Experiments in Physiology

by Tharp, Gerald D.; Woodman, David

• ISBN13: 9780130649942
• ISBN10: 0130649945
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-01-01
• Publisher: Benjamin Cummings

Summary

Laboratory manual is written in a workbook format to be easily used with any physiology text. Experiments are grouped in 23 teaching units including: lab reports, sample data, graphs, and enough experiments to be used in a semester-long course. Previous edition: c1997. Softcover, with three-hole punched perforated pages.

Table of Contents

Preface	iii
To the Instructor	iii
To the Student	iv
Acknowledgements	v
Fundamental Physiological Principles	1	(8)
Units of Measurement	1	(1)
Concentration of Solutions	2	(3)
Acid-Base Balance	5	(4)
Movement Through Membranes	9	(12)
Diffusion	9	(1)
Osmosis	10	(1)
Tonicity	11	(1)
Cell Permeability	12	(9)
Renal Physiology	21	(12)
Kidney Regulation of Osmolarity	21	(1)
Urinalysis	22	(11)
Neuroanatomy and Resting Potential	33	(8)
Organization of the Nervous System	33	(1)
Spinal Nerves and Spinal Cord	33	(3)
Cranial Nerves	36	(1)
External Structures and Landmarks of the Brain	36	(1)
Sectioning of the Brain	37	(4)
Membrane Action Potentials	41	(14)
Resting and Action Potentials	41	(1)
Stimulation of Tissues	41	(1)
Oscilloscope	42	(1)
Sciatic Nerve Compound Action Potential	42	(13)
Reflex Functions and Synaptic Activity	55	(10)
Human Reflexes	55	(3)
Reaction Times	58	(1)
Synaptic Activity	59	(6)
Sensory Physiology I: Cutaneous, Hearing	65	(12)
Sensory Receptors	65	(1)
Cutaneous Receptors	65	(2)
Hearing	67	(10)
Sensory Physiology II: Vision	77	(14)
Functions of the Eye	77	(6)
Anatomy of the Eye	83	(2)
Ophthalmoscopy	85	(6)
Reproductive Physiology	91	(10)
Influence of Hormones on Reproduction	91	(2)
Testicular and Gonadotropic Hormones	93	(1)
Ovarian Hormones and Estrus Cycle	94	(2)
Pregnancy Tests	96	(5)
Digestion	101	(8)
Salivary Digestion of Carbohydrates	101	(1)
Gastric Digestion of Protein	102	(1)
Digestion of Fat with Pancreatic Lipase and Bile Salts	102	(7)
Smooth Muscle Motility	109	(4)
Responses of Intestinal and Uterine Segments	109	(4)
Insulin Regulation of Blood Glucose	113	(10)
Action of Glucose	113	(1)
Glucose Tolerance Test	114	(1)
Operation of the Glucometer II	115	(8)
Measurement of Metabolic Rate	123	(14)
Human Metabolism: Calorimetry	123	(3)
Relationship of Metabolism to Surface Area and Body Weight	126	(11)
Thyroid Function	137	(8)
Thyroid Effects on Metabolism	137	(2)
Thyroid Uptake of Iodine	139	(6)
Nerve-Muscle Activity	145	(22)
Dissection of Nerve-Muscle Preparation	145	(4)
Isolated Muscle Responses	149	(3)
Stimulation of Motor Points	152	(15)
Cardiac Function	167	(14)
Characteristics of Heart Contractility	167	(1)
Anatomy of Amphibian or Reptilian Heart	167	(1)
Physiology of Amphibian or Reptilian Heart	168	(13)
Human Cardiovascular Function	181	(14)
Auscultation of Heart Sounds	181	(1)
Measurement of Blood Pressure	182	(2)
Arterial Pulse Wave	184	(2)
Valves in the Veins	186	(1)
Electrocardiogram	186	(4)
Electrical Axis of the Heart	190	(5)
Respiratory Function	195	(10)
Respiratory Movements	195	(2)
Respiratory Volumes	197	(2)
Pulmonary Function Tests	199	(6)
Regulation of Circulation and Respiration	205	(6)
Instrumentation	205	(1)
Anesthetics for Rabbits	206	(5)
Blood Physiology I: Erythrocyte Functions	211	(14)
Functions of Blood	211	(1)
Blood Hematocrit	211	(1)
Hemoglobin Determination	212	(2)
Blood Cell Counting	214	(4)
Microcirculation	218	(7)
Blood Physiology II: Leukocytes, Blood Types, Hemostasis	225	(12)
Identification of White Blood Cells	225	(3)
Blood Typing	228	(4)
Blood Coagulation (Hemostasis)	232	(5)
Physical Fitness	237	(14)
Muscular Strength and Endurance	237	(1)
Flexibility	238	(1)
Body Composition	238	(4)
Cardiorespiratory Endurance (Aerobic Fitness)	242	(9)
Physiology of Exercise	251	(8)
Parameters Modified by Exercise	251	(8)
Appendix A: Precautions for Handling Blood	259	(2)
Appendix B: Solutions	261	(2)
Appendix C: Tables and Nomograms	263

