Fish Physiology: Nitrogen Excretion

by Hoar; Randall; Farrell; Anderson; Wright

• ISBN13: 9780123504449
• ISBN10: 0123504449
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-08-27
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

This book provides a comprehensive collection of timely reviews of our current understanding of the fundamental principles of nitrogen metabolism and excretion in fish. Emphasis is placed on critical assessment of how new studies impact these topics, and the articles reflect the diversity of current research approaches.

Table of Contents

Contributors	ix
Preface	xi
Evolutionary Considerations of Nitrogen Metabolism and Excretion
Patrick J. Walsh
Thomas P. Mommsen
Introduction: The Changing Roles of Ammonia and Urea	1	(4)
Evolution of Urea as an Osmolyte and Excretory Product in Fish	5	(17)
Uricotely and Other End Products	22	(2)
Summary and Epilogue	24	(7)
References	26	(5)
Protein Synthesis
C. G. Carter
D. F. Houlihan
Introduction	31	(1)
General Models of Protein Synthesis	32	(5)
Protein Synthesis and Amino Acid Flux	37	(20)
Factors That Modify Protein Synthesis	57	(10)
Energetic Cost of Protein Synthesis in Fish	67	(1)
Summary	67	(10)
References	69	(8)
Amino Acid Metabolism
J. S. Ballantyne
Introduction	77	(2)
Digestion and Uptake of Amino Acids	79	(1)
Delivery Systems	79	(4)
Tissues	83	(8)
Exercise	91	(1)
Hormonal Regulation	91	(2)
Diurnal Rhythms in Amino Acid Metabolism	93	(1)
Diet and Starvation	94	(1)
Temperature	95	(1)
Salinity	96	(1)
Anoxia	97	(1)
Summary	98	(11)
References	99	(10)
Ammonia Toxicity, Tolerance, and Excretion
Y. K. Ip
S. F. Chew
D. J. Randall
Introduction	109	(1)
Ammonia Toxicity to Fish	110	(13)
Strategies to Reduce, Tolerate, or Avoid Ammonia Toxicity	123	(16)
Summary	139	(10)
References	140	(9)
Ontogeny of Nitrogen Metabolism and Excretion
P. A. Wright
J. H. Fyhn
Early Development of Fishes	149	(2)
Free Amino Acids	151	(13)
Nutritional Demands	164	(5)
Nitrogen End Products and Their Chemistry in Solution	169	(7)
Nitrogen Metabolism	176	(5)
Nitrogen Excretion	181	(4)
Summary	185	(16)
References	186	(15)
Influence of Feeding, Exercise, and Temperature on Nitrogen Metabolism and Excretion
Chris M. Wood
Introduction	201	(1)
Feeding and Nitrogen Metabolism	202	(5)
Metabolic Fuel Usage and Nitrogen Metabolism	207	(2)
Exercise and Nitrogen Metabolism	209	(7)
Temperature and Nitrogen Metabolism	216	(3)
Other Nitrogen Products?	219	(4)
Excretion Mechanisms	223	(2)
Elasmobranchs	225	(3)
Concluding Remarks	228	(11)
References	229	(10)
Urea and Glutamine Synthesis: Environmental Influences on Nitrogen Excretion
Paul M. Anderson
Introduction	239	(5)
Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthetase III and Nitrogen Excretion in Fish	244	(6)
Glutamine Synthetase and Ammonia Detoxification	250	(3)
Urea Cycle in Elasmobranchs	253	(3)
Urea Cycle in Teleosts: Adaptation to Unique Environmental Circumstances	256	(13)
Summary	269	(10)
References	270	(9)
Urea Transport
P. J. Walsh
C. P. Smith
Introduction	279	(2)
Urea Transport in Mammalian Systems	281	(8)
Physiology of Urea Transport in Fish	289	(12)
Prospects for Future Research and Evolutionary Perspectives	301	(8)
References	302	(7)
Nitrogen Compounds as Osmolytes
Paul H. Yancey
Introduction	309	(2)
Types and Contents of Osmolytes	311	(5)
Metabolism and Regulation of Osmolytes	316	(4)
Properties and Functions of Nitrogen Osmolytes	320	(11)
Mechanisms of Compatibility and Counteraction: Osmolytes and Water Structure	331	(2)
Evolutionary Considerations	333	(1)
Practical Applications, Exceptions, and Unanswered Questions	334	(9)
References	335	(8)
Index	343	(14)
Other Volumes in the Fish Physiology Series	357