Preface | p. xvi |
Introducing Social Psychology | p. 1 |
Doing Social Psychology | p. 3 |
Forming and Testing Theories | p. 4 |
Correlational Research: Detecting Natural Associations | p. 6 |
Correlation and Causation | p. 6 |
Experimental Research: Searching for Cause and Effect | p. 9 |
Control: Manipulating Variables | p. 9 |
Random Assignment: The Great Equalizer | p. 10 |
The Ethics of Experimentation | p. 10 |
Generalizing From Laboratory to Life | p. 12 |
Did You Know It All Along? | p. 15 |
Social Thinking | p. 21 |
Self-Concept: Who Am I? | p. 23 |
At the Center of Our Worlds: Our Sense of Self | p. 23 |
Self and Culture | p. 25 |
Self-Knowledge | p. 27 |
Explaining Our Behavior | p. 28 |
Predicting Our Behavior | p. 28 |
Predicting Our Feelings | p. 29 |
The Wisdom and Illusions of Self-Analysis | p. 32 |
Self-Serving Bias | p. 35 |
Explaining Positive and Negative Events | p. 35 |
Can We All Be Better than Average? | p. 36 |
Focus On: Self-Serving Bias-How Do I Love Me? Let Me Count the Ways | p. 38 |
Unrealistic Optimism | p. 39 |
False Consensus and Uniqueness | p. 40 |
Self-Esteem Motivation | p. 42 |
Reflections on Self-Esteem and Self-Serving Bias | p. 44 |
The Self-Serving Bias as Adaptive | p. 44 |
The Self-Serving Bias as Maladaptive | p. 45 |
The Power of Positive Thinking | p. 47 |
Locus of Control | p. 48 |
Learned Helplessness Versus Self-Determination | p. 49 |
The Costs of Excess Choice | p. 50 |
Reflections on Self-Efficacy | p. 51 |
The Power of Positive Thinking | p. 51 |
The Dark Side of Self-Esteem | p. 53 |
The Fundamental Attribution Error | p. 57 |
The Fundamental Attribution Error in Everyday Life | p. 59 |
Why Do We Make the Attribution Error? | p. 61 |
Perspective and Situational Awareness | p. 61 |
Cultural Differences | p. 63 |
How Fundamental Is the Fundamental Attribution Error? | p. 64 |
The Powers and Perils of Intuition | p. 67 |
The Powers of Intuition | p. 68 |
The Limits of Intuition | p. 69 |
We Overestimate the Accuracy of Our Judgments | p. 70 |
Remedies for Overconfidence | p. 73 |
Constructing Memories | p. 74 |
Reconstructing Our Past Attitudes | p. 74 |
Reconstructing Our Past Behavior | p. 76 |
Reasons for Unreason | p. 77 |
Our Preconceptions Control Our Interpretations | p. 78 |
We Are More Swayed by Memorable Events than by Facts | p. 80 |
We Misperceive Correlation and Control | p. 82 |
Illusory Correlation | p. 82 |
Illusion of Control | p. 82 |
Our Beliefs Can Generate Their Own Confirmation | p. 83 |
Do Teacher Expectations Affect Student Performance? | p. 84 |
Do We Get What We Expect from Others? | p. 85 |
Conclusions | p. 87 |
Behavior and Belief | p. 89 |
Do Attitudes Influence Behavior? | p. 89 |
Does Behavior Influence Attitudes? | p. 90 |
Role Playing | p. 91 |
Saying Becomes Believing | p. 92 |
The Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon | p. 93 |
Evil Acts and Attitudes | p. 94 |
Interracial Behavior and Racial Attitudes | p. 96 |
Brainwashing | p. 97 |
Why Does Behavior Affect Our Attitudes? | p. 98 |
Clinical Intuition | p. 101 |
Illusory Correlations | p. 101 |
Hindsight | p. 102 |
Self-Confirming Diagnoses | p. 103 |
Clinical Versus Statistical Prediction | p. 105 |
Implications for Better Clinical Practice | p. 106 |
Clinical Therapy: The Powers of Social Cognition | p. 107 |
Social Cognition and Depression | p. 107 |
Distortion or Realism? | p. 108 |
Is Negative Thinking a Cause or a Result of Depression? | p. 109 |
Social Cognition and Loneliness | p. 112 |
Social Cognition and Anxiety | p. 114 |
