Exploring Corrections in America

by Whitehead, John T.; Pollock, Joycelyn M.; Braswell, Michael C.; Dodson, Kimberly

• ISBN13: 9781583605165
• ISBN10: 1583605169
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-05-01
• Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Table of Contents

Foreword	v
Understanding Corrections: Where Are We?	1	(24)
Introduction	1	(1)
The Current State of American Corrections: Present Trends	2	(11)
Growth	2	(1)
The Punitive Ideal	2	(5)
The Search for Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Accountability	7	(1)
The Impact of the War on Drugs on Corrections	8	(2)
The Rehabilitative Ideal	10	(2)
Restorative and Community Justice	12	(1)
Correctional Goals	13	(3)
Retribution	14	(1)
Rehabilitation	14	(1)
Deterrence	14	(1)
Incapacitation	15	(1)
Themes of the Text	16	(4)
Evaluation Research	16	(1)
A Balanced Approach	17	(2)
A Humane and Peacemaking Perspective	19	(1)
Conclusion	20	(1)
Discussion Questions	20	(1)
Notes	21	(1)
References	22	(3)
The History of American Corrections: Where Did We Come From?	25	(36)
Introduction	25	(1)
Corrections in the Prehistoric Era	26	(1)
Corrections Practices in Ancient Societies	26	(5)
The Mesopotamians	26	(1)
The Israelites	27	(2)
The Ancient Greeks	29	(1)
The Romans	30	(1)
The Middle Ages	31	(1)
English Corrections During the Enlightenment	32	(1)
Corrections in the United States	33	(21)
The Birth of the Penitentiary	36	(1)
The 1820s: Eastern vs. Auburn	37	(3)
The Birth of American Probation	40	(1)
Prisons in the Industrial Era	41	(1)
The Indeterminate Sentence and Parole	41	(3)
Corrections in the Progressive Era	44	(4)
Rehabilitation: The ``Anything Works'' Era	48	(1)
Deinstitutionalization and ``Nothing Works''	49	(4)
Corrections in the ``Get Tough'' Era	53	(1)
Conclusion	54	(2)
Discussion Questions	56	(1)
Notes	56	(2)
References	58	(1)
Court Cases	59	(2)
Corrections and the Courts	61	(48)
The Courts--Corrections Relationship	61	(1)
The Courts--Corrections Relationship in Historical Perspective	62	(2)
The Courts--Corrections Relationship in Recent Times	64	(2)
Institutional Corrections and the Courts	66	(25)
Access to the Courts	67	(1)
The First Amendment	68	(1)
Freedom of Religion	69	(2)
Freedom of Speech	71	(2)
Freedom of Press	73	(1)
Freedom of Assembly	73	(1)
The Fourth Amendment	74	(1)
The Eighth Amendment	75	(1)
Overall Conditions of Confinement	76	(1)
Solitary Confinement	77	(1)
Double-Celling and Crowding	78	(1)
Excessive Use of Force	79	(1)
Medical Care	80	(3)
The Fourteenth Amendment	83	(1)
Due Process	83	(3)
Classification and Transfers	86	(1)
Equal Protection	87	(1)
Recent Fourteenth Amendment Issues	88	(3)
Other Legal Issues Affecting Prisons and Prisoners	91	(1)
Community Corrections and the Courts	91	(5)
Revocation of Probation and Parole	92	(2)
Self-Incrimination and Privacy	94	(2)
Limitations of Correctional Litigation	96	(1)
Conclusion	97	(2)
Discussion Questions	99	(1)
Notes	100	(3)
References	103	(2)
Court Cases	105	(4)
Jails	109	(46)
Introduction	109	(3)
The History of Jails	112	(3)
Jails in England	111	(1)
Jails in America	112	(3)
Jails Today	115	(2)
Jail Inmate Characteristics	117	(3)
The Role of the Jail in the American Criminal Justice System	120	(5)
Pretrial Detainees	121	(1)
Misdemeanants	122	(1)
Felons	123	(1)
Juveniles	123	(2)
Others	125	(1)
Jail Design	125	(6)
Traditional Jails	126	(1)
Second-Generation Jails	127	(1)
New-Generation Jails	128	(3)
Jail Administration and Supervision	131	(12)
Jail Standards	131	(1)
Legal Issues	131	(3)
Jail Personnel	134	(2)
Crowding	136	(1)
Inmates With Special Needs	137	(1)
Alcoholics	138	(1)
Drug Addicts	138	(1)
Sex Offenders	139	(1)
Mentally Ill Inmates	140	(1)
Suicides	141	(1)
Jail Time	142	(1)
