Family Law : Examples and Explanations

by Oliphant, Robert E.; Ver Steegh, Nancy

• ISBN13: 9780735544208
• ISBN10: 0735544204
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-04-01
• Publisher: Wolters Kluwer

Summary

Today's wide-ranging family law courses challenge students to assimilate a vast array of material. Make sure your students Understand The scope and depth of the subject by requiring or recommending Family Law: Examples & Explanations . This new paperback simplifies study by stressing clarity and coherence: straightforward presentation, with topics organized into discrete chapters to give quick access to specific principles comprehensive coverage puts family law in perspective and includes subjects not usually found in study guides, such as domestic violence, mediation, and professional responsibility focuses on what the reader wants to know, with clear explanations of difficult areas provides citations for important cases and applicable statutes to serve as a valuable research tool. When you examine this powerful study guide, be sure to notice: the authors use of the proven and popular Examples & Explanations style to reinforce basic knowledge and extend the application of that knowledge to a variety of situations - students must exercise higher level thinking skills, rather than rote recall relevant social science research that supplies an interdisciplinary perspective the text includes discussions of the Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act, relevant federal statutes, And The ALI Principles of the Law of Family Dissolution Family Law: Examples & Explanations is the study guide instructors can require or recommend with confidence.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxxi
Acknowledgments	xxxiii
Chapter 1. Marriage - History, Restrictions, and Requirements	1	(36)
1.1 Introduction	1	(1)
History -	1	(3)
1.2 Early Principles and Practices	1	(1)
1.3 Protestant Reformation	2	(1)
1.4 Colonial America	3	(1)
1.5 Nineteenth-Century Patriarchic Model	4	(1)
Marriage Requirements -	4	(8)
1.6 Marriage Contracts Differ from Ordinary Contracts	4	(1)
1.7 Capacity - Generally	5	(1)
1.8 Capacity - Guardian's Consent	5	(1)
1.9 Capacity - Age Restrictions	5	(2)
1.10 Marriage License	7	(2)
1.11 Premarital Medical Testing	9	(1)
1.12 Premarital Education	10	(1)
1.13 Form of Marriage	11	(1)
1.14 Solemnizing a Marriage	11	(1)
Common Law Marriages -	12	(4)
1.15 History of Common Law Marriage	12	(1)
1.16 Common Law Marriage Defined	12	(1)
1.17 Common Law Conflicts of Law	13	(1)
1.18 Reviving Common Law Marriage	13	(3)
Putative Spouse Doctrine -	16	(2)
1.19 Putative Spouse Doctrine - History	16	(1)
1.20 Putative Spouse Doctrine - UMDA	16	(1)
1.21 Putative Spouse - Community Property Jurisdiction	17	(1)
Forms of Marriage -	18	(2)
1.22 Proxy Marriage	18	(1)
1.23 Confidential Marriages	19	(1)
1.24 Tribal Marriages	19	(1)
1.25 Covenant Marriage	20	(1)
Marriage Restrictions Removed -	20	(4)
1.26 Race	20	(1)
1.27 Poverty	21	(2)
1.28 Prisoners	23	(1)
1.29 Gender	23	(1)
Marriage Restrictions in Place -	24	(5)
1.30 Polygamy	24	(1)
1.31 Bigamy	24	(1)
1.32 Sham Marriages - Immigration Fraud	25	(2)
1.33 Consanguinity	27	(1)
1.34 Affinity	28	(1)
1.35 Adoption	28	(1)
Homosexual Relationships -	29	(4)
1.36 Defense of Marriage Act	29	(1)
1.37 Lawrence v. Texas	30	(1)
1.38 Formal Registration of Homosexual Relationships	30	(1)
1.39 Canada Allows Gays and Lesbians to Marry	31	(1)
1.40 Common Benefits Relationships	32	(1)
Transsexual Relationships -	33	(1)
1.41 Recognizing Transsexual Marriages	33	(1)
Other Principles -	34	(3)
1.42 Removal of Impediment to Marriage	34	(1)
1.43 The Rule of Lex Loci	35	(2)
Chapter 2. Annulments	37	(16)
2.1 Introduction	37	(1)
History and Development -	37	(2)
2.2 History	37	(1)
2.3 Annulments Are Rare	38	(1)
2.4 Distinct Concepts: Annulment and Divorce	38	(1)
Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act -	39	(1)
2.5 Consequences of an Annulment	39	(1)
"Void" and "Voidable" Defined -	39	(2)
2.6 Importance of Distinction	39	(1)
2.7 Defining a Void Marriage	40	(1)
2.8 Defining a Voidable Marriage	40	(1)
2.9 Standing to Pursue Voiding a Marriage	40	(1)
2.10 Retroactivity of Annulment Ruling	41	(1)