Social-Psychological Approaches to Treatment | p. 116 |
Inducing Internal Change Through External Behavior | p. 116 |
Breaking Vicious Cycles | p. 117 |
Social Influence | p. 121 |
Human Nature and Cultural Diversity | p. 123 |
Evolution and Behavior | p. 123 |
Culture and Behavior | p. 125 |
Cultural Diversity | p. 126 |
Cultural Similarity | p. 128 |
Gender, Genes, and Culture | p. 131 |
Gender Difference | p. 132 |
Independence Versus Connectedness | p. 132 |
Social Dominance | p. 134 |
Aggression | p. 136 |
Sexuality | p. 137 |
Evolution and Gender: Doing What Comes Naturally? | p. 138 |
Gender and Mating Preferences | p. 139 |
Reflections on Evolutionary Psychology | p. 140 |
Gender and Hormones | p. 142 |
Culture and Gender | p. 142 |
Gender Roles Vary with Culture and Time | p. 143 |
Conclusions: Biology and Culture | p. 144 |
How Nice People Get Corrupted | p. 147 |
Asch's Studies of Conformity | p. 147 |
Milgram's Obedience Experiments | p. 149 |
What Breeds Obedience? | p. 153 |
Institutional Authority | p. 155 |
Reflections on the Classic Studies | p. 155 |
Behavior and Attitudes | p. 156 |
The Power of the Situation | p. 158 |
The Fundamental Attribution Error | p. 159 |
Two Routes to Persuasion | p. 161 |
The Two Routes | p. 161 |
The Elements of Persuasion | p. 163 |
Who Says? The Communicator | p. 163 |
What Is Said? The Message Content | p. 165 |
To Whom Is It Said? The Audience | p. 167 |
The Two Routes to Persuasion in Therapy | p. 171 |
Indoctrination and Inoculation | p. 173 |
Cult Indoctrination | p. 174 |
Attitudes Follow Behavior | p. 176 |
Persuasive Elements | p. 177 |
Group Effects | p. 178 |
Resisting Persuasion: Attitude Inoculation | p. 180 |
Stimulate Commitment | p. 180 |
Real-Life Applications: Inoculation Programs | p. 181 |
Implications | p. 184 |
The Mere Presence of Others | p. 187 |
The Mere Presence of Others | p. 187 |
Crowding: The Presence of Many Others | p. 189 |
Why Are We Aroused in the Presence of Others? | p. 190 |
Evaluation Apprehension | p. 191 |
Driven by Distraction | p. 191 |
Mere Presence | p. 192 |
Many Hands Make Diminished Responsibility | p. 193 |
Many Hands Make Light Work | p. 193 |
Social Loafing in Everyday Life | p. 196 |
Doing Together What We Would Never Do Alone | p. 199 |
Deindividuation | p. 199 |
Group Size | p. 200 |
Physical Anonymity | p. 201 |
Arousing and Distracting Activities | p. 203 |
Diminished Self-Awareness | p. 204 |
How Groups Intensify Decisions | p. 207 |
The Case of the "Risky Shift" | p. 207 |
Do Groups Intensify Opinions? | p. 209 |
Group Polarization Experiments | p. 209 |
Group Polarization in Everyday Life | p. 210 |
Explaining Group Polarization | p. 214 |
Informational Influence | p. 214 |
Normative Influence | p. 215 |
Groupthink | p. 216 |
Symptoms of Groupthink | p. 217 |
Groupthink in Action | p. 219 |
Preventing Groupthink | p. 220 |
Power to the Person | p. 223 |
Interacting Persons and Situations | p. 224 |
Resisting Social Pressure | p. 225 |
Reactance | p. 225 |
Asserting Uniqueness | p. 226 |
Minority Influence | p. 227 |
Consistency | p. 228 |
Self-Confidence | p. 229 |
Defections from the Majority | p. 229 |
Is Leadership Minority Influence? | p. 230 |
Social Relations | p. 233 |
The Challenge of Diversity | p. 235 |
What Is Prejudice? | p. 236 |
How Pervasive Is Prejudice? | p. 237 |
Racial Prejudice | p. 237 |
Gender Prejudice | p. 240 |
The Roots of Prejudice | p. 245 |
Social Sources of Prejudice | p. 245 |
Unequal Status | p. 245 |
Discrimination's Impact: The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy | p. 246 |