The Twenty-First Century	143	(1)
Conclusion	144	(1)
Discussion Questions	145	(1)
Notes	145	(5)
References	150	(5)
Community Corrections	155	(54)
Introduction	155	(1)
Why Community Corrections?	155	(1)
Rationale for Community Corrections Programs	156	(1)
Concerns about Community Corrections	157	(1)
Mistakes in Classification	157	(1)
Net-Widening	157	(1)
Diversion	158	(1)
Probation	159	(14)
Probation Defined	159	(1)
The History and Origins of Probation	160	(1)
John Augustus: The Father of Probation in the United States	161	(1)
The Philosophy of Probation	162	(2)
The Administration of Probation	164	(1)
Centralized vs. Decentralized Probation Services	164	(1)
Executive vs. Judicial Administration of Probation	165	(1)
Probation and Parole: Should They Be Combined Services?	165	(1)
The Dual Role of Investigation and Supervision in Probation	166	(1)
The Probation Officer's Role	166	(1)
The Investigation Function	166	(1)
The Supervision Function	167	(1)
Caseload Size and Officer Effectiveness	167	(1)
Case Management Styles	168	(1)
Is Probation Effective?	169	(1)
Revocation and Termination of Probation	170	(3)
Parole	173	(17)
Parole Defined	173	(1)
The History and Origins of Parole	173	(1)
Transportation	173	(1)
The Mark System	174	(1)
The Irish System: The Ticket-of-Leave	175	(2)
The Development of Parole in the United States	177	(1)
The Decision to Release: The Parole Process	178	(1)
The Organization of the Parole Board	178	(1)
Types of Release Decisions	179	(2)
The Terms and Conditions of Parole	181	(1)
Revocation and Termination of Parole	181	(1)
The Supervision and Control of Inmates in the Community	182	(1)
The Parole Officer's Role	182	(2)
The Investigation Function	184	(1)
The Supervision Function	184	(1)
Parole Programs	185	(2)
Abolishing Parole	187	(3)
Probation and Parole Populations: A New Demographic Record	190	(3)
Intermediate Punishments	193	(7)
Intensive Supervision Probation and Parole	194	(1)
Electronic Monitoring	194	(5)
Boot Camp Prisons	199	(1)
Conclusion	200	(1)
Discussion Questions	201	(1)
Notes	201	(3)
References	204	(3)
Court Cases	207	(2)
Dimensions of Community Justice	209	(34)
Introduction	209	(2)
What is Community Justice?	211	(2)
Principles and Core Values	213	(3)
The Traditional Retributive Approach	213	(1)
The Community Justice Model	214	(2)
Community Justice Practices	216	(5)
Victim-Offender Mediation (VOM)	216	(1)
Family Group Conferencing (FGC) or Community Conferencing	217	(1)
Community Reparative Boards (CRBs)	217	(1)
Circle Sentencing (CS) or Peacemaking Circles	218	(3)
Stakeholder Involvement: The Roles of Victim, Community, and Offender	221	(3)
The Traditional Model	221	(1)
The Community Model	222	(2)
The Process of Decisionmaking	224	(2)
The Role of Government and Community	226	(3)
The Traditional Model	226	(2)
The Community Model	228	(1)
Challenges to the Community Justice Approach	229	(5)
Defining and Engaging Communities	230	(1)
Governmental vs. Community-Based Net-Widening	231	(1)
Individual Rights	231	(1)
Structural Inequities in Society	232	(1)
Community Justice as a Panacea	232	(2)
Conclusion	234	(1)
Discussion Questions	235	(1)
Notes	235	(2)
References	237	(6)
Prisons: An American Institution	243	(36)
Introduction	243	(1)
The History of Prisons	243	(8)
The Separate and Congregate Systems	245	(1)
The Reformatory Era	246	(2)
Northern Industry and Southern Agriculture	248	(1)
The ``Big House'' Era and Beyond	249	(1)
The Rise of Rehabilitation	249	(1)
The Demise of Rehabilitation	250	(1)
Overcrowded Prisons: A War on People	251	(2)
Prisons and Prisoners	253	(9)
Living in Prison	254	(2)
Programs and Programming	256	(3)
The Keepers	259	(1)
The Officer Subculture	260	(1)