Annulment Actions Involving Mental Capacity, Age, Drugs, or Jest -	41	(4)
2.11 Mental Capacity	41	(1)
2.12 Age	42	(1)
2.13 Influence of Drugs or Alcohol	43	(1)
2.14 Marriage Made in Jest	44	(1)
Annulment Actions Involving Fraud -	45	(4)
2.15 Misrepresentation	45	(1)
2.16 Pregnancy Claims	46	(1)
2.17 Religious Claims	47	(2)
Annulment Based on Coercion or Duress -	49	(1)
2.18 Duress	49	(1)
Annulment Because of Physical Incapacity -	49	(1)
2.19 Impotence	49	(1)
Annulment and Cohabitation -	50	(1)
2.20 Annulment Barred by Cohabitation	50	(1)
Support and Property Distribution -	50	(1)
2.21 Support	50	(1)
2.22 Alimony and Property Division	51	(1)
2.23 Reviving a Former Spouse's Support Obligation	51	(1)
Other Issues -	51	(2)
2.24 Enoch Arden Statute	51	(2)
Chapter 3. Who May Divorce? Restrictions and Requirements	53	(20)
3.1 Introduction	53	(1)
History -	53	(3)
3.2 Ancient History	53	(1)
3.3 Ecclesiastical Courts and Fault	54	(1)
3.4 Sixteenth-Century Revolution	54	(1)
3.5 Parliamentary Divorce	55	(1)
3.6 Colonial Divorce	56	(1)
3.7 Divorce After the American Revolution	56	(1)
Traditional Grounds for Divorce -	56	(5)
3.8 Background	56	(1)
3.9 Adultery	57	(1)
3.10 Cruel and Inhuman Treatment	58	(1)
3.11 Mental Cruelty	59	(1)
3.12 Desertion	60	(1)
3.13 Constructive Desertion	60	(1)
3.14 Habitual Drunkenness	60	(1)
3.15 Insanity	61	(1)
3.16 Indignities	61	(1)
3.17 Provocation	61	(1)
Defenses to the Traditional Action for Divorce -	61	(5)
3.18 Overview - Affirmative Defenses	61	(1)
3.19 Unclean Hands	62	(1)
3.20 Recrimination	62	(1)
3.21 Condonation	63	(1)
3.22 Collusion	64	(1)
3.23 Connivance	65	(1)
3.24 Undue Delay	65	(1)
3.25 Insanity	65	(1)
Separation - Divorce Mensa et Thoro -	66	(1)
3.26 History	66	(1)
3.27 Separate Maintenance	66	(1)
3.28 Legal Separation	66	(1)
The Modern Reform Movement -	67	(4)
3.29 Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act	67	(1)
3.30 "No-Fault"	67	(3)
3.31 Religious Objections	70	(1)
Jurisdiction -	71	(2)
3.32 Generally	71	(2)
Chapter 4. Jurisdiction	73	(24)
4.1 Introduction	73	(1)
Subject Matter Jurisdiction in Federal Court -	73	(4)
4.2 Domestic Relations Exception	73	(2)
4.3 Federal Question Jurisdiction	75	(1)
4.4 Abstention Doctrine	76	(1)
Subject Matter Jurisdiction in State Court -	77	(3)
4.5 Residency Requirements	77	(1)
4.6 Are Residency Requirements Subject Matter Requirements?	78	(1)
4.7 State Power to Grant Ex Parte Divorce - The Divisible Divorce Theory	79	(1)
Full Faith and Credit -	80	(1)
4.8 State Recognition of Ex Parte Divorce - Full Faith and Credit	80	(1)
4.9 Full Faith and Credit for Child Support Orders Act	80	(1)
Long-Arm Statutes -	81	(4)
4.10 Requirements	81	(2)
4.11 Due Process Barriers to Application of Long-arm Statutes	83	(2)
Personal Jurisdiction -	85	(3)
4.12 Traditional View	85	(2)
4.13 Continuing Jurisdiction	87	(1)
4.14 Waiving Personal Jurisdiction	88	(1)
Status as a Jurisdictional Theory -	88	(2)
4.15 Overview of Status Theory	88	(2)
4.16 Restatement of Conflict of Laws - Status	90	(1)
Indian Child Welfare Act -	90	(3)
4.17 Overview of Act	90	(3)
Uniform Acts -	93	(1)
4.18 Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA)	93	(1)
4.19 Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Enforcement Act	94	(1)
Soldiers and Sailors Civil Relief Act -	94	(3)
4.20 Overview of the Act	94	(3)
Chapter 5. Child Custody	97	(18)
5.1 Introduction	97	(1)
The Impact of Divorce -	97	(1)
5.2 Effects of Divorce on Children	97	(1)
5.3 Impact on Parenting	98	(1)
Defining Custodial Relationships -	98	(3)
5.4 Overview	98	(1)
5.5 Legal Custody	99	(1)
5.6 Physical Custody	99	(1)
5.7 Joint Legal and Physical Custody	99	(1)
5.8 Parenting Plans	100	(1)
Presumptions -	101	(4)
5.9 Overview	101	(1)
5.10 Historic Paternal Presumption	101	(1)
5.11 Historic Maternal Presumption	102	(1)
5.12 Primary Caretaker Presumption	103	(1)
5.13 Natural Parent Presumption	104	(1)
Model Acts -	105	(1)
5.14 Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act	105	(1)
5.15 American Law Institute	106	(1)
Standards for Determining the Best Interests of the Child -	106	(6)
5.16 Race	106	(1)
5.17 Religion	107	(1)
5.18 Disability	107	(1)
5.19 Child's Preference	107	(1)
5.20 Separating Siblings	108	(1)
5.21 Parental Conduct Not Affecting the Child: The Nexus Test	109	(1)
