Experimental Methodology

by CHRISTENSEN L

• ISBN13: 9780205263653
• ISBN10: 0205263658
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1996-12-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Designed for courses in research methods, experimental methods, and methodology. This new edition retains an approach that details the research process and focuses on methodology. This text is organized so that each chapter focuses on a specific step in the research process. Taking advantage of current technology and media, the author has incorporated treatment of the Internet's role in research and uses examples such as the O.J. Simpson trial to bring the text to life. This text takes the diverse topic of methodology and clearly and logically presents it with the accessible and engaging style that has made this book a bestseller in its field for years.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
CHAPTER 1 What Is Science?	1	(42)
Learning Objectives	1	(2)
Introduction	3	(2)
Methods of Acquiring Knowledge	5	(8)
Science	13	(5)
Reality and the Scientific Research Process	18	(1)
Advantage of the Scientific Method	19	(1)
Characteristics of the Scientific Approach	20	(6)
Objectives of Science	26	(3)
Basic Assumption Underlying Science	29	(2)
Method versus Technique	31	(3)
The Role of Theory in Science	34	(1)
The Role of the Scientist in Science	35	(3)
Summary	38	(2)
Study Questions	40	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	41	(2)
CHAPTER 2 Descriptive Research Approaches	43	(32)
Learning Objectives	43	(2)
Introduction	45	(1)
Secondary Records	46	(3)
Naturalistic Observation	49	(2)
Case Study	51	(2)
Correlational Study	53	(2)
Ex Post Facto Study	55	(2)
Longitudinal Study and Cross-Sectional Study	57	(3)
The Survey	60	(8)
Participant Observation	68	(2)
Meta Analysis	70	(2)
Summary	72	(1)
Study Questions	72	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	73	(2)
CHAPTER 3 The Experimental Research Approach	75	(24)
Learning Objectives	75	(2)
Introduction	77	(1)
Causation	77	(6)
The Psychological Experiment	83	(9)
Experimental Research Settings	92	(4)
Summary	96	(1)
Study Questions	97	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	97	(2)
CHAPTER 4 Problem Identification and Hypothesis Formation	99	(26)
Learning Objectives	99	(2)
Introduction	101	(1)
Sources of Research Ideas	101	(6)
Gender Bias in Research Ideas	107	(1)
Ideas Not Capable of Scientific Investigation	108	(1)
Review of the Literature	108	(8)
Feasibility of the Study	116	(1)
Formulating the Research Problem	117	(3)
Formulating Hypotheses	120	(2)
Summary	122	(2)
Study Questions	124	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	124	(1)
CHAPTER 5 Ethics	125	(64)
Learning Objectives	125	(3)
Introduction	128	(1)
Research Ethics: What Are They?	129	(9)
Ethical Dilemmas	138	(7)
Development of the APA Code of Ethics	145	(2)
Background of the Development of the APA Code of Ethics	147	(2)
Ethical Principles	149	(11)
Possible Consequences of Adopting the APA Code of Ethics	160	(16)
Ethics of Animal Research	176	(10)
Summary	186	(1)
Study Questions	187	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	188	(1)
CHAPTER 6 Variables Used in Experimentation	189	(38)
Learning Objectives	189	(2)
Introduction	191	(1)
Types of Variables	192	(1)
The Independent Variable	193	(20)
The Dependent Variable	213	(10)
Summary	223	(1)
Study Questions	224	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	225	(2)
CHAPTER 7 Control in Experimentation	227	(34)
Learning Objectives	227	(2)
Introduction	229	(1)
Control of Extraneous Variables	230	(2)
Extraneous Variables to Be Controlled	232	(8)
Research Participant and Experimenter Effects to Be Controlled	240	(15)
Sequencing Effect to Be Controlled	255	(1)
Additional Extraneous Variables to Be Held Constant	256	(1)
Summary	257	(1)
Study Questions	258	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	258	(3)
CHAPTER 8 Techniques for Achieving Constancy	261	(48)
Learning Objectives	261	(2)
Introduction	263	(1)
Randomization	264	(9)
Matching	273	(10)
Counterbalancing	283	(8)
Control of Participant Effects	291	(6)
Control of Experimenter Effects	297	(7)
Likelihood of Achieving Control	304	(1)
Summary	304	(2)
Study Questions Key Terms and Concepts	258	(3)
CHAPTER 9 Experimental Research Design	309	(38)
Learning Objectives	309	(2)
Introduction	311	(2)
Faulty Research Design	313	(4)
Requirements of True Research Designs	317	(3)
Pretesting Participants	320	(3)
True Research Designs	323	(18)
Choice of a Research Design	341	(2)
Summary	343	(1)
Study Questions	344	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	344	(3)
CHAPTER 10 Quasi-Experimental Designs	347	(24)
Learning Objectives	347	(2)
Introduction	349	(1)
Nonequivalent Control Group Design	350	(10)
Time-Series Design	360	(8)
Summary	368	(1)
Study Questions	368	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	369	(2)
CHAPTER 11 Single-Participant Research Designs	371	(38)
Learning Objectives	371	(2)
Introduction	373	(2)
Single-Participant Designs	375	(2)
A-B-A Design	377	(6)
Interaction Design	383	(5)
Multiple-Baseline Design	388	(4)
Changing-Criterion Design	392	(3)
Methodological Considerations in Using Single-Participant Designs	395	(3)
Criteria for Evaluating Change	398	(3)
Rival Hypotheses	401	(1)
Using Multisubject or Single-Participant Designs	402	(3)
Summary	405	(2)
Study Questions	407	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	407	(2)
CHAPTER 12 Data Collection	409	(28)
Learning Objectives	409	(2)
Introduction	411	(1)
Research Participants	411	(5)
Sample Size	416	(3)
Apparatus	419	(2)
Instructions	421	(1)
Scheduling of Research Participants	422	(1)
Procedure	423	(2)
Institutional Approval	425	(2)
Data Collection	427	(1)
Informed Consent	427	(2)
Debriefing, or Postexperimental Review	429	(5)
Summary	434	(1)
Study Questions	435	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	435	(2)
CHAPTER 13 Hypothesis Testing	437	(38)
Learning Objectives	437	(2)
Introduction	439	(1)
Testing the Hypothesis	440	(2)
The Mean	442	(1)
Standard Deviation	443	(3)
Selection of a Statistical Test	446	(2)
Independent Samples t-Test	448	(1)
Significance Level	449	(3)
Analysis of Variance	452	(18)
Potential Errors in the Statistical Decision-Making Process	470	(1)
Summary	471	(2)
Study Questions	473	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	473	(2)
CHAPTER 14 External Validity	475	(24)
Learning Objectives	475	(2)
Introduction	477	(1)
Population Validity	478	(5)
Ecological Validity	483	(4)
Temporal Validity	487	(3)
Relationship Between Internal and External Validity	490	(1)
Cautions in Evaluating the External Validity of Experiments	491	(4)
Summary	495	(2)
Study Questions	497	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	497	(2)
CHAPTER 15 The Research Report	499	(50)
Learning Objectives	499	(1)
Introduction	500	(2)
The APA Format	502	(32)
Preparation of the Research Report	534	(15)
Appendixes	549	(6)
References	555	(26)
Index	581