Language Varies in Abstraction	99	(1)
Language Varies in Directness	99	(3)
Language Is Rule Based	102	(4)
Language Meanings Are in People	106	(1)
Disconfirmation and Confirmation	107	(8)
Sexism	109	(2)
Heterosexism	111	(1)
Racism	112	(1)
Cultural Identifiers	113	(2)
Thinking Critically About Verbal Messages	115	(9)
Language Symbolizes Reality (Partially)	115	(1)
Language Expresses Both Facts and Inferences	116	(2)
Language Is Relatively Static	118	(1)
Language Can Obscure Distinctions	119	(1)
Summary of Concepts and Skills	120	(1)
Key Word Quiz	121	(1)
Skill Development Experiences	121	(3)
Nonverbal Messages	124	(31)
Body Messages	126	(2)
Body Movements	126	(1)
Body Appearance	127	(1)
Facial and Eye Movements	128	(4)
Facial Communication	128	(3)
Eye Communication	131	(1)
Spatial and Territorial Communication	132	(3)
Spatial Distances	133	(1)
Influences on Space Communication	133	(2)
Territoriality	135	(1)
Artifactual Communication	135	(4)
Color Communication	136	(1)
Clothing and Body Adornment	137	(1)
Space Decoration	138	(1)
Smell Communication	139	(1)
Touch Communication	139	(3)
The Meanings of Touch	140	(1)
Cultural Differences and Touch	140	(1)
Touch Avoidance	141	(1)
Paralanguage and Silence	142	(4)
Paralanguage	142	(2)
Silence	144	(2)
Time Communication	146	(4)
Cultural Time	146	(2)
Psychological Time	148	(2)
Thinking Critically About Nonverbal Messages	150	(5)
Summary of Concepts and Skills	151	(1)
Key Word Quiz	152	(1)
Skill Development Experiences	153	(2)
PART TWO The Contexts of Human Communication	155	(257)
Interpersonal Communication: Conversation and Conflict	155	(35)
Conversation	156	(7)
Opening	157	(1)
Feedforward	158	(1)
Business	158	(2)
Feedback	160	(1)
Closing	161	(1)
Thinking About the Five Stages of Conversation	162	(1)
Effective Conversation	163	(6)
Openness	163	(2)
Empathy	165	(1)
Positiveness	166	(1)
Immediacy	166	(1)
Interaction Management	167	(1)
Expressiveness	167	(1)
Other-Orientation	168	(1)
Conflict	169	(6)
Content and Relationship Conflicts	169	(1)
Myths About Conflict	170	(1)
The Negatives and Positives of Conflict	171	(1)
Cultural Context	171	(1)
Conflict on the Net	172	(2)
Before and After the Conflict	174	(1)
Effective Conflict Management	175	(6)
Win-Lose and Win-Win Strategies	176	(1)
Avoidance and Fighting Actively	176	(1)
Force and Talk	176	(1)
Gunnysacking and Present Focus	177	(1)
Face-Enhancing and Face-Detracting Strategies	178	(1)
Attack and Acceptance	178	(1)
Verbal Aggressiveness and Argumentativeness	179	(2)
Thinking Critically About Conversation and Conflict	181	(9)
Mindfulness	181	(1)
Flexibility	182	(2)
Metacommunicational Ability	184	(1)
Cultural Sensitivity	185	(1)
Summary of Concepts and Skills	186	(1)
Key Word Quiz	187	(1)
Skill Development Experiences	188	(2)
Interpersonal Relationships	190	(27)
Relationships and Relationship Stages	191	(14)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Interpersonal Relationships	192	(2)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Workplace Relationships	194	(2)
Relationship Stages	196	(9)
Relationships, Culture, and Gender	205	(5)
Relationships and Culture	205	(2)
Relationships and Gender	207	(3)
Thinking Critically About Relationship Improvement	210	(7)
Positiveness	210	(1)
Openness	211	(1)
Supportiveness	211	(1)
Interest	211	(1)
Truthfulness	212	(1)
Involvement	212	(1)
Value	213	(1)
Equality	213	(1)
Summary of Concepts and Skills	213	(1)
Key Word Quiz	214	(1)
Skill Development Experiences	215	(2)
Interviewing	217	(24)
What Is Interviewing?	218	(3)
The Persuasion Interview	220	(1)
The Appraisal Interview	220	(1)
The Exit Interview	220	(1)
The Counseling Interview	220	(1)
The Information Interview	221	(3)
Secure an Appointment	222	(1)
Prepare Your Questions	222	(1)
Establish Rapport with the Interviewer	222	(1)
Ask Permission to Tape the Interview	223	(1)
Close and Follow Up the Interview	223	(1)
The Employment Interview	224	(11)
Prepare Yourself	225	(6)
Make an Effective Presentation of Self	231	(1)
Acknowledge Cultural Rules and Customs	232	(1)
Demonstrate Effective Interpersonal Communication	233	(1)
Follow Up	234	(1)
Thinking Critically About the Lawfulness of Interview Questions	235	(6)
Recognizing Unlawful Questions	235	(2)
Dealing with Unlawful Questions	237	(1)
Summary of Concepts and Skills	237	(1)
Key Word Quiz	238	(1)
Skill Development Experiences	239	(2)
Small Group Communication	241	(22)
The Small Group	242	(7)
Small Group Stages	244	(1)
Small Group Formats	244	(1)
Small Group Channels	245	(2)
Small Group Culture	247	(1)
Small Group Apprehension	248	(1)
The Brainstorming Group	249	(2)
Information-Sharing Groups	251	(1)
Educational or Learning Groups	251	(1)
Focus Groups	251	(1)