5.22 Gay and Lesbian Parents	109	(1)
5.23 Cohabitation	109	(1)
5.24 Careers	110	(1)
5.25 Friendly Parent Provision	110	(1)
5.26 Domestic Violence	111	(1)
5.27 ALI View of Domestic Violence and Custody	111	(1)
Court Services: Investigation and Education -	112	(3)
5.28 Reports of Professionals	112	(1)
5.29 Parent Education	113	(2)
Chapter 6. Modifying Custody - Relocation	115	(18)
6.1 Introduction	115	(1)
Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act -	115	(1)
6.2 Stability Is Primary Goal	115	(1)
6.3 Limit on Number of Modification Actions	116	(1)
Standards for Modification -	116	(2)
6.4 Overview	116	(1)
6.5 Illustration - Arizona	116	(1)
6.6 Illustration - Michigan	117	(1)
6.7 Illustration - North Dakota	117	(1)
6.8 Illustration - Minnesota	117	(1)
Typical Modification Claims -	118	(2)
6.9 Unwarranted Denial of Visitation	118	(1)
6.10 Integration into Noncustodial Parent's Home	119	(1)
Presumptions -	120	(1)
6.11 Stipulations - Agreements Between the Parties	120	(1)
General Considerations -	121	(2)
6.12 Findings Required	121	(1)
6.13 When is a Guardian Ad Litem Required?	122	(1)
6.14 Child's Preference	122	(1)
Relocating to Another State: Sole Physical Custody -	123	(3)
6.15 Overview	123	(1)
6.16 When Is Initial Burden on Custodial Parent?	123	(1)
6.17 Exceptional Circumstances Standard	124	(1)
6.18 Other Standards	124	(1)
6.19 Recognition That a "New Family" May Exist Following Divorce	125	(1)
Presumptions -	126	(1)
6.20 Favoring Custodial Parent's Relocation	126	(1)
Joint Physical Custody -	127	(2)
6.21 Overview	127	(2)
America Law Institute -	129	(1)
6.22 Standard	129	(1)
Relocating to a Foreign Country -	129	(4)
6.23 Hague Convention	129	(4)
Chapter 7. Interstate Custody Struggles: The Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act and the Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act - History, Restrictions, and Requirements	133	(14)
7.1 Introduction	133	(1)
History -	134	(3)
7.2 Overview	134	(1)
7.3 Traditional Perspective	134	(1)
7.4 Early Decisions	134	(1)
7.5 May v. Anderson	134	(3)
Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act -	137	(1)
7.6 Overview	137	(1)
Federal Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act -	137	(3)
7.7 Overview	137	(1)
7.8 PKPA Application and Limitations	138	(1)
7.9 Which State Determines Continuing Jurisdiction?	139	(1)
7.10 Home State Preference	139	(1)
7.11 Private Right of Action	140	(1)
Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act -	140	(7)
7.12 Overview	140	(1)
7.13 Scope	141	(1)
7.14 Subject Matter Jurisdiction	141	(1)
7.15 Exclusive Continuing Jurisdiction	141	(2)
7.16 Home State Jurisdiction	143	(1)
7.17 No "Home State" - Significant Connection	144	(1)
7.18 Emergency Jurisdiction	144	(2)
7.19 International Application of UCCJEA	146	(1)
Chapter 8. Visitation and Parenting Time	147	(12)
8.1 Introduction	147	(1)
Model Acts -	148	(1)
8.2 Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act	148	(1)
8.3 American Law Institute	148	(1)
Standards for Denying or Limiting Visitation -	149	(3)
8.4 Court Denial of Parenting Time or Visitation	149	(1)
8.5 Restrictions on Parenting Time or Visitation	150	(1)
8.6 Child Abuse and Domestic Violence	150	(1)
8.7 Alcohol and Substance Abuse	151	(1)
8.8 Child Abduction	151	(1)
8.9 Cohabitation	151	(1)
8.10 Gay or Lesbian Parent	152	(1)
8.11 HIV-Positive Parent	152	(1)
8.12 Religious Differences	152	(1)
Expanding the Definition of Parent -	152	(2)
8.13 Stepparent Visitation	152	(1)
8.14 Lesbian and Gay Co-parent Visitation	153	(1)
8.15 Parents by Estoppel and De Facto Parents	154	(1)
Enforcing Visitation (Parenting Time) -	154	(1)
8.16 Overview	154	(1)
8.17 Contempt and Modification of Custody	154	(1)
8.18 Compensatory Visitation	155	(1)
8.19 Withholding Child Support	155	(1)
8.20 Wishes of the Child	155	(1)
Modifying Visitation (Parenting Time) -	155	(1)
8.21 Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act Provisions	155	(1)
Grandparent Visitation -	156	(3)
8.22 History	156	(1)
8.23 State Statutes after Troxel v. Granville	156	(3)
Chapter 9. Child Support	159	(20)
9.1 Introduction	159	(1)
History -	159	(2)
9.2 Elizabethan Poor Laws	159	(1)
9.3 Common Law	160	(1)
9.4 European View	160	(1)
Role of Federal Government -	161	(2)
