Fiber Optic Measurement Techniques

by Hui; O'Sullivan

• ISBN13: 9780123738653
• ISBN10: 0123738652
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-12-12
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Fiber Optic Measurement Techniques is an indispensable collection of key optical measurement techniques essential for developing and characterizing today's photonic devices and fiber optic systems. The book gives comprehensive and systematic descriptions of various fiber optic measurement methods with the emphasis on the understanding of optoelectronic signal processing methodologies, helping the reader to weigh up the pros and cons of each technique and establish their suitability for the task at hand. Carefully balancing descriptions of principle, operations and optoelectronic circuit implementation, this indispensable resource will enable the engineer to: . Understand the implications of various measurement results and system performance qualifications . Characterize modern optical systems and devices . Select optical devices and subsystems in optical network design and implementation . Design innovative instrumentations for fiber optic systems This book brings together in one volume the fundamental principles with the latest techniques, making it a complete resource for the optical and communications engineer developing future optical devices and fiber optic systems. "Optical fiber communication systems and networks constitute the core of the telecom infrastructure of the information society worldwide. Accurate knowledge of the properties of the contituent components, and of the performance of the subsystems and systems must be obtained in order to ensure reliable transmission, distribution, and delivery of information. This book is an authoritative and comprehensive treatment of fiber-optic measurement techniques, including not only fundamental principles and methodologies but also various instrumentations and practical implementations. It is an excellent up-to-date resource and reference for the academic and industrial researcher as well as the field engineer in manufacturing and network operations." - Dr. Tingye Li, AT&T Labs (retired) Rongqing Hui received his PhD in Electrical Engineering from Politecnico di Torino, Italy in 1993. He is currently a tenured professor in the department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Kansas. He has published more than 90 refereed technical papers in the area of fiber-optic communications and holds 13 patents. Dr. Hui currently serves as an Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Communications. Maurice O'Sullivan has worked for Nortel for a score of years, at first in the optical cable business, developing factory-tailored metrology for optical fiber, but, in the main, in the optical transmission business developing, modeling and verifying physical layer designs & performance of Nortel's line and highest rate transmission product including OC-192, MOR, MOR+, LH1600G, eDCO and eDC40G. He holds a Ph.D. in physics (high resolution spectroscopy) from the University of Toronto, is a Nortel Fellow and has been granted more than 30 patents. * The only book to combine explanations of the basic principles with latest techniques to enable the engineer to develop photonic systems of the future * Careful and systematic presentation of measurement methods to help engineers to choose the most appropriate for their application * The latest methods covered, such as real-time optical monitoring and phase coded systems and subsystems, making this the most up-to-date guide to fiber optic measurement on the market

Author Biography

Rongqing Hui is currently a tenured professor in the department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Kansas

