Fiber Optic Communications

by Palais, Joseph C.

• ISBN13: 9780130085108
• ISBN10: 0130085103
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-09-10
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

This new and fully revised Fifth Edition of Fiber Optic Communications incorporates coverage of significant advances made in the fiber industry in recent years to present a comprehensive and in-depth introduction to the basics of communicating with optical fiber transmission lines. Readers will learn system design as well as operating principles, characteristics, and application of the components that comprise fiber-optic systems.New and expanded topics include Raman amplifier, erbium-doped waveguide amplifier, the arrayed waveguide grating, electroabsorption modulator, optical micro-electro-mechanical (MEMs) components, dispersion compensation, tunable light sources, tunable filters, optical time-division multiplexing, dense and course wavelength-division multiplexing, increased utilization of the optical spectrum, and emphasis on external modulation. Other topics include fiber lasers and optical amplifiers, vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes, dense wavelength-division multiplexing, fiber Bragg grating technology, new component descriptions (fiber attenuator, circulator, and polarization controller), new phenomena descriptions (polarization mode dispersion, mode-partition noise), and power penalty. Expanded discussions of additional topics include polarization effects in fiber systems, integrated optic components, practical fiber connectors and how to minimize reflections.For practicing design engineers concerned with the selection and application of components and with the design of applications systems. For professionals involved with fiber optics, including high-level engineering decision makers, project managers, technicians, marketing and sales personnel, and teachers.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Fiber Optic Communications Systems	1	(39)
Historical Perspective	1	(1)
The Basic Communications System	2	(18)
Nature of Light	20	(4)
Advantages of Fibers	24	(4)
Applications of Fiber Optic Communications	28	(5)
Summary and Discussion	33	(7)
Problems	37	(2)
References	39	(1)
Optics Review	40	(21)
Ray Theory and Applications	40	(4)
Lenses	44	(5)
Imaging	49	(3)
Numerical Aperture	52	(2)
Diffraction	54	(4)
Summary and Discussion	58	(3)
Problems	59	(1)
References	60	(1)
Lightwave Fundamentals	61	(32)
Electromagnetic Waves	61	(3)
Dispersion, Pulse Distortion, and Information Rate	64	(13)
Polarization	77	(1)
Resonant Cavities	78	(4)
Reflection at a Plane Boundary	82	(5)
Critical-Angle Reflections	87	(2)
Summary and Discussion	89	(4)
Problems	90	(2)
References	92	(1)
Integrated Optic Waveguides	93	(29)
Dielectric-Slab Waveguide	93	(1)
Modes in the Symmetric-Slab Waveguide	94	(9)
Modes in the Asymmetric-Slab Waveguide	103	(1)
Coupling to the Waveguide	104	(7)
Dispersion and Distortion in the Slab Waveguide	111	(2)
Integrated Optic Components	113	(5)
Summary and Discussion	118	(4)
Problems	119	(2)
References	121	(1)
Optic Fiber Waveguides	122	(54)
Step-Index Fiber	122	(3)
Graded-Index Fiber	125	(4)
Attenuation	129	(10)
Modes and Fields in Step-Index Fibers	139	(6)
Modes and Fields in Graded-Index Fibers	145	(3)
Pulse Distortion and Information Rate in Optic Fibers	148	(9)
Construction of Optic Fibers	157	(5)
Optic-Fiber Cables	162	(8)
Summary and Discussion	170	(6)
Problems	172	(2)
References	174	(2)
Optical Sources and Amplifiers	176	(42)
Light-Emitting Diodes	176	(3)
Light-Emitting-Diode Operating Characteristics	179	(7)
Laser Principles	186	(5)
Laser Diodes	191	(1)
Laser-Diode Operating Characteristics	192	(8)
Narrow-Spectral-Width and Tunable Laser Diodes	200	(3)
Optical Amplifiers	203	(8)
Fiber Lasers	211	(2)
Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser Diodes	213	(1)
Summary and Discussion	213	(5)
Problems	214	(3)
References	217	(1)
Light Detectors	218	(20)
Principles of Photodetection	218	(1)
Photomultiplier	219	(4)
Semiconductor Photodiode	223	(2)
PIN Photodiode	225	(7)
Avalanche Photodiode	232	(2)
Summary and Discussion	234	(4)
Problems	235	(2)
References	237	(1)
Couplers and Connectors	238	(36)
Connector Principles	238	(12)
Fiber-End Preparation	250	(2)
Splices	252	(5)
Connectors	257	(8)
Source Coupling	265	(6)
Summary and Discussion	271	(3)
Problems	271	(2)
References	273	(1)
Distribution Networks and Fiber Components	274	(47)
Distribution Networks	275	(9)
Directional Couplers	284	(5)
Star Couplers	289	(2)
Switches	291	(2)
Fiber-Optical Isolator	293	(3)
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing	296	(7)
Fiber Bragg Gratings	303	(2)
Arrayed-Waveguide Gratings	305	(3)
MEMS Switches	308	(5)
Other Components: Attenuator, Circulator, and Polarization Controller	313	(2)
Summary and Discussion	315	(6)
Problems	316	(3)
References	319	(2)
Modulation	321	(36)
Light-Emitting-Diode Modulation and Circuits	321	(7)
Laser-Diode Modulation and Circuits	328	(2)
Analog-Modulation Formats	330	(4)
Digital-Modulation Formats	334	(8)
Electroabsorption Modulator	342	(3)
Optic-Heterodyne Receivers	345	(6)
Summary and Discussion	351	(6)
Problems	353	(2)
References	355	(2)
Noise and Detection	357	(40)
Thermal and Shot Noise	357	(4)
Signal-to-Noise Ratio	361	(10)
Error Rates	371	(8)
Modal Noise, Mode-Partition Noise, Amplifier Noise, Laser Noise, and Jitter	379	(8)
Other Sources of Noise	387	(1)
Receiver Circuit Design	388	(3)
Summary and Discussion	391	(6)
Problems	392	(3)
References	395	(2)
System Design	397	(18)
Design of Analog Systems	397	(4)
Design of Digital Systems	401	(11)
Summary and Discussion	412	(3)
Problems	413	(1)
References	414	(1)
Answers to Selected Problems	415	(7)
Bibliography	422	(8)
Index	430

