Fluid Mechanics with Student Resources DVD

by Cengel, Yunus A.; Cimbala, John M.

• ISBN13: 9780073044651
• ISBN10: 0073044652
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-12-20
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math

Summary

Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications communicates directly with tomorrow's engineers in a simple yet precise manner. The text covers the basic principles and equations of fluid mechanics in the context of numerous and diverse real-world engineering examples. The text helps students develop an intuitive understanding of fluid mechanics by emphasizing the physics, and by supplying attractive figures, numerous photographs and visual aids to reinforce the physics.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Introduction and Basic Concepts	1	(34)
Introduction	2	(4)
What Is a Fluid?	2	(2)
Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics	4	(2)
The No-Slip Condition	6	(1)
A Brief History of Fluid Mechanics	7	(2)
Classification of Fluid Flows	9	(5)
Viscous versus Inviscid Regions of Flow	9	(1)
Internal versus External Flow	10	(1)
Compressible versus Incompressible Flow	10	(1)
Laminar versus Turbulent Flow	11	(1)
Natural (or Unforced) versus Forced Flow	11	(1)
Steady versus Unsteady Flow	11	(1)
One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows	12	(2)
System and Control Volume	14	(1)
Importance of Dimensions and Units	15	(6)
Some SI and English Units	16	(2)
Dimensional Homogeneity	18	(2)
Unity Conversion Ratios	20	(1)
Mathematical Modeling of Engineering Problems	21	(1)
Modeling in Engineering	21	(1)
Problem-Solving Technique	22	(2)
Step 1: Problem Statement	22	(1)
Step 2: Schematic	23	(1)
Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations	23	(1)
Step 4: Physical Laws	23	(1)
Step 5: Properties	23	(1)
Step 6: Calculations	23	(1)
Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion	23	(1)
Engineering Software Packages	24	(2)
Engineering Equation Solver (EES)	25	(1)
Fluent	26	(1)
Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Digits	26	(9)
Application Spotlight: What Nuclear Blasts and Raindrops Have in Common	31
Summary	30	(1)
References and Suggested Reading	30	(2)
Problems	32	(3)
Properties of Fluids	35	(30)
Introduction	36	(1)
Continuum	36	(1)
Density and Specific Gravity	37	(2)
Density of Ideal Gases	38	(1)
Vapor Pressure and Cavitation	39	(2)
Energy and Specific Heats	41	(1)
Coefficient of Compressibility	42	(4)
Coefficient of Volume Expansion	44	(2)
Viscosity	46	(5)
Surface Tension and Capillary Effect	51	(14)
Capillary Effect	53	(2)
Summary	55	(1)
References and Suggested Reading	56	(1)
Application Spotlight: Cavitation	57	(1)
Problems	58	(7)
Pressure and Fluid Statics	65	(56)
Pressure	66	(5)
Pressure at a Point	67	(1)
Variation of Pressure with Depth	68	(3)
The Manometer	71	(4)
Other Pressure Measurement Devices	74	(1)
The Barometer and Atmospheric Pressure	75	(3)
Introduction to Fluid Statics	78	(1)
Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Plane Surfaces	79	(6)
Special Case: Submerged Rectangular Plate	82	(3)
Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Curved Surfaces	85	(4)
Buoyancy and Stability	89	(6)
Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies	92	(3)
Fluids in Rigid-Body Motion	95	(26)
Special Case 1: Fluids at Rest	96	(1)
Special Case 2: Free Fall of a Fluid Body	97	(1)
Acceleration on a Straight Path	97	(2)
Rotation in a Cylindrical Container	99	(3)
Summary	102	(1)