Prison Management: From Autocracy to Bureaucracy	261	(1)
Issues and Challenges	262	(7)
Corruption	262	(2)
Cross-Sex Supervision	264	(1)
Privatization	265	(2)
Maxi-Maxi Prisons	267	(1)
Riots and Disturbances	268	(1)
Conclusion	269	(1)
Discussion Questions	270	(1)
Notes	270	(3)
References	273	(4)
Court Cases	277	(2)
Offenders and Inmates	279	(28)
Introduction	279	(1)
The Prison Population	279	(1)
Are We Imprisoning The Wrong Offenders?	280	(1)
Prison Adjustment	280	(1)
Deprivations of Prison Life	281	(7)
Long-Term Inmates	288	(1)
Prison Victimization	289	(2)
Sexual Victimization	289	(1)
Victimization by Guards	290	(1)
Summary on Prison Life and Victimization	291	(1)
Death Row	292	(1)
Offender Needs	293	(3)
Alcohol-Drug History	293	(1)
Mental Health Needs	294	(1)
Prison Response to Prisoner Needs	295	(1)
Race in Prison	296	(1)
Women in Prison	296	(1)
Spiritual Adjustment in Prison	297	(1)
Probationer Characteristics	298	(2)
Conclusion	300	(1)
Discussion Questions	301	(1)
Notes	301	(2)
References	303	(4)
Women Offenders and Correctional Workers	307	(46)
Introduction	307	(8)
Increasing Numbers: Increasing Problems	308	(4)
History: Separate and Unequal	312	(3)
Women in Prison	315	(15)
Prisoner Subcultures	316	(2)
Prisoners as Mothers	318	(3)
Prison Programs for Women	321	(7)
Special Issues	328	(1)
Cross-Sex Supervision	328	(1)
Health Care	329	(1)
Other Issues	329	(1)
Women and Community Corrections	330	(6)
Jail	331	(1)
Probation	332	(2)
Parole	334	(1)
Other Programs	335	(1)
Women Correctional Workers	336	(3)
Conclusion	339	(1)
Discussion Questions	340	(1)
Notes	340	(6)
References	346	(5)
Court Cases	351	(2)
Juvenile Corrections	353	(46)
Introduction	353	(1)
Institutional Corrections for Juveniles	353	(8)
State Training Schools	354	(1)
Training School Programs for Residents	354	(4)
Other Placements	358	(1)
Boot Camps	358	(3)
Program Effectiveness	361	(2)
Reviews of Multiple Studies	361	(1)
Conclusions about Program Effectiveness	362	(1)
Institutional Life	363	(6)
Victimization	363	(3)
Racial Tension	366	(1)
The Inmate Code	367	(1)
Deprivation of Heterosexual Contact	368	(1)
New Directions in Institutional Interventions	369	(3)
Deinstitutionalization of Status Offenders	369	(1)
Deinstitutionalization: Closing Training Schools	369	(2)
Blended Sentencing	371	(1)
Wilderness Programs	371	(1)
Summary on Institutional Placements	372	(1)
Community Interventions	373	(9)
Probation	373	(1)
Social History (Predisposition) Investigations	374	(1)
Probation Supervision	375	(1)
Aftercare	376	(1)
Supervision and Counseling	376	(1)
Current Trends in Community Supervision	377	(1)
The Balanced Approach	377	(1)
The Punitive Model: Attack Supervision	377	(2)
Renewed Emphasis on Status Offenders	379	(1)
Restorative Justice	380	(1)
Peacemaking	381	(1)
What Does the Future Hold?	381	(1)
Effectiveness of Juvenile Probation and Related Sanctions	382	(1)
Effective and Ineffective Treatment Interventions with Offenders	383	(1)
Additional Factors Related to Effectiveness	384	(2)
Continuing Concerns in Community Corrections	386	(3)
Goal Confusion	386	(1)
Restitution	387	(1)
Community Service	388	(1)
Conclusion	389	(1)
Discussion Questions	389	(1)
Notes	390	(3)
References	393	(6)
Special Populations in Prisons	399	(64)
Introduction	399	(1)
Mentally Ill Offenders	400	(7)
Mentally Retarded and Developmentally Disabled Offenders	407	(5)
Programs	409	(3)
Substance-Abusing Offenders	412	(6)
Medically Ill Offenders	418	(14)
Elderly Offenders	423	(5)
Terminally Ill Offenders	428	(4)
Sex Offenders	432	(3)
Conclusion	435	(1)
Discussion Questions	436	(1)
Notes	436	(9)
References	445	(16)
Court Cases	461	(2)
Correctional Officers	463	(36)
Introduction	463	(1)
Transformation	464	(4)
Unionization	466	(1)