Stereotype Threat | p. 247 |
Social Identity | p. 249 |
Ingroup Bias | p. 250 |
Conformity | p. 251 |
Emotional Sources of Prejudice | p. 252 |
Frustration and Aggression: The Scapegoat Theory | p. 252 |
Personality Dynamics | p. 253 |
Cognitive Sources of Prejudice | p. 255 |
Categorization | p. 256 |
Distinctiveness | p. 258 |
Attribution: Is It a Just World? | p. 261 |
The Nature and Nurture of Aggression | p. 265 |
Theories of Aggression | p. 267 |
Is Aggression an Instinct? | p. 267 |
Neural Influences | p. 267 |
Genetic Influences | p. 268 |
Blood Chemistry | p. 268 |
Psychological Influences on Aggression | p. 270 |
Frustration and Aggression | p. 270 |
The Learning of Aggression | p. 273 |
Environmental Influences | p. 275 |
Reducing Aggression | p. 278 |
Catharsis? | p. 278 |
A Social Learning Approach | p. 280 |
Does the Media Influence Social Behavior? | p. 283 |
Pornography and Sexual Violence | p. 283 |
Distorted Perceptions of Sexual Reality | p. 284 |
Aggression Against Women | p. 285 |
Television | p. 287 |
Television's Effects on Behavior | p. 288 |
Media Influences: Video Games | p. 292 |
The Games Kids Play | p. 292 |
Effects of the Games Kids Play | p. 293 |
Who Likes Whom? | p. 297 |
Proximity | p. 298 |
Interaction | p. 298 |
Anticipation of Interaction | p. 298 |
Mere Exposure | p. 299 |
Focus On: Liking Things Associated with Oneself | p. 301 |
Physical Attractiveness | p. 303 |
Attractiveness and Dating | p. 303 |
The Matching Phenomenon | p. 305 |
The Physical-Attractiveness Stereotype | p. 306 |
Who Is Attractive? | p. 308 |
Similarity Versus Complementarity | p. 311 |
Do Birds of a Feather Flock Together? | p. 311 |
Do Opposites Attract? | p. 312 |
Liking Those Who Like Us | p. 313 |
Self-Esteem and Attraction | p. 314 |
Our Need to Belong | p. 314 |
The Ups and Downs of Love | p. 319 |
Passionate Love | p. 320 |
A Theory of Passionate Love | p. 321 |
Variations in Love | p. 322 |
Companionate Love | p. 323 |
Maintaining Close Relationships | p. 325 |
Equity | p. 325 |
Self-Disclosure | p. 327 |
Ending Relationships | p. 331 |
Who Divorces? | p. 332 |
The Detachment Process | p. 333 |
Causes of Conflict | p. 337 |
Social Dilemmas | p. 337 |
The Prisoner's Dilemma | p. 338 |
The Tragedy of the Commons | p. 339 |
Resolving Social Dilemmas | p. 341 |
Competition | p. 343 |
Perceived Injustice | p. 344 |
Misperception | p. 345 |
Mirror-Image Perceptions | p. 346 |
Shifting Perceptions | p. 348 |
Blessed Are the Peacemakers | p. 351 |
Contact | p. 351 |
Does Desegregation Improve Racial Attitudes? | p. 352 |
When Does Desegregation Improve Racial Attitudes? | p. 353 |
Cooperation | p. 355 |
Common External Threats | p. 355 |
Superordinate Goals | p. 357 |
Cooperative Learning | p. 357 |
Communication | p. 359 |
Bargaining | p. 359 |
Mediation | p. 359 |
Arbitration | p. 362 |
Conciliation | p. 363 |
When Do People Help? | p. 367 |
Why Do People Help? | p. 369 |
When Do People Help? | p. 369 |
Number of Bystanders | p. 370 |
Noticing | p. 371 |
Interpreting | p. 372 |
Assuming Responsibility | p. 373 |
Social Psychology and the Sustainable Future | p. 377 |
Enabling Sustainable Living | p. 379 |
New Technologies | p. 380 |
Reducing Consumption | p. 380 |
The Social Psychology of Materialism and Wealth | p. 381 |
Increased Materialism | p. 381 |
Wealth and Well-Being | p. 383 |
Materialism Fails to Satisfy | p. 386 |
Toward Sustainability and Survival | p. 389 |
References | p. 392 |
Credits | p. 504 |
Name Index | p. 507 |
Subject Index | p. 525 |
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