Exceptional Children : An Introduction to Special Education

by Heward, William L.

• ISBN13: 9780131191709
• ISBN10: 0131191705
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Long recognized as the market leader for its innovation, strong research base, and accessibility, William L. Heward's Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, Eighth Edition, continues this tradition of excellence. The research-based practices and standards-based applications presented in this edition give readers the knowledge, insight, and tools to help them become exceptional teachers in a variety of settings. These practices and applications are presented through the following themes: Exceptional Teachers Engage Students in Classroom Instruction: Exceptional Teachers Multimedia CD-ROM: This interactive CD-ROM, specifically created by the author for this text, includes 54 video clips with supporting commentary, artifacts, and discussion questions created in collaboration with dozens of general education and special education teachers-and their students-at six schools. The content of the CD-ROM is integrated throughout the text. Featured Teacher essays: Each chapter begins with an essay written by a master teacher featured for his or her work in special education. Drawn from urban, suburban, and rural schools, these stories reflect the joys, challenges, and realities of teaching exceptional children and allow readers to observe master teachers at work. Exceptional Teachers Use Effective, Research-Based Strategies: Research-based "Teaching & Learning" features: These essays describe teaching strategies validated by research as required by No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and IDEA. Each feature includes step-by-step tips on how to begin using the strategy in the classroom. Related resources and questions for reflection are provided on the Companion Website at www.prenhall.com/heward, "Tips for Beginning Teachers" features: Each chapter culminates with practical, quick tips for beginning teachers, offered by the master teacher featured in the chapter, on how to avoid common pitfalls in the classroom. Exceptional Teachers Are Culturally Responsive: Diversity & Exceptionality features: These essays, appearing throughout the book, describe strategies for working with students from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. Chapter 3: Working with Parents and Families in a Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Society.

Table of Contents

Prologue A Personal View of Special Education	2	(3)
Part 1 Foundations for Understanding Special Education	5	(130)
The Purpose and Promise of Special Education	6	(46)
Who Are Exceptional Children?	10	(1)
How Many Exceptional Children Are There?	11	(2)
Why Do We Label and Classify Exceptional Children?	13	(1)
Labeling and Eligibility for Special Education	13	(3)
Alternatives to Labeling	16	(1)
Why Are Laws Governing the Education of Exceptional Children Necessary?	16	(3)
An Exclusionary Past	16	(2)
Separate Is Not Equal	18	(1)
Equal Protection	18	(1)
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act	19	(18)
Six Major Principles of IDEA	19	(2)
Other Provisions of IDEA	21	(3)
Key Features Introduced by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004	24	(4)
Legal Challenges Based on IDEA	28	(4)
Related Legislation	32	(1)
No Child Left Behind Act	33	(4)
What Is Special Education?	37	(6)
Special Education as Intervention	38	(1)
Special Education as Instruction	39	(2)
Defining Features of Special Education	41	(2)
Current and Future Challenges	43	(9)
Close the Research-to-Practice Gap	44	(1)
Increase the Availability and Intensity of Early Intervention and Prevention Programs	45	(1)
Improve Students' Transition from School to Adult Life	45	(1)
Improve the Special Education--General Education Partnership	45	(7)