9.5 Child Support and Establishment of Paternity Act of 1974	161	(1)
9.6 State Guidelines Mandated	161	(1)
9.7 Child Support Recovery Act of 1992	162	(1)
9.8 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993	162	(1)
9.9 Full Faith and Credit Act of 1994	162	(1)
9.10 The Welfare Reform Act of 1996	163	(1)
9.11 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996	163	(1)
Child Support Defined -	163	(1)
9.12 Generally	163	(1)
What Is Income for Support?	164	(3)
9.13 Generally	164	(1)
9.14 College Student's Obligation	165	(1)
9.15 Deducting Monthly Amounts Paid to Bankruptcy Court	165	(1)
9.16 Student Loans Payments	165	(1)
9.17 Vested Stock Options	166	(1)
9.18 Employer's Contribution to Pension Plan	166	(1)
9.19 Stepparent Income	166	(1)
9.20 Lump-sum Payments and Commissions	166	(1)
9.21 Seasonal Employment	167	(1)
9.22 Overtime	167	(1)
9.23 Military Retirement Pay and Allowances	167	(1)
Establishing Child Support -	167	(4)
9.24 Overview	167	(1)
9.25 Income Shares Model	168	(1)
9.26 Percentage of Income Model	168	(3)
9.27 Melson Model	171	(1)
9.28 California Model	171	(1)
Deviating from Guidelines -	171	(1)
9.29 Limited Discretion	171	(1)
9.30 Special Circumstances	172	(1)
Additional Support -	172	(2)
9.31 Medical Support	172	(1)
9.32 Child Care Costs	173	(1)
Other Support Considerations -	174	(5)
9.33 Overview	174	(1)
9.34 Monitoring Support	175	(1)
9.35 Bankruptcy	175	(1)
9.36 Employer Limitation on Withholding Income	175	(1)
9.37 Federal Income Tax Treatment	176	(1)
9.38 Obligee Withholds Visitation	176	(1)
9.39 Stepparent Liability	177	(2)
Chapter 10. Child Support Modification and Enforcement	179	(18)
10.1 Introduction	179	(1)
Standards for Modifying Existing Award -	179	(5)
10.2 Substantial Change in Circumstances	179	(1)
10.3 Statutory Presumption - Substantial Change	180	(1)
10.4 Standard Cost of Living Adjustment	181	(1)
10.5 Standard for Making Award Retroactive	181	(1)
10.6 Standard When Obligor Changes Jobs	182	(2)
Duration of Child Support -	184	(3)
10.7 Obligor's Death	184	(1)
10.8 Emancipation of Child	185	(2)
Enforcement Efforts -	187	(5)
10.9 Contempt of Court	187	(1)
10.10 Interception of Tax Refunds	188	(1)
10.11 Criminal Nonsupport	188	(1)
10.12 Extradition for Criminal Nonsupport	189	(1)
10.13 Burden of Proof in Criminal Cases	189	(1)
10.14 Garnishment	190	(1)
10.15 Credit Bureau Reporting	190	(1)
10.16 Driver's License Suspension	190	(1)
10.17 Recreational License Suspension	190	(1)
10.18 Publication of a "Most Wanted" List of "Deadbeat Obligors"	190	(1)
10.19 Occupational License Suspension	191	(1)
10.20 Passport Denial	191	(1)
10.21 Seizing Awards	191	(1)
10.22 Seizing Assets Held	191	(1)
10.23 Obtaining a Wage Assignment	191	(1)
Federal Collection Efforts -	192	(5)
10.24 Federal Crime	192	(1)
10.25 Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA)	192	(4)
10.26 Other Jurisdictional Issues	196	(1)
Chapter 11. Alimony and Necessaries	197	(16)
11.1 Introduction	197	(1)
History -	198	(3)
11.2 Ancient Customs	198	(1)
11.3 Ecclesiastical Courts	198	(1)
11.4 Divorce from Bed and Board	198	(1)
11.5 Fault Adopted by Secular Systems	199	(1)
11.6 Common Law	199	(1)
11.7 Alimony for Husbands	200	(1)
The Necessaries Doctrine -	201	(1)
11.8 Husband's Common Law Duty	201	(1)
11.9 Gender-neutral Application	201	(1)
Uniform Acts -	202	(2)
11.10 The Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act	202	(1)
11.11 Standard for Determining Amount and Duration under UMDA	203	(1)
11.12 American Law Institute Standards	203	(1)
State Grounds and Standards for Determining Need for Alimony	204	(3)
11.13 Fault	204	(2)
11.14 Two-step Process to Determine Eligibility	206	(1)
Forms and Duration of Alimony -	207	(4)
11.15 Rehabilitative Alimony	207	(1)
11.16 Reimbursement Alimony	208	(1)
11.17 Limited Durational Alimony	208	(1)
11.18 Incapacity Alimony	208	(1)
11.19 Caregiver Alimony	209	(1)
11.20 Permanent Alimony	209	(1)
11.21 Long-term Marriage	209	(2)
Other Issues Regarding Alimony -	211	(2)
11.22 Percentage Formulas	211	(1)
11.23 Life Insurance	212	(1)
11.24 Tax Treatment of Alimony	212	(1)
Chapter 12. Modifying Alimony	213	(12)
12.1 Introduction	213	(1)
Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act (UMDA) -	214	(1)