References and Suggested Reading	103	(1)
Problems	103	(18)
Fluid Kinematics	121	(50)
Lagrangian and Eulerian Descriptions	122	(7)
Acceleration Field	124	(3)
Material Derivative	127	(2)
Fundamentals of Flow Visualization	129	(7)
Streamlines and Streamtubes	129	(1)
Pathlines	130	(2)
Streaklines	132	(2)
Timelines	134	(1)
Refractive Flow Visualization Techniques	135	(1)
Surface Flow Visualization Techniques	136	(1)
Plots of Fluid Flow Data	136	(3)
Profile Plots	137	(1)
Vector Plots	137	(1)
Contour Plots	138	(1)
Other Kinematic Descriptions	139	(9)
Types of Motion or Deformation of Fluid Elements	139	(5)
Vorticity and Rotationality	144	(3)
Comparison of Two Circular Flows	147	(1)
The Reynolds Transport Theorem	148	(23)
Alternate Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem	153	(2)
Relationship between Material Derivative and RTT	155	(2)
Application Spotlight: Fluidic Actuators	157
Summary	156	(2)
References and Suggested Reading	158	(1)
Problems	158	(13)
Mass, Bernoulli, and Energy Equations	171	(56)
Introduction	172	(1)
Conservation of Mass	172	(1)
Conservation of Momentum	172	(1)
Conservation of Energy	172	(1)
Conservation of Mass	173	(7)
Mass and Volume Flow Rates	173	(2)
Conservation of Mass Principle	175	(2)
Moving or Deforming Control Volumes	177	(1)
Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes	177	(1)
Special Case: Incompressible Flow	178	(2)
Mechanical Energy and Efficiency	180	(5)
The Bernoulli Equation	185	(9)
Acceleration of a Fluid Particle	186	(1)
Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation	186	(2)
Force Balance across Streamlines	188	(1)
Unsteady, Compressible Flow	189	(1)
Static, Dynamic, and Stagnation Pressures	189	(1)
Limitations on the Use of the Bernoulli Equation	190	(2)
Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) and Energy Grade Line (EGL)	192	(2)
Applications of the Bernoulli Equation	194	(7)
General Energy Equation	201	(5)
Energy Transfer by Heat, Q	202	(1)
Energy Transfer by Work, W	202	(4)
Energy Analysis of Steady Flows	206	(21)
Special Case: Incompressible Flow with No Mechanical Work Devices and Negligible Friction	208	(1)
Kinetic Energy Correction Factor, α	208	(7)
Summary	215	(1)
References and Suggested Reading	216	(1)
Problems	216	(11)
Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems	227	(42)
Newton's Laws and Conservation of Momentum	228	(1)
Choosing a Control Volume	229	(1)
Forces Acting on a Control Volume	230	(3)
The Linear Momentum Equation	233	(15)
Special Cases	235	(1)
Momentum-Flux Correction Factor, β	235	(3)
Steady Flow	238	(1)
Steady Flow with One Inlet and One Outlet	238	(1)
Flow with No External Forces	238	(10)
Review of Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum	248	(2)
The Angular Momentum Equation	250	(19)
Special Cases	252	(1)
Flow with No External Moments	253	(1)
Radial-Flow Devices	254	(5)
Summary	259	(1)
References and Suggested Reading	259	(1)
Problems	260	(9)
Dimensional Analysis and Modeling	269	(52)
Dimensions and Units	270	(1)
Dimensional Homogeneity	271	(6)
Nondimensionalization of Equations	272	(5)
Dimensional Analysis and Similarity	277	(4)
The Method of Repeating Variables and the Buckingham Pi Theorem	281	(16)
Historical Spotlight: Persons Honored by Nondimensional Parameters	289	(8)
Experimental Testing and Incomplete Similarity	297	(24)
Setup of an Experiment and Correlation of Experimental Data	297	(1)
Incomplete Similarity	298	(1)
Wind Tunnel Testing	298	(3)
Flows with Free Surfaces	301	(3)