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
About the Author	p. xv
Constants	p. xvii
Fundamentals of Optical Devices	p. 1
Introduction	p. 2
Laser Diodes and LEDs	p. 4
Pn Junction and Energy Diagram	p. 5
Direct and Indirect Semiconductors	p. 6
Carrier Confinement	p. 7
Spontaneous Emission and Stimulated Emission	p. 8
Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)	p. 9
Laser Diodes (LDs)	p. 13
Single-Frequency Semiconductor Lasers	p. 26
Photodetectors	p. 32
Pn-Junction Photodiodes	p. 32
Responsivity and Bandwidth	p. 34
Electrical Characteristics of a Photodiode	p. 36
Photodetector Noise and SNR	p. 37
Avalanche Photodiodes (APDs)	p. 41
Optical Fibers	p. 44
Reflection and Refraction	p. 44
Propagation Modes in Optical Fibers	p. 49
Optical Fiber Attenuation	p. 62
Group Velocity and Dispersion	p. 67
Nonlinear Effects in an Optical Fiber	p. 77
Optical Amplifiers	p. 85
Optical Gain, Gain Bandwidth, and Saturation	p. 86
Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers	p. 89
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs)	p. 100
External Electro-Optic Modulator	p. 115
Basic Operation Principle of Electro-Optic Modulators	p. 116
Frequency Doubling and Duo-Binary Modulation	p. 121
Optical Single-Side Modulation	p. 123
Optical Modulators Using Electro-Absorption Effect	p. 125
Basic Instrumentation for Optical Measurement	p. 129
Introduction	p. 130
Grating-Based Optical Spectrum Analyzers	p. 131
General Specifications	p. 131
Fundamentals of Diffraction Gratings	p. 134
Basic OSA Configurations	p. 138
Scanning FP Interferometer	p. 146
Basic FPI Configuration and Transfer Function	p. 146
Scanning FPI Spectrum Analyzer	p. 153
Scanning FPI Basic Optical Configurations	p. 157
Optical Spectrum Analyzer Using the Combination of Grating and FPI	p. 159
Mach-Zehnder Interferometers	p. 160
Transfer Matrix of a 2 x 2 Optical Coupler	p. 161
Transfer Function of an MZI	p. 162
MZI Used as an Optical Filter	p. 164
Michelson Interferometers	p. 168
Operating Principle of a Michelson Interferometer	p. 169
Measurement and Characterization of Michelson Interferometers	p. 172
Techniques to Increase Frequency Selectivity	p. 174
Optical Wavelength Meter	p. 179
Operating Principle of a Wavelength Meter Based on Michelson Interferometer	p. 180
Wavelength Coverage and Spectral Resolution	p. 183
Wavelength Calibration	p. 185
Wavelength Meter Based on Fizeau Wedge Interferometer	p. 186
Optical Polarimeter	p. 188
General Description of Lightwave Polarization	p. 188
The Stokes Parameters and the Poincare Sphere	p. 190
Optical Polarimeters	p. 193
Measurement Based on Coherent Optical Detection	p. 196
Operating Principle	p. 196
Receiver SNR Calculation of Coherent Detection	p. 199
Balanced Coherent Detection and Polarization Diversity	p. 202
Phase Diversity in Coherent Homodyne Detection	p. 204
Coherent OSA Based on Swept Frequency Laser	p. 207
Waveform Measurement	p. 211
Oscilloscope Operating Principle	p. 212
Digital Sampling Oscilloscopes	p. 216
High-Speed Sampling of Optical Signal	p. 219
High-Speed Electric ADC Using Optical Techniques	p. 223
Short Optical Pulse Measurement Using an Autocorrelator	p. 224
Optical Low-Coherent Interferometry	p. 232
Optical Low-Coherence Reflectometry	p. 232
Fourier-Domain Reflectometry	p. 240
Optical Network Analyzer	p. 246
S-Parameters and RF Network Analyzer	p. 246
Optical Network Analyzers	p. 249
Characterization of Optical Devices	p. 259
Introduction	p. 260
Characterization of RIN and Linewidth of Semiconductor Lasers	p. 260
Measurement of Relative Intensity Noise (RIN)	p. 261
Measurement of Laser Phase Noise and Linewidth	p. 266
Measurement of Electro-Optic Modulation Response	p. 276
Characterization of Intensity Modulation Response	p. 277
Measurement of Frequency Chirp	p. 282
Time-Domain Measurement of Modulation-Induced Chirp	p. 292
Wideband Characterization of an Optical Receiver	p. 296
Characterization of Photodetector Responsivity and Linearity	p. 297
