Evaluation of HSDPA and LTE From Testbed Measurements to System Level Performance

by Rupp, Markus; Caban, Sebastian; Mehlfü; hrer, Christian; Wrulich, Martin

• ISBN13: 9780470711927
• ISBN10: 0470711922
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2011-12-12
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

This book explains how the performance of modern cellular wireless networks can be evaluated by measurements and simulations With the roll-out of LTE, high data throughput is promised to be available to cellular users. In case you have ever wondered how high this throughput really is, this book is the right read for you: At first, it presents results from experimental research and simulations of the physical layer of HSDPA, WiMAX, and LTE. Next, it explains in detail how measurements on such systems need to be performed in order to achieve reproducible and repeatable results. The book further addresses how wireless links can be evaluated by means of standard-compliant link-level simulation. The major challenge in this context is their complexity when investigating complete wireless cellular networks. Consequently, it is shown how system-level simulators with a higher abstraction level can be designed such that their results still match link-level simulations. Exemplarily, the book finally presents optimizations of wireless systems over several cells. This book: Explains how the performance of modern cellular wireless networks can be evaluated by measurements and simulations Discusses the concept of testbeds, highlighting the challenges and expectations when building them Explains measurement techniques, including the evaluation of the measurement quality by statistical inference techniques Presents throughput results for HSDPA, WiMAX, and LTE Demonstrates simulators at both, link- level and system-level Provides system-level and link-level simulators (for WiMAX and LTE) on an accompanying website (https://www.nt.tuwien.ac.at/downloads/featured-downloads) This book is an insightful guide for researchers and engineers working in the field of mobile radio communication as well as network planning. Advanced students studying related courses will also find the book interesting.

Author Biography

Dr. Sebastian Caban, University of Technology Vienna, Austria
Sebastian Caban finished his PhD with summa cum laude in October 2009 and is now post doctoral fellow at this institute.

Christian Mehlführer, University of Technology Vienna, Austria
Christian Mehlführer received his Dipl.-Ing. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology. In 2009, he finished his PhD about measurement-based performance evaluation of WiMAX and HSDPA with summa cum laude.

Professor Markus Rupp, University of Technology Vienna, Austria
Markus Rupp received his Dipl.-Ing. degree in 1988 at the University of Saarbrücken, Germany and his Dr.-Ing. degree in 1993 at the Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, where he worked with Eberhardt Hänsler on designing new algorithms for acoustical and electrical echo compensation.

Martin Wrulich, University of Technology Vienna, Austria
Martin Wrulich received his Dipl.-Ing. degree from Vienna University of Technology in March 2006 (diploma thesis: "Capacity Analysis of MIMO systems").