Application Spotlight: How a Fly Flies	304	(1)
Summary	305	(1)
References and Suggested Reading	305	(1)
Problems	305	(16)
Flow in Pipes	321	(78)
Introduction	322	(1)
Laminar and Turbulent Flows	323	(2)
Reynolds Number	324	(1)
The Entrance Region	325	(2)
Entry Lengths	326	(1)
Laminar Flow in Pipes	327	(8)
Pressure Drop and Head Loss	329	(2)
Inclined Pipes	331	(1)
Laminar Flow in Noncircular Pipes	332	(3)
Turbulent Flow in Pipes	335	(12)
Turbulent Shear Stress	336	(2)
Turbulent Velocity Profile	338	(2)
The Moody Chart	340	(3)
Types of Fluid Flow Problems	343	(4)
Minor Losses	347	(7)
Piping Networks and Pump Selection	354	(10)
Piping Systems with Pumps and Turbines	356	(8)
Flow Rate and Velocity Measurement	364	(35)
Pitot and Pitot-Static Probes	365	(1)
Obstruction Flowmeters: Orifice, Venturi, and Nozzle Meters	366	(3)
Positive Displacement Flowmeters	369	(1)
Turbine Flowmeters	370	(2)
Variable-Area Flowmeters (Rotameters)	372	(1)
Ultrasonic Flowmeters	373	(2)
Electromagnetic Flowmeters	375	(1)
Vortex Flowmeters	376	(1)
Thermal (Hot-Wire and Hot-Film) Anemometers	377	(1)
Laser Doppler Velocimetry	378	(2)
Particle Image Velocimetry	380	(3)
Application Spotlight: How Orifice Plate Flowmeters Work, or Do Not Work	383	(1)
Summary	384	(1)
References and Suggested Reading	385	(1)
Problems	386	(13)
Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow	399	(72)
Introduction	400	(1)
Conservation of Mass---The Continuity Equation	400	(12)
Derivation Using the Divergence Theorem	401	(1)
Derivation Using an Infinitesimal Control Volume	402	(3)
Alternative Form of the Continuity Equation	405	(1)
Continuity Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates	406	(1)
Special Cases of the Continuity Equation	406	(6)
The Stream Function	412	(9)
The Stream Function in Cartesian Coordinates	412	(7)
The Stream Function in Cylindrical Coordinates	419	(1)
The Compressible Stream Function	420	(1)
Conservation of Linear Momentum---Cauchy's Equation	421	(5)
Derivation Using the Divergence Theorem	421	(1)
Derivation Using an Infinitesimal Control Volume	422	(3)
Alternative Form of Cauchy's Equation	425	(1)
Derivation Using Newton's Second Law	425	(1)
The Navier-Stokes Equation	426	(6)
Introduction	426	(1)
Newtonian versus Non-Newtonian Fluids	427	(1)
Derivation of the Navier-Stokes Equation for Incompressible, Isothermal Flow	428	(2)
Continuity and Navier-Stokes Equations in Cartesian Coordinates	430	(1)
Continuity and Navier-Stokes Equations in Cylindrical Coordinates	431	(1)
Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow Problems	432	(39)
Calculation of the Pressure Field for a Known Velocity Field	432	(5)
Exact Solutions of the Continuity and Navier-Stokes Equations	437	(18)
Summary	455	(1)
References and Suggested Reading	456	(1)
Problems	456	(15)
Approximate Solutions of the Navier-Stokes Equation	471	(90)
Introduction	472	(1)
Nondimensionalized Equations of Motion	473	(3)
The Creeping Flow Approximation	476	(5)
Drag on a Sphere in Creeping Flow	479	(2)
Approximation for Inviscid Regions of Flow	481	(4)
Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation in Inviscid Regions of Flow	482	(3)
The Irrotational Flow Approximation	485	(25)
Continuity Equation	485	(2)
Momentum Equation	487	(1)
Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation in Irrotational Regions of Flow	487	(3)
Two-Dimensional Irrotational Regions of Flow	490	(4)
Superposition in Irrotational Regions of Flow	494	(1)
