First Responder

by Bergeron, J. David; Bizjak, Gloria

• ISBN13: 9780130307262
• ISBN10: 0130307262
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback w/CD
• Copyright: 2001-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This classic text has successfully trained First Responder students for over 25 years. It is the ideal resource for fire service, law enforcement, military, civil, industrial, and emergency personnel seeking First Responder training. The 7th Edition provides solid and thorough coverage of the First Responder National Standard Curriculum and retains features that both students and instructors have relied upon for years, including flow-of-care diagrams and a clear, straightforward reading style. Book jacket.

Table of Contents

Preface	xii
Acknowledgments	xiv
Introduction: Learning to be a First Responder	xvii
UNIT 1 PREPARATORY
Introducing the EMS System	1	(14)
National Standard Objectives	2	(1)
Learning Tasks	2	(1)
The EMS System	3	(3)
Components of the EMS System	3	(1)
Activating the EMS System	3	(2)
The In-Hospital Care System	5	(1)
Medical Oversight	5	(1)
The First Responder	6	(7)
Roles and Responsibilities	6	(2)
Traits	8	(2)
Skills	10	(1)
Equipment, Tools, and Supplies	11	(2)
Summary	13	(1)
Remember and Consider	13	(1)
Investigate	14	(1)
The Well-Being of the First Responder	15	(16)
National Standard Objectives	16	(1)
Learning Tasks	16	(2)
Emotional Aspects of Emergency Medical Care	18	(3)
Causes of Stress	18	(1)
Death and Dying	18	(1)
Signs and Symptoms of Stress	19	(1)
Dealing with Stress	20	(1)
Body Substance Isolation (BSI)	21	(8)
First Responders at Risk	21	(1)
Dealing with Risk	22	(2)
Bloodborne and Airborne Pathogens	24	(2)
Protecting First Responders	26	(1)
Employee Responsibilities	27	(1)
Scene Safety	27	(1)
Hazardous Materials Incidents	28	(1)
Rescue Operations	28	(1)
Violent and Crime Scenes	29	(1)
Summary	29	(1)
Remember and Consider	30	(1)
Investigate	30	(1)
Legal and Ethical Issues	31	(14)
National Standard Objectives	32	(1)
Learning Tasks	33	(1)
Scope of Care	33	(1)
Legal Duties	33	(1)
Ethical Responsibilities	34	(1)
Consent	34	(2)
Competence	34	(1)
Refusal of Care	34	(1)
Expressed Consent	35	(1)
Implied Consent	36	(1)
Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) Orders	36	(1)
Negligence	37	(2)
Abandonment	39	(1)
Confidentiality	39	(1)
Reportable Events	40	(1)
Special Situations	40	(2)
Organ Donors	40	(1)
Medical Identification Devices	41	(1)
Crime Scenes	41	(1)
Documentation	42	(1)
Summary	42	(1)
Remember and Consider	43	(1)
Investigate	43	(2)
The Human Body	45	(14)
National Standard Objectives	46	(1)
Learning Tasks	46	(1)
Overview of the Human Body	47	(5)
The Head-to-Toe Approach	47	(1)
Directional Terms	48	(1)
Body Regions	49	(1)
Body Cavities	50	(2)
Abdominal Quadrants	52	(1)
Body Systems	52	(1)
Relating Structures to the Body	53	(5)
Summary	58	(1)
Remember and Consider	58	(1)
Investigate	58	(1)
Lifting and Moving Patients	59	(26)
National Standard Objectives	60	(1)
Learning Tasks	60	(1)
Principles of Moving Patients	61	(1)
Role of the First Responder	61	(1)
When to Move a Patient	61	(1)
Body Mechanics and Lifting Techniques	61	(1)