Excerpts

Fiber optic communications developed very quickly after the first low-loss fibers were produced in 1970. Operational fiber systems are now common, and new installations and applications appear continually. Communication by fibers has taken over many of the functions previously performed by copper-based systems and extended them significantly. Fibers have become an enabling technology in the information society in which we live. They work together with the remaining copper applications and the growing wireless infrastructure to meet our expanding communications needs.Fiber technology has matured sufficiently so that many books have been written on the subject. Some of these books are quite detailed in terms of theoretical and mathematical content, and the beginner could find the level difficult.This text is intended to be less difficult, while still bringing to the reader the information necessary to understand the design, operation, and capabilities of fiber systems. Important theoretical and mathematical results are given without accompanying lengthy proofs. However, results are explained in physical terms when possible and appropriate, and extensive tables and figures are used to make those results readily usable. To provide a realistic view, numerical values are given for the ranges of typical device parameters.When the first edition of this book appeared in 1984, fibers had already crisscrossed much of the United States and many other countries to deliver telephone messages between the major exchanges. By 1988, when the second edition was published, the land-based long-distance fiber telephone network was nearly complete, and submarine fiber telephone cables were being installed beneath the major oceans. In addition, fiber optic local-area networks (LANs) were in development. When the third edition went to press in 1992, over 10 million kilometers of fiber had been installed worldwide, undersea cables were being constructed, and installation of fiber LANs was increasing. By 1998, when the fourth edition was published, numerous submarine fiber cables covering the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and many smaller seas were operational. In addition, numerous tests had been completed for bringing fiber to all homes, holding out the promise for expanded services to the individual subscriber. With this fifth edition, we note several new developments. The demand for more transmission bandwidth (particularly for Internet and business applications) has required design of fiber systems carrying information at terabit-per-second rates over great distances. Metropolitan area networks (MANS) have become significant parts of the fiber industry. Bringing fiber connections to the home is still a goal, but an elusive one. Economic considerations have slowed progress in this direction.It is the insatiable demand for greater bandwidth that makes this fifth edition necessary. The fundamentals have not changed, but new technological advances and improvements have emerged to satisfy this demand. I have attempted to work these new ideas into the previous edition with as little disruption as possible.This is an introductory book. No background in fiber optics or in optic communications is assumed. Only the simplest concepts from algebra and trigonometry are invoked in explaining the characteristics of fiber systems. Appropriate background material on optics, electronics, and communications is introduced in the text as needed.This book was originally based on a set of notes I developed and used for numerous short courses on fiber optic communications. Participants in these courses had training ranging from two years of technical school through the Ph.D. level. Jobs varied from designer to board chairman. Attendees included personnel from industry, government, and academia. Individual backgrounds were in chemistry, physics, and many areas of engineering. In addition to the short course presentatior3.s, I have