12.2 UMDA's Unconscionability Standard	214	(1)
12.3 States Impose Standards Lower Than UMDA	214	(1)
Preliminary Procedural Considerations -	214	(1)
12.4 Burden of Proof and Prerequisites for Change	214	(1)
12.5 "Bad Bargain" Not a Reason for Modification	215	(1)
Impact of Agreements on Subsequent Motions for Change -	215	(1)
12.6 Stipulations - Nonmodification Clauses	215	(1)
Obligor's Change in Circumstances -	216	(4)
12.7 Obligor's Unanticipated Increased Income	216	(1)
12.8 Obligor's Retirement	217	(1)
12.9 Obligor's Change of Occupation	218	(2)
Obligee's Change in Circumstances -	220	(1)
12.10 Obligee Takes a Job Outside the Home	220	(1)
Terminating Alimony -	221	(4)
12.11 Recipient Cohabits	221	(1)
12.12 Constitutional Challenges	222	(1)
12.13 Remarriage	223	(1)
12.14 Death	224	(1)
12.15 Annulment	224	(1)
12.16 Retroactivity	224	(1)
Chapter 13. Dividing the Marital Estate upon Divorce	225	(18)
13.1 Introduction	225	(1)
Separate Property System -	226	(1)
13.2 State Options When Considering Marital Assets	226	(1)
13.3 Title Is Determining Factor	226	(1)
Community Property -	227	(1)
13.4 Overview	227	(1)
13.5 Community Property Theory	227	(1)
13.6 Death of Partner	227	(1)
Equitable Distribution Jurisdictions -	228	(1)
13.7 Equitable Distribution Theory	228	(1)
13.8 Presumption of Ownership During Marriage	228	(1)
Uniform Acts -	229	(1)
13.9 Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act (UMDA)	229	(1)
13.10 Uniform Marital Property Act (UMPA)	229	(1)
Nonmarital Property -	230	(3)
13.11 Defined	230	(1)
13.12 Calculating Nonmarital Interest	230	(2)
13.13 Active and Passive Appreciation - Stock	232	(1)
Source of Funds Theories -	233	(3)
13.14 Transmutation	233	(1)
13.15 Source of Funds Rule	234	(1)
13.16 No Source of Funds Theory	234	(2)
Dividing Property -	236	(1)
13.17 Equitable Not Necessarily Equal	236	(1)
13.18 Fault	236	(1)
Professional Licenses and Degrees -	236	(2)
13.19 Diploma Dilemma	236	(2)
13.20 Minority View - O'Brien v. O'Brien	238	(1)
Other Marital Property -	238	(2)
13.21 Workers' Compensation and Personal Injury Awards	238	(2)
13.22 Social Security	240	(1)
Other Property Issues -	240	(3)
13.23 Premarital Agreements	240	(1)
13.24 Bankruptcy	241	(1)
13.25 Tax Treatment	241	(1)
13.26 Qualified Domestic Relations Order	241	(2)
Chapter 14. Premarital (Antenuptial or Prenuptial) Agreements - History, Requirements, and Restrictions	243	(16)
14.1 Introduction	243	(1)
History -	244	(2)
14.2 First Appeared in Sixteenth-century England	244	(1)
14.3 Use of Agreements upon Divorce	245	(1)
Common Law Standards and Procedures -	246	(1)
14.4 Common Law Standards	246	(1)
14.5 Common Law Presumptions	246	(1)
Uniform Acts -	247	(2)
14.6 Uniform Premarital Agreement Act	247	(1)
14.7 American Law Institute	248	(1)
Scope of Premarital Agreements -	249	(1)
14.8 Unenforceable Provisions	249	(1)
14.9 Statutes Control	250	(1)
Requirements for Premarital Agreements -	250	(7)
14.10 Consideration	250	(1)
14.11 Duty to Disclose - Waiver	251	(2)
14.12 Right to Counsel	253	(1)
14.13 Substantive Fairness When Executed	253	(1)
14.14 Substantive Fairness at the Time of Enforcement	254	(2)
14.15 Jurisdictions Applying Strict Contract Principles	256	(1)
14.16 Burden of Proof	256	(1)
Other Issues Regarding Premarital Agreements -	257	(2)
14.17 Ambiguous Provisions	257	(1)
14.18 Abandoning an Agreement	258	(1)
14.19 Tax Planning	258	(1)
Chapter 15. Cohabitation Without Formal Marriage	259	(20)
15.1 Introduction	259	(1)
Changing Lifestyles -	259	(1)
15.2 Four Decades of Change	259	(1)
15.3 Cohabitation Data	260	(1)
The Common Law -	260	(3)
15.4 Criminal Conduct	260	(1)
15.5 Meretricious Relationships	261	(1)
15.6 States Reject Common Law Marriage	261	(2)
The Marvin Doctrine -	263	(1)
15.7 Marvin v. Marvin	263	(1)
15.8 Same-Sex Partners	263	(1)
Contract Theories -	263	(4)
15.9 Express Written Contracts	263	(1)
15.10 Express Oral Agreements	264	(1)
15.11 Implied-in-Fact Contracts	265	(1)
15.12 Equitable Contracts	266	(1)
15.13 Resulting Trusts	266	(1)
15.14 Constructive Trusts	266	(1)
Varying Applications of the Marvin Doctrine -	267	(5)
15.15 Overview	267	(1)
15.16 Jurisdictions Recognizing Express and Implied Agreements	267	(2)
15.17 Jurisdictions Enforcing Only Express Contracts	269	(1)