Planning and Providing Special Education Services	52	(44)
The Process of Special Education	56	(9)
Prereferral Intervention	56	(1)
Evaluation and Identification	57	(6)
Program Planning	63	(1)
Placement	63	(1)
Review and Evaluation	63	(2)
Collaboration and Teaming	65	(3)
Collaboration	65	(1)
Teaming	66	(1)
Co-Teaching	67	(1)
Individualized Education Program	68	(8)
IEP Team	69	(1)
IEP Components	69	(1)
IEP Functions and Formats	70	(1)
Problems and Potential Solutions	71	(5)
Least Restrictive Environment	76	(3)
A Continuum of Services	76	(1)
Determining the LRE	77	(2)
Inclusive Education	79	(10)
Arguments For and Against Full Inclusion	81	(8)
Where Does Special Education Go from Here?	89	(7)
Collaborating with Parents and Families in a Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Society	96	(39)
Support for Family Involvement	99	(2)
Parents: Advocating for Needed Change	99	(1)
Educators: Striving for Greater Effectiveness	100	(1)
Legislators: Mandating Parent and Family Involvement	101	(1)
Understanding Families of Children with Disabilities	101	(7)
The Impact of a Child with Disabilities on the Family	102	(1)
The Many Roles of the Exceptional Parent	102	(5)
Changing Needs as Children Grow	107	(1)
Developing and Maintaining Family-Professional Partnerships	108	(6)
Principles of Effective Communication	108	(3)
Identifying and Breaking Down Barriers to Parent-Teacher Partnerships	111	(3)
Working with Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Families	114	(3)
Understanding and Respecting Cultural Differences	114	(2)
Providing Culturally Responsive Services to Families	116	(1)
Methods of Home-School Communication	117	(9)
Parent-Teacher Conferences	117	(4)
Written Messages	121	(5)
Other Forms of Parent Involvement	126	(4)
Parents as Teachers	126	(1)
Parent Education and Support Groups	127	(1)
Parent to Parent Groups	128	(1)
Parents as Research Partners	128	(1)
How Much Parent Involvement?	129	(1)
Current Issues and Future Trends	130	(5)
Part 2 Educational Needs of Exceptional Students	135	(418)
Mental Retardation	136	(42)
Definitions	140	(2)
Definition in IDEA	141	(1)
AAMR's Definition Based on Needed Supports	142	(1)
Identification and Assessment	142	(3)
Assessing Intellectual Functioning	142	(3)
Assessing Adaptive Behavior	145	(1)
Characteristics	145	(4)
Cognitive Functioning	146	(2)
Adaptive Behavior	148	(1)
Positive Attributes	148	(1)
Prevalence	149	(1)
Causes and Prevention	149	(5)
Causes	149	(2)
Prevention	151	(3)
Educational Approaches	154	(11)
Curriculum Goals	156	(3)
Instructional Methods	159	(6)
Educational Placement Alternatives	165	(4)
Current Issues and Future Trends	169	(9)
The Evolving Definition of Mental Retardation	169	(1)
Acceptance and Membership	170	(8)
Learning Disabilities	178	(40)
Definitions	182	(2)
The IDEA Definition	182	(1)
The NJCLD Definition	182	(1)
Operationalizing the Federal Definition	183	(1)
Characteristics	184	(7)
Reading Problems	184	(4)
Written Language Deficits	188	(1)
Math Underachievement	189	(1)
Social Skills Deficits	190	(1)
Attention Problems and Hyperactivity	190	(1)
Behavioral Problems	190	(1)
The Defining Characteristic	191	(1)
Prevalence	191	(1)
Causes	192	(2)
Brain Damage or Dysfunction	192	(1)
Heredity	193	(1)
Biochemical Imbalance	193	(1)
Environmental Factors	193	(1)
Assessment	194	(3)
Standardized Tests	194	(1)
Criterion-Referenced Tests	194	(1)
Informal Reading Inventories	195	(1)
Curriculum-Based Measurement	195	(1)
Direct Daily Measurement	196	(1)
Educational Approaches	197	(1)
Explicit Instruction	198	(8)
Content Enhancements	203	(3)
Educational Placement Alternatives	206	(3)
Regular Classroom	206	(2)
Consultant Teacher	208	(1)
Resource Room	208	(1)
Separate Classroom	209	(1)
Current Issues and Future Trends	209	(9)
Redefining Learning Disabilities as Inadequate Response to Instruction	209	(2)
