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Understand a world transformed by wireless communication with this groundbreaking guide
Since the advent of the internet, few technologies have proven more transformative than wireless communication. Never have we lived in a more comprehensively connected world, with the cloud and the coming sixth generation (6G) of wireless technology creating a vast and interconnected communications infrastructure. Global citizens of this newly interconnected reality are grappling like never before with its many challenges.
Evolution of Wireless Communication Ecosystems provides readers with a history of wireless communication and a thorough overview of emerging frontiers. It traces wireless communication from the first generation through to the current fifth before surveying the current state of wireless technology and the ongoing research into 6G. The result is a book that understands wireless communication for the first time as an ecosystem, endlessly interconnected, growing, and boundlessly complex, but made intelligible by this highly readable introduction.
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Evolution of Wireless Communication Ecosystems from 1G to 6G is an essential reference for wireless and telecommunications professionals, as well as researchers interested in 6G or other emerging wireless technologies.
Suat Secgin, PhD has worked for nearly 30 years in telecommunications, developing experience with access systems, core networks, IT, and customer management. After completing his undergraduate education in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dr. Secgin completed his master's degree in Computer Engineering with the thesis title of Mobile Networks and Data Access Technologies. Continuing his doctoral studies in computer engineering, Dr. Secgin worked on wireless communication systems, network traffic engineering, data science, decision support systems and customer analytics topics. He has publications in peer-reviewed and indexed journals on customer analytics in the telecommunications industry, and this is his second book on telecommunication systems.
1 BASIC CONCEPTS 10
1.1 Introduction 10
1.2 Main Components of Communication Systems 10
1.3 Circuit, Packet, and Cell Switching 11
1.3.1 Circuit Switching 11
1.3.2 Packet Switching 12
1.3.3 Cell Switching 13
1.4 Duplexing in Communication 13
1.5 Historical Developments of Wireless Communication Systems 14
References 15
2 MODULATION and DEMODULATION 16
2.1 Introduction 16
2.2 What are Modulation and Demodulation? 16
2.3 Analog Modulation Methods 17
2.3.1 Amplitude Modulation 17
2.3.2 Frequency Modulation 18
2.3.3 Phase Modulation 18
2.4 Digital Modulation Methods 19
2.4.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Modulation 19
2.4.2 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation 19
2.4.3 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Modulation 20
2.4.4 Quadrature Amplitude (QAM) Modulation 21
References 23
3 MULTIPLEXING METHODS 24
3.1 Introduction 24
3.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) 25
3.3 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) 26
3.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 27
3.5 Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) 28
3.6 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) 29
3.7 Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) 29
3.8 Spatial Division Multiplexing (SDM) 30
3.9 Orbital Angular Momentum Multiplexing (OAMM) 31
3.10 Polarization Division Multiplexing (PDM) 33
References 33
4 NETWORK PERFORMANCE METRICS 35
4.1 Introduction 35
4.2 Spectral Efficiency 35
4.3 Important Network Performance Metrics 37
References 41
5 SEVEN LAYERS of ISO/OSI 42
5.1 Introduction 42
5.2 Application Layer 43
5.3 Presentation Layer 45
5.4 Session Layer 45
5.5 Transport Layer 45
5.6 Network Layer 46
5.7 Data Link Layer 47
5.8 Physical Layer 49
References 49
6 CELLULAR COMMUNICATION and 1G SYSTEMS 50
6.1 Introduction 50
6.2 A Brief History of Wireless Communication 50
6.3 Cellular Communicatıon 50
6.4 1G Systems 52
References 54
7 2G SYSTEMS 55
7.1 Introduction 55
7.2 1G and 2G Comparisons 55
7.3 2G Architecture 56
7.4 Detailed Infrastructure and 2.5G 59
References 60
8 3G SYSTEMS 61
8.1 Introduction 61
8.2 2G and 3G Comparison 61