15.18 Jurisdiction Requires All Agreements to Meet the Statute of Frauds	270	(2)
Marvin Doctrine Limitations -	272	(4)
15.19 General Limits	272	(1)
15.20 Statutory Barriers	272	(1)
15.21 Tort and Insurance Claim Barriers	273	(1)
15.22 Promises Made When a Party Is Married	274	(1)
15.23 Statute of Limitations	275	(1)
Housing Discrimination -	276	(1)
15.24 Marital Status	276	(1)
Jurisdiction -	277	(2)
15.25 Jurisdiction in Federal Court	277	(2)
Chapter 16. Determining Paternity	279	(16)
16.1 Introduction	279	(1)
The Common Law -	279	(1)
16.2 Disparate Treatment	279	(1)
Supreme Court Mandates Equal Treatment -	280	(4)
16.3 Overview	280	(1)
16.4 Child's Relationship with Its Mother	281	(1)
16.5 Child Claims Inheritance Rights	281	(2)
16.6 Child Claims Social Security Benefits	283	(1)
16.7 Child's Father Makes Wrongful Death Claim	283	(1)
16.8 Tests to Determine Rights if Child Born Out of Wedlock	284	(1)
Procedural Rights -	284	(3)
16.9 Burden of Proof	284	(1)
16.10 Indigent's Right to Blood Tests	285	(1)
16.11 Indigent's Right to Counsel in Paternity Proceeding	285	(1)
16.12 Putative Father's Standing to Bring Action Michael H	286	(1)
16.13 Accused Father's Right to Jury Trial	287	(1)
Statutory Time Limitations on Bringing Paternity Action -	287	(1)
16.14 One-Year Limit	287	(1)
16.15 Ten-Year Limit	287	(1)
16.16 Outside Limit	288	(1)
Federal Legislation -	288	(1)
16.17 Overview	288	(1)
16.18 The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993	288	(1)
16.19 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA)	289	(1)
Uniform Acts	289	(2)
16.20 Uniform Parentage Act (UPA)	289	(2)
Presumptions -	291	(2)
16.21 Overview	291	(1)
16.22 Conclusive Presumptions	291	(1)
16.23 Conflicting Presumptions	292	(1)
Other Issues in Determining Paternity -	293	(2)
16.24 Equitable Parent Doctrine	293	(1)
16.25 Genetic Testing	294	(1)
Chapter 17. Adoption	295	(20)
17.1 Introduction	295	(1)
Overview -	295	(3)
17.2 History	295	(1)
17.3 Legal Effect of Adoption	296	(1)
17.4 Abrogation of Adoption	297	(1)
Forms of Adoption -	298	(3)
17.5 Agency Adoptions	298	(1)
17.6 Independent Adoption	298	(1)
17.7 Stepparent Adoption	298	(1)
17.8 Near Relative Adoption	298	(1)
17.9 Open Adoption	299	(1)
17.10 Subsidized Adoption	300	(1)
17.11 Domestic Partner Adoption	300	(1)
17.12 International Adoption	300	(1)
Procedures -	301	(2)
17.13 Filing a Petition	301	(1)
17.14 Waiting period	301	(1)
17.15 Investigating Prospective Parents	302	(1)
17.16 Sealing Adoption Records	302	(1)
Qualifications of Potential Adoptive Parent -	303	(1)
17.17 Race	303	(1)
17.18 Sexual Orientation	304	(1)
17.19 Age	304	(1)
Who Must Consent to an Adoption? -	304	(4)
17.20 Pre-birth Consent	304	(1)
17.21 Minor Child's Consent	305	(1)
17.22 Putative Father's Consent	305	(2)
17.23 Putative Father Consents by Failing to Use Adoption Registry	307	(1)
Uniform Acts -	308	(1)
17.24 Uniform Adoption Act of 1994	308	(1)
Federal Government's Role -	308	(3)
17.25 Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA)	308	(1)
17.26 Multiethnic Placement Act (MEPA)	309	(1)
17.27 Adoption and Safe Families Act	310	(1)
Claims -	311	(2)
17.28 Fraud	311	(1)
17.29 Claims Against Agencies	311	(2)
Other Issues Regarding Adoption -	313	(2)
17.30 Adults Adopting Adults	313	(1)
17.31 Adoption for an Illegal or Frivolous Purpose	313	(2)
Chapter 18. Alternative Reproduction - History, Restriction, and Requirements	315	(22)
18.1 Introduction	315	(1)
Uniform Acts and Proposals -	316	(1)
18.2 Uniform Parentage Act	316	(1)
18.3 Uniform Putative and Unknown Fathers Act; Uniform Status of Children of Assisted Conception Act	317	(1)
18.4 ABA Pre-embryo Proposal	317	(1)
Artificial Insemination -	317	(5)
18.5 Typical Statutory Provisions	317	(2)
18.6 Problems Involving Husband's Consent	319	(2)
18.7 Problems Involving Known Donors and Unmarried Mothers	321	(1)
18.8 Problems Involving Use of Husband's
Sperm to Achieve Posthumous Reproduction	322	(4)
18.9 Problems Involving Biological Father Exercising Visitation	324	(1)
18.10 Physician's Tort Liability to Parents	324	(1)
18.11 Clinic's Tort Liability to Child	325	(1)
18.12 Constitutional Issues	325	(1)
Surrogacy -	326	(3)
18.13 History	326	(1)
18.14 Surrogate Parent Defined	326	(1)
18.15 Legislation Allowing and Banning Surrogacy	327	(1)