Will the Student with Real Learning Disabilities Please Stand Up?	211	(1)
Should All Students with Learning Disabilities Be Educated in the Regular Classroom?	212	(1)
Maintaining a Positive Focus	212	(6)
Emotional and Behavioral Disorders	218	(42)
Definitions	221	(2)
IDEA Definition of Emotional Disturbance	222	(1)
CCBD Definition of Emotional or Behavioral Disorders	222	(1)
Characteristics	223	(5)
Externalizing Behaviors	224	(1)
Internalizing Behaviors	225	(1)
Academic Achievement	225	(3)
Intelligence	228	(1)
Social Skills and Interpersonal Relationships	228	(1)
Prevalence	228	(4)
Causes	232	(4)
Biological Factors	232	(1)
Environmental Factors	233	(2)
A Complex Pathway of Risks	235	(1)
Identification and Assessment	236	(3)
Screening Tests	236	(2)
Projective Tests	238	(1)
Direct Observation and Measurement of Behavior	238	(1)
Functional Behavioral Assessment	239	(1)
Educational Approaches	239	(11)
Curriculum Goals	239	(2)
Behavior Management	241	(6)
Fostering Strong Teacher-Student Relationships	247	(3)
A Focus on Alterable Variables	250	(1)
Educational Placement Alternatives	251	(1)
Current Issues and Future Trends	252	(8)
Serving All Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders	252	(1)
Preventing Emotional and Behavioral Disorders	253	(1)
Disciplining Students with Disabilities	253	(1)
Improving Services for Youth in the Juvenile Corrections System	254	(1)
Developing Wraparound Systems of Comprehensive Care	254	(1)
Challenges, Achievements, and Advocacy	255	(5)
Autism Spectrum Disorders	260	(38)
Definitions	264	(4)
Definitions of Autism Spectrum Disorders in DSM-IV	264	(3)
Educational Definition of Autism in IDEA	267	(1)
Characteristics	268	(3)
Impaired Social Relationships	268	(1)
Communication and Language Deficits	268	(1)
Intellectual Functioning	269	(1)
Unusual Responsiveness to Sensory Stimuli	270	(1)
Insistence on Sameness and Perseveration	270	(1)
Ritualistic and Unusual Behavior Patterns	270	(1)
Problem Behavior	271	(1)
Positive Attributes and Strengths of Students with ASD	271	(1)
Screening and Diagnosis	271	(2)
Screening	272	(1)
Diagnosis	273	(1)
Prevalence	273	(1)
Causes	274	(1)
Educational Approaches	275	(6)
Critical Importance of Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention	275	(2)
Applied Behavior Analysis	277	(3)
Strategies to Help Children with Autism Cope with Social Situations and Increase Their Independence in the Classroom	280	(1)
Educational Placement Alternatives	281	(3)
Regular Classroom	281	(3)
Resource Room	284	(1)
Current Issues and Future Trends	284	(14)
Distinguishing Unproven Interventions from Evidence-Based Treatments	285	(4)
Why Do Fads Thrive?	289	(9)
Communication Disorders	298	(40)
Definitions	301	(9)
Communication	301	(1)
Language	302	(2)
Speech	304	(1)
Normal Development of Speech and Language	305	(3)
Communication Disorders Defined	308	(2)
Communication Differences Are Not Disorders	310	(1)
Characteristics	310	(4)
Speech Sound Errors	310	(1)
Fluency Disorders	311	(1)
Voice Disorders	312	(1)
Language Impairments	313	(1)
Prevalence	314	(1)
Causes	314	(1)
Causes of Speech Impairments	315	(1)
Causes of Language Disorders	315	(1)
Identification and Assessment	315	(4)
Screening and Teacher Observations	316	(1)
Evaluation Components	316	(3)
Educational Approaches	319	(9)
Treating Speech Sound Errors	319	(2)
Treating Fluency Disorders	321	(1)
Treating Voice Disorders	322	(1)
Treating Language Disorders	322	(2)
Augmentative and Alternative Communication	324	(4)
Educational Placement Alternatives	328	(5)
Monitoring	328	(1)
Pull-out	328	(2)
Collaborative Consultation	330	(1)
Classroom-Based	330	(3)
Self-Contained Classroom	333	(1)
Community-Based	333	(1)
Combination	333	(1)
Current Issues and Future Trends	333	(5)
Speech-Language Therapist or Language-Related Education Consultant?	333	(1)
Changing Populations	334	(1)