Elementary Planar Irrotational Flows	494	(7)
Irrotational Flows Formed by Superposition	501	(9)
The Boundary Layer Approximation	510	(51)
The Boundary Layer Equations	515	(5)
The Boundary Layer Procedure	520	(4)
Displacement Thickness	524	(3)
Momentum Thickness	527	(1)
Turbulent Flat Plate Boundary Layer	528	(6)
Boundary Layers with Pressure Gradients	534	(5)
The Momentum Integral Technique for Boundary Layers	539	(10)
Application Spotlight: Droplet Formation	549
Summary	547	(1)
References and Suggested Reading	548	(2)
Problems	550	(11)
Flow Over Bodies: Drag and Lift	561	(50)
Introduction	562	(1)
Drag and Lift	563	(4)
Friction and Pressure Drag	567	(4)
Reducing Drag by Streamlining	568	(1)
Flow Separation	569	(2)
Drag Coefficients of Common Geometries	571	(8)
Biological Systems and Drag	572	(2)
Drag Coefficients of Vehicles	574	(3)
Superposition	577	(2)
Parallel Flow over Flat Plates	579	(4)
Friction Coefficient	580	(3)
Flow over Cylinders and Spheres	583	(4)
Effect of Surface Roughness	586	(1)
Lift	587	(24)
End Effects of Wing Tips	591	(3)
Lift Generated by Spinning	594	(6)
Application Spotlight: Drag Reduction	600
Summary	598	(1)
References and Suggested Reading	599	(2)
Problems	601	(10)
Compressible Flow	611	(68)
Stagnation Properties	612	(3)
Speed of Sound and Mach Number	615	(2)
One-Dimensional Isentropic Flow	617	(7)
Variation of Fluid Velocity with Flow Area	620	(2)
Property Relations for Isentropic Flow of Ideal Gases	622	(2)
Isentropic Flow through Nozzles	624	(9)
Converging Nozzles	625	(4)
Converging-Diverging Nozzles	629	(4)
Shock Waves and Expansion Waves	633	(15)
Normal Shocks	633	(7)
Oblique Shocks	640	(4)
Prandtl--Meyer Expansion Waves	644	(4)
Duct Flow with Heat Transfer and Negligible Friction (Rayleigh Flow)	648	(9)
Property Relations for Rayleigh Flow	654	(1)
Choked Rayleigh Flow	655	(2)
Adiabatic Duct Flow with Friction (Fanno Flow)	657	(22)
Property Relations for Fanno Flow	660	(3)
Choked Fanno Flow	663	(4)
Application Spotlight: Shock-Wave/Boundary-Layer Interactions	667	(1)
Summary	668	(1)
References and Suggested Reading	669	(1)
Problems	669	(10)
Open-Channel Flow	679	(56)
Classification of Open-Channel Flows	680	(3)
Uniform and Varied Flows	680	(1)
Laminar and Turbulent Flows in Channels	681	(2)
Froude Number and Wave Speed	683	(4)
Speed of Surface Waves	685	(2)
Specific Energy	687	(3)
Continuity and Energy Equations	690	(1)
Uniform Flow in Channels	691	(6)
Critical Uniform Flow	693	(1)
Superposition Method for Nonuniform Perimeters	693	(4)
Best Hydraulic Cross Sections	697	(4)
Rectangular Channels	699	(1)
Trapezoidal Channels	699	(2)
Gradually Varied Flow	701	(8)
Liquid Surface Profiles in Open Channels, y(x)	703	(3)
Some Representative Surface Profiles	706	(2)
Numerical Solution of Surface Profile	708	(1)
Rapidly Varied Flow and Hydraulic Jump	709	(5)
Flow Control and Measurement	714	(21)
Underflow Gates	714	(2)
Overflow Gates	716	(7)
Summary	723	(1)
References and Suggested Reading	724	(1)
Problems	725	(10)
Turbomachinery	735	(82)
Classifications and Terminology	736	(2)
Pumps	738	(35)
Pump Performance Curves and Matching a Pump to a Piping System	739	(6)
Pump Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head	745	(3)
Pumps in Series and Parallel	748	(3)
Positive-Displacement Pumps	751	(3)
Dynamic Pumps	754	(1)
Centrifugal Pumps	754	(10)
Axial Pumps	764	(9)
Pump Scaling Laws	773	(8)
Dimensional Analysis	773	(2)
Pump Specific Speed	775	(2)
Affinity Laws	777	(4)
Turbines	781	(14)
Positive-Displacement Turbines	782	(1)