18.16 Common Techniques Using Surrogate Mothers	327	(1)
18.17 Baby M Decision	328	(1)
Gestational Surrogacy -	329	(3)
18.18 Gestational Surrogacy Defined	329	(1)
18.19 Johnson v. Calvert	330	(2)
18.20 Constitutional Right to Gestational Surrogacy	332	(1)
In Vitro Fertilization -	332	(5)
18.21 In Vitro Procedure Explained	332	(1)
18.22 Davis v. Davis	333	(1)
18.23 Clinic Liability When Child Born "Imperfect"	334	(1)
18.24 Clinic Liability When Mix-up Occurs Handling Genetic Material	334	(3)
Chapter 19. Medical Rights of Minors	337	(12)
19.1 Introduction	337	(1)
When Is Parental Consent Not Required? -	338	(2)
19.2 Emancipated Minor	338	(1)
19.3 Mature Minor	338	(2)
Religious Accommodation -	340	(1)
19.4 Overview	340	(1)
19.5 Faith Healing	340	(1)
Preventing Contagious Disease -	341	(2)
19.6 Vaccinations	341	(2)
19.7 Tuberculosis	343	(1)
Risks of Recovery from Extreme Medical Procedures -	343	(1)
19.8 Advanced Stages of Cancer	343	(1)
No Immediate Necessity for Treatment -	344	(3)
19.9 Overview	344	(1)
19.10 Physical Deformity	345	(1)
19.11 Adenoids and Tonsils	345	(1)
19.12 Dental Care	345	(1)
19.13 Congenital Defects	345	(1)
19.14 Blood Transfusions	346	(1)
Issues of Privacy -	347	(2)
19.15 Providing Contraceptives to Minors	347	(1)
19.16 Minor's Right to Abortion	348	(1)
Chapter 20. Domestic Violence	349	(12)
20.1 Introduction	349	(1)
Understanding the Problem -	349	(3)
20.2 Frequency and Severity	349	(1)
20.3 Types of Partner Violence	350	(1)
20.4 Impact on Children	351	(1)
20.5 Screening for Domestic Violence	352	(1)
Domestic Abuse Acts -	352	(6)
20.6 History	352	(1)
20.7 Defining Domestic Violence	352	(1)
20.8 Who Is Covered?	353	(1)
20.9 What Relief Is Granted?	354	(1)
20.10 Ex Parte and "Permanent" Orders	354	(1)
20.11 Constitutional Challenges	355	(1)
20.12 Access Issues	356	(1)
20.13 Issuance of Mutual Orders	356	(1)
20.14 Enforcement of Orders	356	(1)
20.15 Effectiveness of Orders	357	(1)
Related Areas of Law -	358	(3)
20.16 Violence Against Women Act	358	(1)
20.17 Criminal Sanctions	359	(1)
20.18 Tort Actions	360	(1)
Chapter 21. Child Abuse and Termination of Parental Rights	361	(18)
21.1 Introduction - The Scope of the Problem	361	(1)
Standards for State Intervention -	361	(3)
21.2 Parents' Right to Privacy - Liberty Interests	361	(1)
21.3 Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA)	362	(1)
21.4 Defining Abuse, Neglect, and Dependency	362	(2)
Possible Forms of Abuse and Neglect -	364	(6)
21.5 Use of Reasonable Force to Correct a Child	364	(1)
21.6 Spanking	364	(1)
21.7 Sexual Abuse	365	(1)
21.8 Failure to Protect from Harm: Sexual Abuse	366	(1)
21.9 Failure to Protect from Harm: Domestic Violence	366	(1)
21.10 Prenatal Drug Abuse	367	(1)
21.11 Emotional or Mental Abuse	367	(1)
21.12 Neglect	368	(1)
21.13 Housing and Housekeeping	368	(1)
21.14 Medical Treatment	369	(1)
Discovering Abuse and Neglect -	370	(1)
21.15 Mandated Reporting	370	(1)
21.16 Central Registry of Reports	370	(1)
Emergencies -	370	(2)
21.17 Procedures When Child in Immediate Danger	370	(2)
Child Witnesses (Trial Considerations)	372	(1)
21.18 Victim as Witness	372	(1)
21.19 Competency to Testify	372	(1)
21.20 Right of Accused to Confront Child	372	(1)
21.21 Syndrome Testimony	373	(1)
Foster Care: Safety and Federal Timelines -	373	(1)
21.22 State Duty to Protect?	373	(1)
21.23 Adoption Assistance and Child
Welfare Act (AACWA)	374	(1)
21.24 Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA)	374	(1)
Termination of Parental Rights -	374	(4)
21.25 Legal Consequences of Termination	374	(1)
21.26 Grounds for Termination -	375	(1)
21.27 Reasonable and Active Efforts by the State	376	(2)
Termination Procedure -	378	(1)
21.28 Standard of Proof	378	(1)
21.29 Right to Counsel?	378	(1)
Chapter 22. Tax Issues in Family Law Matters	379	(14)
22.1 Introduction	379	(1)
Maintenance/Alimony -	379	(2)
22.2 Overview	379	(2)
22.3 Tax Savings	381	(1)
Requirements for Alimony Consideration -	381	(1)
22.4 Living Separately	381	(1)
22.5 Post-death Liability	381	(1)
22.6 Joint Tax Returns	382	(1)
22.7 Insurance Trust	382	(1)
Child Support -	382	(3)
22.8 Which Parent Has Custody of Children?	382	(1)
22.9 When Is Child Support Deductible?	383	(1)
22.10 Dependency Exemption	384	(1)