Across-the-Day Interventions	334	(4)
Deafness and Hearing Loss	338	(42)
Definitions	342	(4)
How We Hear	342	(3)
The Nature of Sound	345	(1)
Characteristics	346	(4)
English Literacy	346	(1)
Speaking	347	(1)
Academic Achievement	347	(3)
Social Functioning	350	(1)
Prevalence	350	(1)
Types and Causes of Hearing Loss	351	(3)
Types and Age of Onset	351	(1)
Causes of Congenital Hearing Loss	352	(1)
Causes of Acquired Hearing Loss	353	(1)
Identification and Assessment	354	(3)
Assessment of Infants	354	(1)
Pure-Tone Audiometry	354	(2)
Speech Audiometry	356	(1)
Alternative Audiometric Techniques	356	(1)
Degrees of Hearing Loss	356	(1)
Technologies and Supports	357	(7)
Technologies That Amplify or Provide Sound	357	(4)
Supports and Technologies That Supplement or Replace Sound	361	(3)
Educational Approaches	364	(8)
Oral/Aural Approaches	365	(3)
Total Communication	368	(2)
American Sign Language and the Bilingual-Bicultural Approach	370	(2)
Educational Placement Alternatives	372	(2)
Postsecondary Education	374	(1)
Current Issues and Future Trends	374	(6)
Blindness and Low Vision	380	(40)
Definitions	383	(3)
Legal Definition of Blindness	384	(1)
Educational Definitions of Visual Impairments	385	(1)
Age at Onset	385	(1)
Characteristics	386	(2)
Cognition and Language	386	(1)
Motor Development and Mobility	387	(1)
Social Adjustment and Interaction	387	(1)
Prevalence	388	(1)
Types and Causes of Visual Impairments	389	(2)
How We See	389	(1)
Causes of Visual Impairments	390	(1)
Educational Approaches	391	(14)
Special Adaptations for Students Who Are Blind	391	(6)
Special Adaptations for Students with Low Vision	397	(5)
Expanded Curriculum Priorities	402	(3)
Educational Placement Alternatives	405	(8)
Itinerant Teacher Model	405	(7)
Residential Schools	412	(1)
Current Issues and Future Trends	413	(7)
Specialization of Services	413	(1)
Emerging Technology and Research	413	(2)
Fighting against Discrimination and for Self-Determination	415	(5)
Physical Disabilities, Health Impairments, and ADHD	420	(46)
Physical Disabilities and Health Impairments	424	(1)
Definitions	424	(1)
Prevalence	425	(1)
Types and Causes	425	(11)
Cerebral Palsy	425	(2)
Spina Bifida	427	(3)
Muscular Dystrophy	430	(1)
Spinal Cord Injuries	430	(1)
Epilepsy	431	(2)
Diabetes	433	(1)
Asthma	434	(1)
Cystic Fibrosis	435	(1)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome	435	(1)
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	436	(7)
Definition and Diagnosis	437	(1)
Academic Achievement and Comorbidity with Other Disabilities	438	(1)
Eligibility for Special Education	439	(1)
Prevalence	439	(1)
Causes	440	(1)
Treatment	440	(3)
Characteristics	443	(3)
Variables Affecting the Impact of Physical Disabilities and Health Impairments on Educational Performance	444	(2)
Educational Approaches	446	(8)
Teaming and Related Services	446	(2)
Environmental Modifications	448	(2)
Assistive Technology	450	(1)
Special Health Care Routines	451	(2)
Independence and Self-Esteem	453	(1)
Educational Placement Alternatives	454	(2)
Inclusive Attitudes	455	(1)
Current Issues and Future Trends	456	(10)
Related Services in the Classroom	456	(2)
New and Emerging Technologies for Persons with Severe Physical Disabilities	458	(1)
Animal Assistance	459	(1)
Employment, Life Skills, and Self-Advocacy	459	(7)
Low Incidence Disabilities: Severe/Multiple Disabilities, Deaf-Blindness, and Traumatic Brain Injury	466	(42)
Severe and Multiple Disabilities	469	(4)
Severe Disabilities	469	(2)
Profound Disabilities	471	(2)
Multiple Disabilities	473	(1)
Deaf-Blindness	473	(1)
Characteristics of Students with Severe and Multiple Disabilities	474	(2)
Prevalence of Severe and Multiple Disabilities	476	(1)
Causes of Severe and Multiple Disabilities	476	(1)
Traumatic Brain Injury	477	(4)
Definition	477	(1)
Prevalence of Traumatic Brain Injury	477	(1)