8.3 3G Architecture 62
References 64
9 4G SYSTEMS 65
9.1 Introduction 65
9.2 Towards 4G 66
9.3 Services and Servers 69
9.4 Architectural Structure and Novel Concepts 70
9.4.1 Architectural Structure 70
9.4.2 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 71
9.5 Voice over LTE (VoLTE) 75
9.6 Mobile IP 76
9.7 Multiple Access Techniques 78
9.7.1 OFDM Access 78
9.7.2 Single Carrier-FDMA 80
9.8 Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) Antenna Systems and SDM Access 81
9.9 Voice Over WiFi (VoWiFi) 83
References 85
10 5G SYSTEMS 86
10.1 Introduction 86
10.2 5G Cell Structure 89
10.3 Topology 92
10.4 Millimeter Wave (mmWave) 95
10.5 Network Slicing 99
10.6 Massive MIMO and Beamforming 101
10.7 Carrier Aggregation (CA) and Dual Connectivity (DC) 102
References 104
11 6G SYSTEMS 106
11.1 Introduction 106
11.2 Network 110
11.3 Terahertz Communication 112
11.4 Visible Light Communication (VLC) 113
11.5 Satellite Integration 116
11.6 Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) 117
11.7 Holographic MIMO Surfaces (HMIMOS) 120
11.8 Massive Cell-free MIMO 124
11.9 Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC)-Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) 127
11.10 ML, AI, and Blockchain Usage in 6G 132
11.10.1 Machine Learning (ML) 133
11.10.2 Blockchain 135
11.11 5G Concepts in 6G (eMBB, uRLLC, mMTC) 140
11.12 6G Use Cases 141
11.12.1 Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality 142
11.12.2 Rural Areas / Depopulated Areas 143
11.12.3 Non-terrestrial Communication 144
11.12.4 Underwater Wireless Communications Systems 145
11.12.5 Super Smart Society 146
11.12.6 Holographic Telepresence 146
11.13 Comparison of 5G and 6G Network Architectures 147
References 148
12 INTERNET of THINGS (IoT) 154
12.1 Introduction 154
12.2 IoT Vision 155
12.3 Architecture and Communication Model 157
References 164
13 NON-IP-BASED WPAN TECHNOLOGIES 165
13.1 Introduction 165
13.2 802.15 Standards 167
13.3 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) 169
13.4 Near Field Communication (NFC) 170
13.5 IrDA (Infrared Data Association) 171
13.6 Bluetooth 172
13.7 Zigbee 174
13.8 Z-Wave 177
13.9 Power Line Communication (PLC) 179
References 180
14 IP Based WPAN and WLAN 181
14.1 Introduction 181
14.2 HaLow WiFi (Low Power Wifi) 181
14.3 ISA 100.11a Wireless 182
14.4 Wireless Highway Addressable Remote Transducer Protocol (HART) 184
14.5 Wireless Networks for Industrial Automation-Process Automation (WIA-PA) 185
14.6 6LoWPAN 187
14.7 WPAN with IP Thread 190
References 193
15 LOW POWER WIDE AREA NETWORKS (LPWAN) 195
15.1 Introduction 195
15.2 General Architecture 195
15.3 EC-GSM-IoT 196
15.4 Random Phase Multiple Access (RPMA) 197
15.5 DASH7 198
15.6 Long Term Evolution for Machines (LTE-M) 199
15.7 Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) 200
15.8 Massive IoT (MIOTY) 201
15.9 IoTivity 203
15.10 LoRa and LoRaWAN 204
15.11 Sigfox 206
References 208
16 IoT EDGE to CLOUD PROTOCOLS 210
16.1 Introduction 210
16.2 Message Queue Telemetry Transport Protocol (MQTT) 212
16.3 MQTT over WebSockets 215
16.4 MQTT for Sensor Networks (MQTT-SN) 216
16.5 Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) 217
16.6 Embedded Binary HTTP (EBHTTP) 219
16.7 Lean Transport Protocol (LTP) 220
16.8 Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) 221
16.9 Data Distribution Service (DDS) 223
16.10 Simple Text Oriented Messaging Protocol (STOMP) 225
16.11 Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) 226
16.12 Lightweight M2M (LwM2M) 228
16.13 Health Device Profile Protocol (Continua HDP) 229
16.14 Devices Profile for Web Services (DPWS) 230
16.15 Protocol Comparisons 232
References 232
17 POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS of IoT 234
17.1 Introduction 234
17.2 OpenWSN 234
17.3 TinyIOS 235
17.4 FreeRTOS 236
17.5 TI-RTOS 236
17.6 RIOT 237
17.7 Contiki OS 238
References 240
18 IoT SECURITY 241
18.1 Introduction 241
18.2 Limitations in IoT End Devices 241
18.3 Security Requirements 243
18.4 Attack Types and Points 244
References 251
19 IoT APPLICATIONS 253
19.1 Introduction 253
19.2 Tactile Internet 253
19.3 Waste Management 254
19.4 Healthcare 255
19.5 Smart Agriculture and Smart Water Supply 255
19.6 Web of Things (WoT) 258
References 258
20 INDEX 1
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