Table of Contents

About the Authors	p. xiii
About the Contributors	p. xv
Preface	p. xvii
Acknowledgments	p. xxiii
List of Abbreviations	p. xxv
Cellular Wireless Standards
Introduction	p. 3
References	p. 4
UMTS High-Speed Downlink Packet Access	p. 5
Standardization and Current Deployment of HSDPA	p. 5
HSDPA Principles	p. 6
Network Architecture	p. 7
Physical Layer	p. 9
MAC Layer	p. 13
Radio Resource Management	p. 14
Quality of Service Management	p. 16
MIMO Enhancements of HSDPA	p. 17
Physical Layer Changes for MIMO	p. 19
Precoding	p. 21
MAC Layer Changes for MIMO	p. 25
Simplifications of the Core Network	p. 26
References	p. 26
UMTS Long-Term Evolution	p. 29
Contributed by Josep Colom Ikuno
LTE Overview	p. 29
Requirements	p. 29
Network Architecture	p. 31
LTE Physical Layer	p. 33
LTE Frame Structure	p. 34
Reference and Synchronization Symbols	p. 36
MIMO Transmission	p. 37
Modulation and Layer Mapping	p. 39
Channel Coding	p. 41
Channel Adaptive Feedback	p. 45
MAC Layer	p. 46
Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request	p. 46
Scheduling	p. 47
Physical, Transport, and Logical Channels	p. 48
References	p. 51
Testbeds For Measurements
Introduction	p. 57
Reference	p. 58
On Building Testbeds	p. 59
Basic Idea	p. 60
Transmitter	p. 61
Receiver	p. 63
Synchronization	p. 65
Possible Pitfalls	p. 67
Digital Baseband Hardware	p. 67
Tool and Component Selection	p. 68
Analog RF Front Ends	p. 69
Cost	p. 70
Matlab® Code and Testbeds	p. 70
Summary	p. 71
References	p. 72
Quasi-Real-Time Testbedding	p. 75
Basic Idea	p. 75
Problem Formulation	p. 77
Employing the Basic Idea	p. 78
Data Collection	p. 80
More Sophisticated Sampling Techniques	p. 81
Variance Reduction Techniques	p. 84
Bias	p. 85
Outliers	p. 86
Parameter Estimation	p. 87
Evaluating and Summarizing the Data	p. 88
Statistical Inference	p. 90
Inferring the Population Mean	p. 90
Precision and Sample Size	p. 91
Reproducibility and Repeatability	p. 92
Measurement Automation	p. 95
Dealing with Feedback and Retransmissions	p. 96
References	p. 97
Experimental Link-Level Evaluation
Introduction	p. 101
HSDPA Performance Measurements	p. 103
Mathematical Model of the Physical Layer	p. 104
System Model for the Channel Estimation	p. 106
System Model for the Equalizer Calculation	p. 106
Receiver	p. 107
Channel Estimation	p. 107
Equalizer	p. 112
Further Receiver Processing	p. 113
Quantized Precoding	p. 113
CQI and PCI Calculation	p. 115
HS-PDSCH Interference	p. 115
Pilot Interference	p. 116
Synchronization and Control Channel Interference	p. 116
Post-equalization Noise and SINR	p. 118
SINR to CQI Mapping	p. 119
Achievable Mutual Information	p. 121
Measurement Results	p. 124
Alpine Scenario	p. 125
Urban Scenario	p. 128
Discussion of the Implementation Loss	p. 130
Summary	p. 131
References	p. 132
HSDPA Antenna Selection Techniques	p. 139
Contributed by Jos'e Antonio Garc'ia-Naya
Existing Research	p. 141
Receive Antenna Selection	p. 142
Antenna Selection Based on System Throughput	p. 143
Hardware Aspects of Antenna Selection	p. 143
An Exemplary Measurement and its Results	p. 144
Urban Scenario	p. 144
Experimental Assessment of Antenna Selection in HSDPA	p. 145
Measurement Results and Discussion	p. 147
Summary	p. 148
References	p. 149
HSDPA Antenna Spacing Measurements	p. 153
Problem Formulation	p. 153
Existing Research	p. 154
Experimental Setup	p. 155
Measurement Methodology	p. 157
Inferring the Mean Scenario Throughput	p. 157
Issues Requiring Special Attention	p. 158
Measurement Results and Discussion	p. 160
Equal Polarization Versus Cross-Polarization	p. 160
Channel Capacity	p. 160
Channel Capacity Versus Mutual Information	p. 162
Mutual Information Versus Achievable Mutual Information	p. 162
Achievable Mutual Information Versus Throughput	p. 163
Throughput	p. 163
Different Transmit Power Levels and Scenarios	p. 163
References	p. 164
Throughput Performance Comparisons	p. 167
Introduction	p. 167
Cellular Systems Investigated: WiMAX and HSDPA	p. 168
WiMAX and HSDPA	p. 168
Throughput Bounds and System Losses	p. 169
Measurement Methodology and Setup	p. 172
Measurement Results	p. 173