Excerpts

TO THE INSTRUCTOR A laboratory manual is never the work of one author alone; it represents a blend of ideas from other lab manuals, other teachers, and personal experience in the laboratory. We have selected the experiments in this manual because they fulfill two key criteria: They produce consistently successful results--students need not be trained scientists to get meaningful data. They teach significant physiological concepts. The manual is written in a "generic" format so that it can be used with any text and with a variety of laboratory equipment. Detailed directions for operating specialized equipment are not included, so the manual is more versatile and less cluttered with excessive directions that are seldom read by students. The major change in the 8th Edition is the addition of a companion website with links to pages that will enhance a student's ability to understand the physiological principles behind the experiments. An ever increasing number of excellent web-based tutorials and animations are now available, each designed to illustrate a particular physiological process. We have attempted to collect the best of these and link them to the companion website. Our goal is to update the website on a regular basis to remove dead links, and to add new links. The companion website is at www.prenhall.com/tharpwoodman . The following features of the manual have made it an effective tool for student learning and efficient teaching by instructors. Experiments are grouped into 23 "teaching units".Each teaching unit consists of a group of related experiments suitable for a 3-hour laboratory period. By eliminating some of these experiments, an instructor can also provide an effective 2-hour lab. The teaching units presented are those that we have found can be successfully performed and discussed by students during a typical 3-hour lab. This grouping of experiments was initiated in the fourth edition and has been well received by instructors and students because it helps them better organize the learning that takes place each week. It also helps students focus on related concepts in physiology, thus maximizing their learning. A lab report for each teaching unit is provided after each exercise. Lab reports consist of data tables, graphs, and questions designed to stimulate students' thinking on what they have seen and done in lab. These reports can be removed from the manual and turned in for grading. The questions posed are not meant to be comprehensive but are to accent the major concepts explored experimentally in each unit. Most of the questions can be answered by short statements that can be easily graded by the lab instructor. Comments by instructors indicate that these lab reports are a major feature of the manual. Students have commented that the reports help them understand what they are doing in lab and make it easier to relate their findings to the theoretical concepts studied in lecture. Some questions are more complex than others; they require an application of knowledge of new situations. In the elementary physiology course, the Laboratory Report questions are used as a basis for discussion at the end of the lab period, and the answers to complex questions are provided after discussion. In upper-level courses, students are expected to think through these questions on their own. The Instructor's Guide provides sample data, graphs, and answers to questions in the lab reports. These experimental results represent average values obtained in our teaching labs; they provide guidelines the instructor may use to compare with his or her own results. Instructors are encouraged to devise additional questions for lab quizzes that probe students' knowledge of other facets of the lab experience. The Instructor's Guide also provides lists of materials and equ