Moving and Positioning Patients	62	(11)
Emergency Moves	62	(4)
Nonemergency Moves	66	(3)
Transfer of Patient from Bed to Stretcher	69	(2)
Patient Positioning	71	(2)
Equipment Familiarity	73	(8)
Summary	81	(1)
Remember and Consider	82	(1)
Investigate	82	(1)
Unit 1 Skills	83	(2)
UNIT 2 AIRWAY
Airway Management	85	(44)
National Standard Objectives	86	(2)
Learning Tasks	88	(1)
Breathing	89	(5)
Why We Breathe	89	(1)
How We Breathe	90	(3)
Assessment	93	(1)
Pulmonary Resuscitation	94	(10)
Opening the Airway	94	(1)
Rescue Breathing	95	(9)
Airway Obstruction	104	(11)
Causes of Airway Obstruction	104	(2)
Correcting Upper Airway Obstruction---Foreign Body	106	(5)
Correcting Airway Obstructions---Combined Procedures	111	(4)
Aids to Resuscitation	115	(7)
Introduction	115	(1)
Oropharyngeal Airways	115	(2)
Nasopharyngeal Airways	117	(3)
Suction Systems	120	(1)
Suctioning Techniques	121	(1)
Summary	122	(2)
Remember and Consider	124	(1)
Investigate	125	(1)
Unit 2 Skills	126	(3)
UNIT 3 PATIENT ASSESSMENT
Assessment of the Patient	129	(54)
National Standard Objectives	130	(2)
Learning Tasks	132	(1)
Patient Assessment Components	132	(8)
Medical Patients (No Injuries)	133	(1)
Trauma Patients	133	(5)
First Responder Assessment-Based Care	138	(2)
Scene Size-Up	140	(4)
Body Substance Isolation Precautions	140	(1)
Scene Safety	141	(1)
Mechanism of Injury and Nature of Illness	141	(2)
Number of Patients and the Need for Additional Resources	143	(1)
Arrival at the Scene	143	(1)
The Initial Assessment	144	(8)
Form a General Impression	145	(1)
Assess Mental Status	145	(5)
Assess Airway and Breathing	150	(1)
Assess Circulation	150	(1)
Determine Priority, or Urgency, of Patient Transport	151	(1)
Special Considerations for Infants and Children	151	(1)
Alerting Dispatch	152	(1)
Focused History and Physical Exam	152	(1)
Focused History and Physical Exam---Trauma Patient	153	(1)
Focused History and Physical Exam---Medical Patient	154	(22)
Patient Information and History	156	(4)
Physical Examination	160	(1)
Vital Signs	160	(1)
Pulse	160	(6)
Types of Physical Exams	166	(6)
Detailed Physical Exam	172	(1)
Ongoing Assessment	173	(3)
Hand-Off to EMTs	176	(1)
Summary	176	(2)
Remember and Consider	178	(1)
Investigate	178	(1)
Unit 3 Skills	179	(4)
UNIT 4 CIRCULATION
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)	183	(44)
National Standard Objectives	184	(1)
Learning Tasks	184	(2)
The Chain of Survival	186	(1)
Circulation and CPR	187	(9)
Cardiac Arrest	188	(1)
CPR---What It Is	188	(1)
CPR---How It Works	189	(1)
The Techniques of CPR	190	(6)
One-Rescuer CPR	196	(14)
Basic Procedures	196	(3)
CPR Techniques for Infants and Children	199	(5)
Neonatal Resuscitation	204	(3)
Assuring Effective CPR	207	(1)
Special CPR Situations	208	(2)
CPR---Responsibilities of the First Responder	210	(6)
Automated External Defibrillation	211	(1)
The Heart's Conduction System	212	(1)
External Defibrillation	213	(2)
The Role of the EMS System	215	(1)
Using Automated Defibrillators	216	(7)
Basic Warnings	216	(1)
First Responder Care	217	(1)
Attaching the Defibrillator	217	(1)
Operating the Fully Automatic Defibrillator	218	(3)