22.11 Trading Exemption	385	(1)
22.12 Head of Household	385	(1)
Other Expenses Related to Children -	385	(1)
22.13 Child Care Expenses	385	(1)
22.14 Medical Expenses	386	(1)
Deducing Attorney Fees -	386	(1)
22.15 Overview	386	(1)
Property Transfer upon Divorce -	387	(1)
22.16 Overview	387	(1)
22.17 Property Defined	387	(1)
22.18 Incident to Divorce	387	(1)
The Family Home -	388	(1)
22.19 Taxation of Gain	388	(1)
Pensions -	388	(1)
22.20 Qualified Domestic Relations Orders (QDROs)	388	(1)
Stock -	389	(1)
22.21 Tax Consequences	389	(1)
Other Tax Issues -	389	(4)
22.22 When Is One Considered Married?	389	(1)
22.23 Annulled Marriages	389	(1)
22.24 Same-Sex Partners Filing Joint Returns	390	(1)
22.25 Innocent Spouse Rule	390	(3)
Chapter 23. Name Changes	393	(8)
23.1 Introduction	393	(1)
History -	393	(1)
23.2 Medieval Development	393	(1)
23.3 United States Development	394	(1)
Common Law -	394
23.4 Overview	394	(1)
23.5 Common Law Today	395	(1)
23.6 Advantage of Statutory Change over Common Law	395
Modern Problems -	39	(360)
23.7 Children Born Out of Wedlock Take Mother's Name	395	(1)
23.8 Formal Change of Child's Surname to Mother's Maiden Name Following Divorce	395	(1)
23.9 Formal Change of Minor's Surname to Stepfather's Surname	396	(1)
23.10 Informal Change of Minor's Surname to Stepfather's Surname	397	(1)
23.11 Limits on Selecting "Any" Surname	397	(1)
23.12 Transsexual Name Changes	398	(1)
Marriage and Divorce -	399	(1)
23.13 Name Change upon Divorce	399	(1)
Other Issues Regarding Name Changes -	399	(2)
23.14 Names That May Offend Public Policy	399	(1)
23.15 Witness and Victim Protection Programs	400	(1)
Chapter 24. Family Privacy and Wiretaps	401	(6)
24.1 Introduction	401	(1)
Privacy Issues -	401	(2)
24.2 Reviewing the History and Development of the Use of Contraception and Abortion	401	(1)
24.3 Other Areas 'Where Privacy Is Implicated	402	(1)
24.4 Constitutional Scrutiny	403	(1)
Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act -	403	(4)
24.5 Federal Wiretapping Statute	403	(1)
24.6 Exception to Liability: Party Participation or Consent	404	(1)
24.7 Spousal Exception to Liability?	404	(1)
24.8 Exception to Liability: Vicarious Consent for Children	405	(2)
Chapter 25. Mediation	407	(10)
25.1 Introduction	407	(1)
The Process of Mediation -	407	(2)
25.2 Definition under the Model Standards	407	(1)
25.3 Structured Process	408	(1)
25.4 Interest-based Process	408	(1)
25.5 Standard of Fairness	408	(1)
25.6 Focus on Children's Needs	409	(1)
The Mediator -	409	(2)
25.7 The Role of the Mediator	409	(1)
25.8 Control of Process	410	(1)
25.9 Mediator Qualifications	410	(1)
25.10 Mediation or Testimony	411	(1)
Role of Attorneys -	411	(1)
25.11 Legal Advice in Mediation	411	(1)
Role of the Court -	412	(1)
25.12 Approval of Agreements	412	(1)
25.13 Mediation as Condition Precedent to Post-Decree Actions	412	(1)
Effectiveness of Mediation --	413	(2)
25.14 Time	413	(1)
25.15 Expense	413	(1)
25.16 Settlement Rates	413	(1)
25.17 Satisfaction Levels	414	(1)
25.18 Compliance with Agreements	414	(1)
25.19 Relitigation	414	(1)
Requiring Parties to Mediate -	415	(2)
25.20 Mandatory Mediation	415	(1)
25.21 Domestic Violence	415	(2)
Chapter 26. Professional Responsibility	417	(8)
26.1 Introduction	417	(1)
26.2 Client Dissatisfaction with Family Law Attorneys	417	(1)
Sexual Relationships with Clients -	418	(1)
26.3 Rule 1.8(j)	418	(1)
26.4 Existing Relationships Exception	418	(1)
26.5 Special Concerns in Family Cases	418	(1)
Representing Both Parties -	419	(1)
26.6 Dual Representation	419	(1)
26.7 Representing Opposing Parties (Rule 1.7(b)(3))	419	(1)
Contingent Fees -	420	(1)
26.8 Forbidden Fee Arrangement (Rule 1.5(d)(1))	420	(1)
26.9 Exceptions	420	(1)
Communicating with Clients -	421	(1)
26.10 Special Needs of Family Clients	421	(1)
26.11 Informing and Consulting (Rule 1.4)	421	(1)
Pro Se Litigants -	422	(1)
26.12 Increasing Lack of Representation	422	(1)
26.13 Dealing with Unrepresented Parties (Rule 4.3)	422	(1)
26.14 Need for Pro Bono Representation (Rule 6.1)	422	(1)
New Roles for Lawyers -	423	(2)
26.15 Dissatisfaction with Adversarial Divorce	423	(1)
26.16 Attorney as Counselor	423	(1)
26.17 Mediation	424	(1)
26.18 Collaborative Law	424	(1)
Table of Cases	425	(16)
Index	441