Europe

by Rietbergen, P. J. A. N.

• ISBN13: 9780415172295
• ISBN10: 0415172292
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-12-01
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

This book portrays Europe's history as a series of four grand phases of continuity and change set in the context of political, social and economic developements. It will provide a stimulus for discussion amongst students and general readers.

Table of Contents

List of plates	xii
List of maps	xv
Prologue	xvii
Europe - a present with a past
Introduction: Europe - a dream?	xvii
On the problems of writing a cultural history of Europe	xviii
On definitions	xx
On the structure and use of this book	xxiv
Acknowledgements	xxvi
PART I Continuity and change: new ways of surviving	1	(78)
Before `Europe': towards an agricultural and sedentary society	3	(35)
Beginnings in Africa and the eastern Mediterranean, or the non-European origins of European culture	3	(3)
The advent of agriculture, temple and state	6	(4)
Invasion, conquest and change: the first wave	10	(5)
Babylon, the Seventeenth Century BC: The Law code of Hammurapi	14	(1)
Beginnings in Europe: after the last Ice Age	15	(4)
Invasion, conquest and change: the second wave	19	(1)
A `marginal' culture? Religion and state formation in Israel	20	(1)
A `marginal' culture? Trade and communication in Phoenicia	21	(1)
A `marginal' culture? Democracy and its limitations in Greece	22	(8)
A `marginal' culture? Tribal society in Celtic Europe	30	(2)
The `birth of Europe' and the Greek `world-view', or how to define one's own culture	32	(2)
The world of Alexander the Great	34	(4)
Rome and its empire: the effects and limits of cultural integration	38	(20)
Between the Alps and the Mediterranean, between the Etruscan and the Greek worlds: the expansion of the early Romans	38	(4)
From an informal to a formal empire	42	(7)
Rome, The Second Century Ad: A Legal System, a Legal Society - The Roman Contribution	47	(2)
Roman culture	49	(3)
The Roman Empire and the worlds beyond	52	(6)
An empire lost - an empire won? Christianity and the Roman Empire	58	(21)
Developments within the Jewish world: the genesis of Christianity	58	(1)
From Jews - and Gentiles - to Christians: the role of Jesus of Nazareth and his followers	59	(2)
Religions in the Roman Empire	61	(1)
A sect of `hopeless outlaws'	62	(5)
Carthage, AD 180: Arguments Against and for the Religion of the Christians	65	(2)
Towards an empire Roman as well as Christian	67	(4)
Rome and its neighbours in the fourth and fifth centuries AD: the division and loss of the political empire - the survival of the cultural empire	71	(4)
Empire and language	75	(4)
PART II Continuity and change: new forms of belief	79	(80)
Towards one religion for all	81	(21)
The Christian world-view: the survival of classical culture within the context of Christianity and Europe	81	(7)
Mount Sinai, AD 547: Kosmas Explains the Christian Cosmography	83	(5)
One religion for all: the fusion of Christianity and Europe	88	(3)
The rise of a new empire: Frankish statecraft and Christian arguments	91	(3)
Culture and cohesion: the role of ideology and education in the shaping of Carolingian Europe, or the `First Renaissance'?	94	(4)
The impact of monasteries	98	(4)
Three worlds around the Inner Sea: western Christendom, eastern Christendom and Islam	102	(17)
Confrontation and contact from the sixth century onwards	102	(1)
The world of the Prophet: Islam	102	(5)
God's kingdom among men: orthodox Christendom	107	(3)
A far corner of the earth: Roman, catholic Christendom	110	(2)
The Crusades: western Christendom versus Islam and eastern Christendom	112	(7)
Clermont, 26 November 1095: Pope Urban II Calls for a Crusade	114	(5)
One world, many traditions. Elite culture and popular cultures: cosmopolitan norms and regional variations	119	(40)
Europe's `feudal' polities	119	(3)
The Church and the early states	122	(3)
Economic and technological change and the early states	125	(4)
Stronger states - stronger rulers?	129	(2)
The towns and the early states	131	(5)
A Christian world or a world of Christian nations?	136	(6)
Elite culture and popular cultures: cosmopolitan norms and regional variations	142	(9)
London, AD 1378: Geoffrey Chaucer Describes his World	147	(4)
The importance of the universities	151	(8)
Interlude: The worlds of Europe, c.1400-1800	159	(16)
A world of villages	160	(6)
A world of towns	166	(5)
Two worlds?	171	(4)
PART III Continuity and change: new ways of looking at man and the world	175	(146)
A new society: Europe's changing views of man	177	(17)
The survival of classical culture and the beginnings of Humanism	177	(2)
The loss of Byzantium - the gain of Europe: the further development of Humanism in Italy	179	(5)
From Humanism to the Renaissance in Italy	184	(7)
Rome, AD 1538: Michelangelo Talks About Italian Art	187	(4)
Humanism and the Renaissance: Italy and beyond	191	(3)
A new society: Europe as a wider world	194	(33)
Economic and technological change and the definitive formation of the `modern' state	194	(3)