Operating the Semiautomatic Defibrillator	221	(1)
Problems Operating a Defibrillator	222	(1)
Assessment and Quality Assurance	223	(1)
Summary	224	(2)
Remember and Consider	226	(1)
Investigate	226	(1)
Two-Rescuer CPR	227	(14)
National Standard Objectives	228	(1)
Learning Tasks	228	(1)
Introduction	229	(1)
Changing to Two-Rescuer CPR	230	(1)
Compressions and Ventilations	230	(4)
CPR Procedure	231	(1)
Changing Positions	231	(3)
Problems	234	(1)
Summary	234	(2)
Remember and Consider	236	(1)
Investigate	236	(1)
Unit 4 Skills	237	(4)
UNIT 5 ILLNESS AND INJURY
Medical Emergencies	241	(54)
National Standard Objectives	242	(2)
Learning Tasks	244	(1)
Medical Emergencies	244	(2)
Signs and Symptoms	244	(1)
Assessment	245	(1)
Specific Medical Emergencies	246	(19)
Chest Pain and Possible Heart Attacks	246	(4)
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)	250	(1)
Respiratory Emergencies	251	(5)
Altered Mental Status	256	(6)
Abdominal Pain	262	(3)
Poisonings, Bites, and Stings	265	(11)
Routes of Poisons	265	(1)
Poison Control Centers	266	(2)
Types of Poisons	268	(5)
Anaphylactic Shock	273	(3)
Heat Emergencies	276	(1)
Heat Exhaustion	276	(4)
Heat Cramps	278	(1)
Heat Stroke	279	(1)
Cold Emergencies	280	(3)
Hypothermia (Generalized Cold Emergency)	280	(1)
Localized Cold Injury	281	(2)
Behavioral Emergencies	283	(3)
Causes	283	(1)
Assessment	284	(1)
Emergency Care	284	(1)
Potential Violence	285	(1)
Alcohol and Other Drugs	286	(5)
Alcohol Abuse	287	(1)
Drug Abuse	288	(3)
Summary	291	(3)
Remember and Consider	294	(1)
Investigate	294	(1)
Bleeding and Soft-Tissue Injuries	295	(74)
National Standard Objectives	296	(2)
Learning Tasks	298	(1)
Bleeding	299	(3)
The Heart	299	(1)
The Blood	300	(1)
Blood Vessels	300	(1)
General Considerations	301	(1)
Types of Bleeding	302	(19)
External Bleeding	302	(14)
Internal Bleeding	316	(5)
Shock	321	(9)
Development of Shock	321	(2)
Types of Shock	323	(1)
Signs and Symptoms of Shock	324	(2)
Preventing and Caring for Shock	326	(4)
Recognizing Injuries	330	(3)
Types of Injuries	330	(3)
Basic Emergency Care	333	(21)
Ongoing Care	333	(1)
Care During Assessment	334	(1)
Care of Closed Wounds	335	(1)
Care of Open Wounds	335	(1)
Care of Specific Injuries	336	(18)
Burns	354	(10)
Classification of Burns	354	(2)
Severity	356	(1)
Rules for First Responders	357	(1)
Care of Burns	357	(2)
Special Considerations	359	(5)
Summary	364	(2)
Remember and Consider	366	(1)
Investigate	367	(2)
Muscle and Bone Injuries	369	(80)
National Standard Objectives	370	(1)
Learning Tasks	370	(3)
Introduction	373	(1)
The Musculoskeletal System	374	(3)
Functions of the Musculoskeletal System	374	(1)
Main Parts of the Skeletal System	375	(2)
Injuries to the Extremities	377	(8)
Causes of Injuries	377	(2)
Types of Injuries	379	(2)
Signs and Symptoms of Injury to Bones and Joints	381	(2)
Total Patient Care	383	(2)
Splinting	385	(10)
Soft Splints	385	(2)
Rigid Splints	387	(1)
Why Splint?	388	(1)
First Responder Responsibilities	389	(1)
Rules for Splinting	389	(4)
Types of Splints	393	(2)
Management of Upper Extremity Injuries	395	(7)
Injuries to the Shoulder Girdle	397	(1)
Injuries to the Upper Arm Bone	398	(1)
Injuries to the Elbow	399	(1)