WiMAX Results	p. 173
HSDPA Results in Standard-Compliant Setting	p. 177
HSDPA Results in Advanced Setting	p. 179
Summary	p. 179
References	p. 182
Frequency Synchronization in LTE	p. 183
Contributed by Qi Wang
Mathematical Model	p. 184
Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation in LTE	p. 186
Standardized Training Symbols in LTE	p. 186
Maximum Likelihood Estimators	p. 188
Performance Evaluation	p. 191
Estimation Performance	p. 192
Post-FFT SINR	p. 194
Post-equalization SINR and Throughput	p. 195
References	p. 199
LTE Performance Evaluation	p. 201
Contributed
Mathematical Model of the Physical Layer	p. 202
Receiver	p. 203
Channel Estimation	p. 204
Data Detection	p. 205
Further Receiver Processing	p. 206
Physical Layer Modeling	p. 206
Post-equalization SINR	p. 207
SINR Averaging	p. 207
User Equipment Feedback Calculation	p. 208
User Equipment Feedback Indicators	p. 208
Calculation of the CQI, PMI, and RI	p. 210
Practical Throughput Bounds	p. 216
Channel Capacity	p. 216
Open-Loop Mutual Information	p. 217
Closed-Loop Mutual Information	p. 218
BICM Bounds	p. 219
Achievable Throughput Bounds	p. 222
Prediction of the Optimal Performance	p. 223
Simulation Results	p. 224
SISO Transmission	p. 225
OLSM Transmission	p. 227
CLSM Transmission	p. 229
References	p. 230
Simulators For Wireless Systems
Introduction	p. 237
References	p. 240
LTE Link- and System-Level Simulation	p. 243
Contributed
The Vienna LTE Link Level Simulator	p. 245
Structure of the Simulator	p. 245
Complexity	p. 247
The Vienna LTE System Level Simulator	p. 250
Structure of the Simulator	p. 250
Simulator Implementation	p. 252
Complexity	p. 253
Validation of the Simulators	p. 255
3GPP Minimum Performance Requirements	p. 257
Link- and System-Level Cross-Comparison	p. 257
Exemplary Results	p. 259
Link-Level Throughput	p. 259
LTE Scheduling	p. 262
References	p. 265
System-Level Modeling for MIMO-Enhanced HSDPA	p. 271
Concept of System-Level Modeling	p. 271
Computationally Efficient Link-Measurement Model	p. 273
Receive Filter	p. 274
WCDMA MIMO in the Network Context	p. 276
Equivalent Fading Parameters Description	p. 278
Generation of the Equivalent Fading Parameters	p. 284
Influence of Non-Data Channels	p. 286
Resulting SINR Description	p. 287
Link-Performance Model	p. 288
Link-Performance Model Concept	p. 289
Training and Validation of the Model	p. 293
References	p. 296
Simulation-Based Evaluation For Wireless Systems
Introduction	p. 301
Optimization of MIMO-Enhanced HSDPA	p. 303
Network Performance Prediction	p. 303
Simulation Setup	p. 303
Single Network Scenario Investigation	p. 304
Average Network Performance	p. 306
RLC-Based Stream Number Decision	p. 310
UE Decision	p. 310
RLC Decision	p. 311
System-Level Simulation Results	p. 311
Content-Aware Scheduling	p. 313
Video Packet Prioritization in HSDPA	p. 313
Content-Aware Scheduler	p. 314
Simulation Results	p. 315
CPICH Power Optimization	p. 316
System-Level Modeling of the CPICH Influence	p. 317
CPICH Optimization in the Cellular Context	p. 318
References	p. 321
Optimal Multi-User MMSE Equalizer	p. 325
System Model	p. 326
Intra-Cell Interference Aware MMSE Equalization	p. 330
Interference Suppression Capability	p. 332
The Cell Precoding State	p. 334
Training-Sequence-Based Precoding State Estimation	p. 336
Blind Precoding State Estimation	p. 337
Estimator Performance	p. 339
Performance Evaluation	p. 340
Physical-Layer Simulation Results	p. 340
System-Level Simulation Results	p. 341
References	p. 343
LTE Advanced Versus LTE	p. 347
Contributed
IMT-Advanced and 3GPP Performance Targets	p. 348
Radio Interface Enhancements	p. 349
Bandwidth Extension	p. 349
Enhanced MIMO	p. 350
Uplink Improvements	p. 351
Beyond Release 10	p. 352
MIMO in LTE Advanced	p. 354
Codebook-Based Precoding	p. 354
Non-Codebook-Based Precoding	p. 356
Physical-Layer Throughput Simulation Results	p. 359
Eight-Antenna Transmission	p. 359
Comparison between LTE and LTE Advanced	p. 363
Comparison of SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO	p. 363
References	p. 366
Index	p. 369
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