Types and Causes of Traumatic Brain Injury	478	(1)
Characteristics of Traumatic Brain Injury	479	(2)
Educational Approaches	481	(20)
Curriculum: What Should Be Taught?	481	(6)
Instructional Methods: How Should Students with Severe and Multiple Disabilities Be Taught?	487	(8)
Where Should Students with Severe Disabilities Be Taught?	495	(6)
The Challenge and Rewards of Teaching Students with Severe and Multiple Disabilities	501	(7)
Giftedness and Talent	508	(45)
Jane Piirto
William L. Heward
Definitions	512	(3)
Federal Definitions	512	(1)
Other Key Contemporary and Complementary Definitions	513	(2)
Characteristics	515	(4)
Individual Differences Among Gifted and Talented Students	517	(1)
Creativity	518	(1)
Prevalence	519	(2)
Identification and Assessment	521	(8)
Multicultural Assessment and Identification	524	(2)
Gifted and Talented Girls	526	(1)
Gifted and Talented Boys	527	(1)
Gifted and Talented Students with Disabilities	527	(2)
Educational Approaches	529	(12)
Curricular Goals	529	(1)
Differentiating Curriculum: Acceleration and Enrichment	530	(2)
Lesson Differentiation in the Regular Classroom	532	(3)
Curriculum Differentiation Outside the Classroom	535	(1)
Instructional Models and Methods	536	(5)
Educational Placement Alternatives and Ability Grouping	541	(5)
Special Schools	541	(1)
Self-Contained Classrooms	541	(1)
Resource Room or Pull-Out Programs	542	(1)
Regular Classroom	542	(1)
Ability Grouping	543	(3)
Current Issues and Future Trends	546	(7)
Part 3 Special Education Across the Life Span	553	(81)
Early Childhood Special Education	554	(38)
The Importance of Early Intervention	558	(5)
Defining Early Intervention	558	(1)
Examining the Effectiveness of Early Intervention	558	(5)
IDEA and Early Childhood Special Education	563	(4)
Early Intervention for Infants and Toddlers	563	(3)
Special Education for Preschoolers	566	(1)
Screening, Identification, and Assessment	567	(5)
Screening Tools	567	(4)
Diagnostic Tools	571	(1)
Program Planning and Evaluation Tools	572	(1)
Curriculum and Instruction in Early Childhood Special Education	572	(9)
Curriculum and Program Goals	572	(4)
Developmentally Appropriate Practice	576	(1)
Selecting IFSP/IEP Goals and Objectives	577	(1)
Instructional Adaptations and Modifications	577	(3)
Preschool Activity Schedules	580	(1)
A Supportive Physical Environment	581	(1)
Service Delivery Alternatives for Early Intervention	581	(4)
Hospital-Based Programs	583	(1)
Home-Based Programs	583	(1)
Center-Based Programs	584	(1)
Combined Home-Center Programs	585	(1)
Current Issues and Future Trends	585	(7)
Families: Most Important of All	586	(6)
Transitioning to Adulthood	592	(42)
How Do Former Special Education Students Fare as Adults?	596	(3)
Completing High School	596	(1)
Employment	597	(1)
Postsecondary Education	597	(1)
Overall Adjustment and Success	598	(1)
Transition Services and Models	599	(9)
Will's Bridges Model of School-to-Work Transition	599	(1)
Halpern's Three-Dimensional Model	599	(1)
Definition of Transition Services in IDEA	599	(1)
Individualized Transition Plan	600	(1)
Transition Teaming	601	(4)
Beginning Transition Activities and Career Education Early	605	(3)
Employment	608	(8)
Competitive Employment	609	(1)
Supported Employment	609	(6)
Sheltered Employment	615	(1)
Postsecondary Education	616	(2)
Residential Alternatives	618	(4)
Group Homes	618	(1)
Foster Homes	619	(1)
Apartment Living	619	(1)
Supported Living	620	(1)
Institutions	621	(1)
Recreation and Leisure	622	(4)
The Ultimate Goal: A Better Life	626	(8)
Quality of Life	626	(1)
Misguided and Limiting Presumptions	627	(1)
Self-Advocacy and Self-Determination	627	(1)
Still a Long Way to Go	628	(6)
Postscript Developing Your Own Personal View of Special Education	634
Appendix: Coverage of Content Areas for PRAXIS II Test	1	(1)
Glossary	1	(1)
References	1	(1)
Name Index	1	(13)
Subject Index	14