Injuries to the Forearm, Wrist, and Hand	400	(1)
Injuries to the Fingers	400	(2)
Management of Lower Extremity Injuries	402	(8)
Injuries to the Pelvic Girdle	402	(6)
Injuries to the Upper Leg or Thigh	408	(1)
Injuries to the Knee	408	(1)
Injuries to the Lower Leg	409	(1)
Injuries to the Ankle or Foot	410	(1)
Resplinting	410	(1)
The Axial Skeleton	410	(5)
The Head	411	(1)
The Spinal Column	412	(1)
The Chest	412	(1)
The Central Nervous System	412	(2)
Mechanisms of Injury	414	(1)
Injuries to the Head	415	(5)
Types of Injuries	415	(3)
Care for Head Injuries	418	(2)
Injuries to the Spine	420	(5)
Types of Injuries	420	(1)
Signs and Symptoms of Spinal Injury	420	(1)
The Focused Assessment	421	(3)
Care for Injuries to the Spine	424	(1)
Helmet Removal	425	(6)
Injuries to the Chest	431	(6)
Fractured Ribs	431	(2)
Flail Chest	433	(4)
Summary	437	(3)
Remember and Consider	440	(1)
Investigate	440	(1)
Unit 5 Skills	441	(8)
UNIT 6 CHILDBIRTH AND CHILDREN
Childbirth	449	(30)
National Standard Objectives	450	(1)
Learning Tasks	450	(2)
Understanding Childbirth	452	(3)
Anatomy of Pregnancy	452	(1)
Stages of Labor	453	(1)
Supplies and Materials	454	(1)
Delivery	455	(12)
Preparing for Delivery	455	(3)
Normal Delivery	458	(3)
Caring for the Newborn	461	(5)
Caring for the Mother	466	(1)
Complications and Emergencies	467	(9)
Predelivery Emergencies	469	(1)
Abnormal Delivery	470	(3)
Other Emergencies	473	(3)
Summary	476	(2)
Remember and Consider	478	(1)
Investigate	478	(1)
Infants and Children	479	(42)
National Standard Objectives	480	(1)
Learning Tasks	480	(2)
Introduction	482	(1)
Characteristics of Infants and Children	483	(9)
Age, Size, and Response	487	(1)
Special Considerations	488	(4)
Providing Emergency Care	492	(22)
Managing the Airway	492	(2)
Patient Assessment	494	(2)
Managing Specific Medical Emergencies	496	(10)
Managing Trauma Emergencies	506	(8)
Suspected Neglect and Abuse	514	(2)
Physical Abuse	515	(1)
Summary	516	(1)
Remember and Consider	517	(1)
Investigate	518	(1)
Unit 6 Skills	519	(2)
UNIT 7 EMS OPERATIONS
Gaining Access and Triage	521	(74)
National Standard Objectives	522	(1)
Learning Tasks	522	(2)
Safety	524	(1)
Motor Vehicle Accidents	524	(11)
Preparing for the Call	524	(2)
The Scene	526	(1)
The Closed Upright Vehicle	527	(5)
The Overturned Closed Vehicle	532	(1)
The Vehicle on Its Side	532	(1)
Patients Pinned Beneath Vehicles	533	(1)
Patients Caught in Wreckage	534	(1)
Buildings	535	(1)
First Responder Responsibilities	535	(1)
Entering Buildings	535	(1)
Hazards	536	(5)
Fire	536	(1)
Gas	537	(1)
Electrical Wires	538	(1)
Hazardous Materials	538	(2)
Radiation Accidents	540	(1)
Triage	541	(9)
Priorities	541	(3)
The START Plan	544	(1)
Patient Assessment	545	(3)
Helicopter Operations/Air Medical Transport	548	(2)
Summary	550	(1)
Remember and Consider	551	(1)
Investigate	552	(1)
APPENDICES
Appendix 1, Determining Blood Pressure	553	(5)
Appendix 2, Breathing Aids and Oxygen Therapy	558	(13)
Appendix 3, Pharmacology	571	(8)
Appendix 4, Swimming and Diving Accidents	579	(8)
Appendix 5, Stress Management	587	(5)
Appendix 6, First Responder Roles and Responsibilities	592	(3)
Glossary	595	(13)
Index	608