Dynamic Turbines	782	(1)
Impulse Turbines	783	(2)
Reaction Turbines	785	(10)
Turbine Scaling Laws	795	(22)
Dimensionless Turbine Parameters	795	(2)
Turbine Specific Speed	797	(3)
Gas and Steam Turbines	800	(2)
Application Spotlight: Rotary Fuel Atomizers	802	(1)
Summary	803	(1)
References and Suggested Reading	803	(1)
Problems	804	(13)
Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics	817	(68)
Introduction and Fundamentals	818	(13)
Motivation	818	(1)
Equations of Motion	818	(1)
Solution Procedure	819	(2)
Additional Equations of Motion	821	(1)
Grid Generation and Grid Independence	821	(5)
Boundary Conditions	826	(4)
Practice Makes Perfect	830	(1)
Laminar CFD Calculations	831	(9)
Pipe Flow Entrance Region at Re = 500	831	(2)
Flow around a Circular Cylinder at Re = 150	833	(7)
Turbulent CFD Calculations	840	(13)
Flow around a Circular Cylinder at Re = 10,000	843	(1)
Flow around a Circular Cylinder at Re = 10 7	844	(1)
Design of the Stator for a Vane-Axial Flow Fan	845	(8)
CFD with Heat Transfer	853	(7)
Temperature Rise through a Cross-Flow Heat Exchanger	853	(2)
Cooling of an Array of Integrated Circuit Chips	855	(5)
Compressible Flow CFD Calculations	860	(6)
Compressible Flow through a Converging--Diverging Nozzle	861	(4)
Oblique Shocks over a Wedge	865	(1)
Open-Channel Flow CFD Calculations	866	(19)
Flow over a Bump on the Bottom of a Channel	867	(1)
Flow through a Sluice Gate (Hydraulic Jump)	868	(1)
Application Spotlight: A Virtual Stomach	869	(1)
Summary	870	(1)
References and Suggested Reading	870	(1)
Problems	871	(14)
APPENDIX 1 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (SI UNITS)	885	(18)
Table A--1 Molar Mass, Gas Constant, and Ideal-Gas Specfic Heats of Some Substances	886	(1)
Table A--2 Boiling and Freezing Point Properties	887	(1)
Table A--3 Properties of Saturated Water	888	(1)
Table A--4 Properties of Saturated Refrigerant-134a	889	(1)
Table A--5 Properties of Saturated Ammonia	890	(1)
Table A--6 Properties of Saturated Propane	891	(1)
Table A--7 Properties of Liquids	892	(1)
Table A--8 Properties of Liquid Metals	893	(1)
Table A--9 Properties of Air at 1 atm Pressure	894	(1)
Table A--10 Properties of Gases at 1 atm Pressure	895	(2)
Table A--11 Properties of the Atmosphere at High Altitude	897	(1)
Figure A--12 The Moody Chart for the Friction Factor for Fully Developed Flow in Circular Pipes	898	(1)
Table A--13 One-dimensional isentropic compressible flow functions for an ideal gas with k = 1.4	899	(1)
Table A--14 One-dimensional normal shock functions for an ideal gas with k = 1.4	900	(1)
Table A--15 Rayleigh flow functions for an ideal gas with k = 1.4	901	(1)
Table A--16 Fanno flow functions for an ideal gas with k = 1.4	902	(1)
APPENDIX 2 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (ENGLISH UNITS)	903	(14)
Table A--1E Molar Mass, Gas Constant, and Ideal-Gas Specific Heats of Some Substances	904	(1)
Table A--2E Boiling and Freezing Point Properties	905	(1)
Table A--3E Properties of Saturated Water	906	(1)
Table A--4E Properties of Saturated Refrigerant-134a	907	(1)
Table A--5E Properties of Saturated Ammonia	908	(1)
Table A--6E Properties of Saturated Propane	909	(1)
Table A--7E Properties of Liquids	910	(1)
Table A--8E Properties of Liquid Metals	911	(1)
Table A--9E Properties of Air at 1 atm Pressure	912	(1)
Table A--10E Properties of Gases at 1 atm Pressure	913	(2)
Table A--11E Properties of the Atmosphere at High Altitude	915	(2)
Glossary	917	(14)
Index	931