Problem-Solving Groups	252	(6)
The Problem-Solving Sequence	252	(4)
Problem Solving at Work	256	(2)
Thinking Critically About Small Groups	258	(5)
The Six Critical Thinking Hats Technique	259	(1)
Summary of Concepts and Skills	260	(1)
Key Word Quiz	260	(1)
Skill Development Experiences	261	(2)
Members and Leaders in Small Group Communication	263	(22)
Members in Small Group Communication	264	(3)
Member Roles	264	(2)
Member Participation	266	(1)
Leaders in Small Group Communication	267	(8)
Approaches to Leadership	267	(3)
Styles of Leadership	270	(1)
Functions of Leadership	271	(4)
Mentoring	275	(1)
Membership, Leadership, and Culture	275	(5)
Individual and Collective Orientation	276	(2)
High and Low Power Distances	278	(2)
Thinking Critically About Groupthink	280	(5)
Summary of Concepts and Skills	281	(1)
Key Word Quiz	282	(1)
Skill Development Experiences	282	(3)
Public Speaking Preparation (Steps 1-6)	285	(33)
What Is Public Speaking?	286	(2)
Growth and Development of Public Speaking	288	(1)
Skills of Public Speaking	288	(1)
Dealing with Communication Apprehension	289	(3)
Select Your Topic and Purpose	292	(5)
Your Topic	292	(4)
Your Purpose	296	(1)
Analyze Your Audience	297	(3)
Audience Sociology	297	(2)
Audience Psychology	299	(1)
Formulate Your Thesis and Identify Your Major Propositions	300	(3)
Choose Your Thesis	300	(1)
Generate Your Main Ideas	301	(2)
Research Your Topic	303	(5)
Databases	304	(1)
Personal Reference Works	305	(1)
The Internet	306	(2)
Support Your Major Propositions	308	(1)
Organize Your Speech Materials	308	(5)
Time Pattern	308	(1)
Spatial Pattern	309	(1)
Topical Pattern	309	(1)
Problem-Solution Pattern	309	(1)
Cause-Effect/Effect-Cause Pattern	310	(1)
The Motivated Sequence	310	(2)
Additional Thought Patterns	312	(1)
Thinking Critically About Public Speaking Preparation: Evaluating Research	313	(5)
Summary of Concepts and Skills	314	(1)
Key Word Quiz	315	(1)
Skill Development Experiences	315	(3)
Public Speaking Preparation and Delivery (Steps 7-10)	318	(36)
Word Your Speech	319	(7)
Clarity	320	(2)
Vividness	322	(1)
Appropriateness	322	(2)
Personal Style	324	(1)
Sentence Construction	325	(1)
Construct Your Conclusion and Introduction	326	(10)
The Conclusion	326	(2)
The Introduction	328	(1)
Guidelines for Avoiding Some Common Faults	329	(1)
Transitions and Internal Summaries	329	(1)
Before the Introduction and After the Conclusion	330	(1)
The Preparation Outline	331	(2)
The Skeletal Outline	333	(2)
The Delivery Outline	335	(1)
Rehearse Your Speech	336	(2)
Methods of Delivery	336	(2)
Rehearsing the Speech	338	(1)
Deliver Your Speech	338	(4)
Voice	338	(3)
Body Action	341	(1)
Using Notes	342	(1)
Thinking Critically About Public Speaking Preparation and Evaluation	343	(11)
Speech Evaluation	343	(2)
Expressing Your Evaluation	345	(4)
Summary of Concepts and Skills	349	(1)
Key Word Quiz	350	(1)
Skill Development Experiences	350	(4)
The Informative Speech	354	(32)
Guidelines for Informative Speaking	356	(4)
Stress Usefulness	356	(1)
Relate New Information to Old	357	(1)
Present Information Through Several Senses	357	(1)
Adjust the Level of Complexity	357	(1)
Vary the Levels of Abstraction	358	(1)
Avoid Information Overload	359	(1)
Recognize Cultural Variations	359	(1)
Types of Informative Speeches	360	(5)
The Speech of Description	361	(1)
The Speech of Definition	362	(2)
The Speech of Demonstraction	364	(1)
Amplifying Materials	365	(14)
Examples, Illustrations, and Narratives	365	(1)
Testimony	366	(1)
Definitions	366	(1)
Statistics	367	(2)
Visual Aids	369	(10)
Thinking Critically About the Informative Speech	379	(7)
Summary of Concepts and Skills	384	(1)
Key Word Quiz	384	(1)
Skill Development Experiences	385	(1)
The Persuasive Speech	386	(26)
Guidelines for Persuasive Speaking	388	(2)
Selective Exposure	388	(1)
Audience Participation	388	(1)
Magnitude of Change	388	(2)
Types of Persuasive Speeches	390	(2)
Speeches to Strengthen or Change Attitudes or Beliefs	390	(1)
Speeches to Move to Action	391	(1)
Logical Appeals	392	(5)
Reasoning from Specific Instances to Generalizations	393	(1)
Reasoning from Analogy	393	(1)
Reasoning from Causes and Effects	394	(1)
Reasoning from Sign	395	(2)
Motivational Appeals	397	(3)
Power, Control, and Influence	399	(1)
Self-Esteem and Approval	399	(1)
Safety	399	(1)
Achievement	400	(1)
Financial Gain	400	(1)
Credibility Appeals	400	(4)
Competence	402	(1)
Character	403	(1)
Charisma	404	(1)
Thinking Critically About the Persuasive Speech	404	(8)
Summary of Concepts and Skills	409	(1)
Key Word Quiz	409	(1)
Skill Development Experiences	410	(2)
Glossary of Human Communication Concepts and Skills	412	(19)
Bibliography	431	(12)
Credits	443	(1)
Index	444