Professionalization	467	(1)
Bureaucratization	467	(1)
Demographics	468	(5)
Female and Minority Officers	469	(4)
Working in Prison	473	(11)
Violence	473	(4)
Interactions with Inmates	477	(4)
Interactions with Management and Administration	481	(1)
Unions	482	(2)
Unit Management	484	(1)
Ethics and the Good Officer	484	(4)
Conclusion	488	(1)
Discussion Questions	489	(1)
Notes	489	(4)
References	493	(4)
Court Cases	497	(2)
Correctional Counselors and Other Treatment Professionals	499	(38)
Introduction	499	(2)
The Historical Context of Treatment	501	(1)
Correctional Treatment and Health Care	502	(2)
Types of Correctional Counseling and Related Treatment	504	(12)
Education and Vocational Programs	504	(2)
Religion	506	(2)
Recreation	508	(3)
Mental Health	511	(2)
Developmentally Disabled Offenders	513	(1)
The Antisocial Offender	513	(1)
Substance Abuse	514	(2)
Offenders with Special Treatment Needs	516	(7)
Sex Offenders	517	(2)
Offenders with HIV/AIDS	519	(1)
Elderly Offenders	520	(1)
Terminally Ill Offenders	521	(2)
Other Special Concerns	523	(5)
Prison Overcrowding	523	(1)
Large Caseloads	524	(1)
Lack of Institutional Support	524	(1)
Racial and Ethnic Groups	525	(1)
Confidentiality	525	(2)
Stress and Burnout	527	(1)
How Effective are Correctional Counseling and Treatment Programs?	528	(2)
Conclusion	530	(1)
Discussion Questions	531	(1)
Notes	531	(2)
References	533	(2)
Court Cases	535	(2)
Issues in Correctional Administration and Management	537	(46)
Introduction	537	(5)
Organizational Theory	538	(2)
Defining Administration and Management	540	(2)
Administration in Context	542	(6)
Correctional Philosophies	542	(1)
Correctional Administration and Government	543	(1)
Correctional Administration and Politics	544	(1)
Correctional Administration and the Law	545	(3)
The Institutional Environment	548	(9)
Drugs	548	(2)
Sexual Coercion	550	(4)
Violence	554	(1)
Gangs	555	(2)
Provision of Services and Programs	557	(7)
Physical Health	558	(1)
Mental Health	559	(1)
Inmate Programs	560	(1)
Substance Abuse Treatment	561	(1)
Educational and Vocational Programs	562	(2)
Managing Correctional Personnel	564	(4)
Health Concerns	565	(1)
Stress	566	(1)
Employee Organizations	567	(1)
The Future of Correctional Management and Administration	568	(3)
Privatization	569	(1)
Changing Focus	570	(1)
Conclusion	571	(1)
Discussion Questions	572	(1)
Notes	573	(4)
References	577	(4)
Court Cases	581	(2)
The Death Penalty in America	583	(42)
Introduction	583	(1)
The Death Penalty Worldwide	584	(1)
The History of the Death Penalty in the United States	585	(3)
Current Use of the Death Penalty in the United States	588	(4)
How the Modern Death Penalty Functions	592	(8)
The Condemnation and Execution of Innocent People	592	(3)
Race and Capital Punishment	595	(1)
Capricious Imposition of the Death Penalty	596	(1)
Quality of Counsel	597	(3)
The Cost of Capital Punishment	600	(2)
The Effects of Executions	602	(8)
Deterrence	603	(4)
Incapacitation	607	(2)
Families of Victims and Defendants	609	(1)
Moral Arguments	610	(2)
Conclusion	612	(2)
Discussion Questions	614	(1)
Notes	615	(3)
References	618	(5)
Court Cases	623	(2)
The Evolution of Corrections: What Does the Future Hold?	625	(18)
Introduction	625	(1)
Current Trends Continuing into the Future	625	(3)
Speculative Possibilities in Corrections	628	(2)
The Punitive Ideal (The ``Get Tough'' Movement)	630	(1)
Privatization	630	(1)
The Remedicalization of Corrections	631	(1)
Technological Advances	632	(1)
Restorative Justice	632	(1)
Restorative Rehabilitation	633	(1)
Reintroducing the Spiritual Dimension into Corrections	634	(2)
Conclusion	636	(3)
Discussion Questions	639	(1)
Notes	639	(1)
References	640	(3)
Name Index	643	(12)
Subject Index	655