From manuscript to typescript	197	(3)
Gunpowder and compass	200	(6)
The Hague, AD 1625: Hugo Grotius Expounds 'The Law of Nations'	204	(2)
Church and State: the break-up of religious unity	206	(3)
Printing, reading and the schools: education for the masses?	209	(5)
Unity and diversity: printing as a cultural revolution	214	(10)
Europe and its frontiers: nation-feeling and cultural self-definition	224	(3)
A new society: Europe and the wider world since the fifteenth century	227	(32)
The `old' world and the `older' world	227	(6)
The `old' world and the `new'	233	(3)
The `Columbian exchange'	236	(8)
Europe, The Early Sixteenth Century: Opinions on the Conquest of America and Its Consequences	242	(2)
Images of America and mirrors of Europe	244	(7)
Further cultural consequences of expansion	251	(8)
A new society: migration, travel and the diffusion and integration of culture in Europe	259	(25)
Migration, travel and culture	259	(1)
Non-voluntary travel: the cultural significance of migrations	260	(3)
Three types of cultural travel	263	(14)
Rome, Winter 1644-5: John Evelyn Visits The Eternal City	275	(2)
The practice of travel	277	(3)
To travel or not to travel?	280	(2)
Travel as an element in growing cosmopolitanism and cultural integration	282	(2)
A new society: the `Republic of Letters' as a virtual and virtuous world against a divided world	284	(17)
The Republic of Letters: a quest for harmony	284	(1)
The Republic of Letters and the ideal of tolerance: theory and practice	285	(6)
Chateau Montaigne, Near Bordeaux, AD 1580: Michel De Montaigne on Europe And 'The Other	286	(5)
The Republic of Letters and its enemies: national cultural policies, or the political uses of culture	291	(3)
The Republic of Letters, or how to communicate in an invisible institution	294	(3)
The Republic of Letters and the `intertraffic of the mind': three examples	297	(4)
A new society: from Humanism to the Enlightenment	301	(20)
Humanism and empiricism between `ratio' and `revelatio'	301	(3)
From scientific empiricism to new visions of man and society	304	(7)
Europe, the Early Seventeenth Century: Views on the Scientific Method of Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes	306	(5)
From Humanism to Enlightenment: a long dawn	311	(4)
Enlightenment and Romanticism: poles apart?	315	(6)
PART IV Continuity and change: new forms of consumption and communication	321	(136)
Europe's revolutions: freedom and consumption for all?	323	(26)
Material culture and conspicuous consumption: a process of consumer change till the end of the eighteenth century	323	(4)
Production and reproduction: a process of economic and demographic change till the end of the eighteenth century	327	(3)
A process of social and cultural change: the convergence of elites till the end of the eighteenth century	330	(3)
Two `revolutions': one political, one economic, both cultural	333	(11)
Paris, 27 August 1789: The Cultural Importance of the 'Declaration Des Droits De L'homme Et Du Citoyen'	336	(8)
Urban, industrial culture: the regulation and consumption of time	344	(5)
Progress and its discontents: nationalism, economic growth and the question of cultural certainties	349	(25)
The revolutions and their aftermath	349	(3)
Elements of nationalism: the political culture of the nineteenth century	352	(3)
New elites, new mechanisms of cultural diffusion, new manifestations of culture	355	(16)
Basle, The Middle of The Nineteenth Century: Jacob Burckhardt (1818-97) Criticizes Contemporary Culture	363	(8)
Money and time, goods and leisure: towards a consumer culture	371	(3)
Europe and the other worlds	374	(24)
Europe and its expanding world	374	(1)
Europe and Latin America: a severed relationship?	375	(2)
The `old' world and the `new': North America as a vision of freedom	377	(3)
Capitalism and consumerism: freedom or slavery, progress or decadence?	380	(4)
New York, 1909: Herbert Croly (1869-1930) Interprets `The Promise of American Life'	383	(1)
Europe and `America': a cultural symbiosis or, the growth of the `western world'	384	(2)
To the `heart of darkness': Europe and Africa	386	(4)
The `old' world and the `older' world	390	(8)
The `Decline of the Occident' - the loss of a dream? From the nineteenth to the twentieth century	398	(24)
The sciences: positivism and increasing relativism	398	(7)
Berlin, 1877: Heinrich Stephan Rejoices in 'The First German Telephone Service	399	(6)
Europe in hiding, Europe surviving	405	(5)
A growing sense of `fin-de-siecle' between pessimism and optimism	410	(5)
A world between wars	415	(7)
Towards a new Europe?	422	(35)
Science, culture and society	422	(7)
After the Second World War: deconstruction and reconstruction	429	(6)
A culture of time versus money	435	(6)
From `familyman' to `salaryman' - from group identity to individual identity?	441	(3)
Dimensions of identity - culture as communication: towards an `anonymous mass culture'?	444	(13)
Europe, Since The 1960s: Popular Music - High Culture?	451	(6)
Epilogue Europe - a present with a future	457	(12)
Notes	469	(33)
Index	502