Frequency Domain Characterization of Photodetector Response	p. 299
Photodetector Bandwidth Characterization Using Source Spontaneous-Spontaneous Beat Noise	p. 301
Photodetector Characterization Using Short Optical Pulses	p. 304
Characterization of Optical Amplifiers	p. 306
Measurement of Amplifier Optical Gain	p. 306
Measurement of Static and Dynamic Gain Tilt	p. 311
Optical Amplifier Noise	p. 314
Optical Domain Characterization of ASE Noise	p. 316
Impact of ASE Noise in Electrical Domain	p. 318
Noise Figure Definition and Its Measurement	p. 323
Time-Domain Characteristics of EDFA	p. 327
Characterization of Passive Optical Components	p. 329
Fiber-Optic Couplers	p. 330
Fiber Bragg Grating Filters	p. 335
WDM Multiplexers and Demultiplexers	p. 340
Characterization of Optical Filter Transfer Functions	p. 345
Optical Isolators and Circulators	p. 353
Optical Fiber Measurement	p. 365
Introduction	p. 366
Classification of Fiber Types	p. 367
Standard Optical Fibers for Transmission	p. 367
Specialty Optical Fibers	p. 370
Measurement of Fiber Mode-Field Distribution	p. 374
Near-Field, Far-Field, and Mode-Field Diameter	p. 375
Far-Field Measurement Techniques	p. 378
Near-Field Measurement Techniques	p. 380
Fiber Attenuation Measurement and OTDR	p. 382
Cutback Technique	p. 382
Optical Time-Domain Reflectometers	p. 384
Improvement Considerations of OTDR	p. 391
Fiber Dispersion Measurements	p. 394
Intermodal Dispersion and Its Measurement	p. 395
Chromatic Dispersion and Its Measurement	p. 400
Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) Measurement	p. 409
Representation of Fiber Birefringence and PMD Parameter	p. 409
Pulse Delay Method	p. 413
The Interferometric Method	p. 415
Poincare Arc Method	p. 418
Fixed Analyzer Method	p. 420
The Jones Matrix Method	p. 424
The Mueller Matrix Method	p. 431
Determination of Polarization-Dependent Loss	p. 438
PMD Sources and Emulators	p. 442
Measurement of Fiber Nonlinearity	p. 446
Measurement of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Coefficient	p. 447
Measurement of the Stimulated Raman Scattering Coefficient	p. 453
Measurement of Kerr effect nonlinearity	p. 459
Optical System Performance Measurements	p. 481
Introduction	p. 482
Overview of Fiber-Optic Transmission Systems	p. 483
Optical System Performance Considerations	p. 484
Receiver BER and Q	p. 486
System Q Estimation Based on Eye Diagram Parameterization	p. 494
Bit Error Rate Testing	p. 499
Receiver Sensitivity Measurement and OSNR Tolerance	p. 508
Receiver Sensitivity and Power Margin	p. 509
OSNR Margin and Required OSNR (R-OSNR)	p. 514
BER vs. Decision Threshold Measurement	p. 521
Waveform Distortion Measurements	p. 524
Jitter Measurement	p. 527
Basic Jitter Parameters and Definitions	p. 527
Jitter Detection Techniques	p. 532
In-situ Monitoring of Linear Propagation Impairments	p. 537
In Situ Monitoring of Chromatic Dispersion	p. 537
In Situ PMD Monitoring	p. 541
In Situ PDL Monitoring	p. 551
Measurement of Nonlinear Crosstalk in Multi-Span WDM systems	p. 556
XPM-Induced Intensity Modulation in IMDD Optical Systems	p. 556
XPM-induced Phase Modulation	p. 572
FWM-Induced Crosstalk in IMDD Optical Systems	p. 575
Characterization of Raman Crosstalk with Wide Channel Separation	p. 581
Modulation Instability and Its Impact in WDM Optical Systems	p. 590
Modulation-instability and Transfer Matrix Formulation	p. 590
Impact of Modulation Instability in Amplified Multispan Fiber Systems	p. 600
Characterization of Modulation Instability in Fiber-Optic Systems	p. 601
Optical System Performance Evaluation Based On Required OSNR	p. 606
Measurement of R-SNR Due to Chromatic Dispersion	p. 607
Measurement of R-SNR Due to Fiber Nonlinearity	p. 610
Measurement of R-OSNR Due to Optical Filter Misalignment	p. 615
Fiber-Optic Recirculating Loop	p. 616
Operation Principle of a Recirculating Loop	p. 617
Measurement Procedure and Time Control	p. 618
Optical Gain Adjustment in the Loop	p. 622
Index	p. 631
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