Forensic Psychology (with InfoTrac)

by Wrightsman, Lawrence S.; Fulero, Solomon M.

• ISBN13: 9780534632250
• ISBN10: 0534632254
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-07-21
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Written by two of the leading authorities in the field, FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY, Second Edition introduces students to the practice of forensic psychology by showing readers how psychologists aid the legal system by serving as expert witnesses, criminal profilers, and trial consultants for jury selection and child custody hearings. Wrightsman and Fulero present the roles and responsibilities of forensic psychologists, and addresses both the opportunities and temptations inherent in those roles. Through this lens, the authors explore the ethical issues facing practicing forensic psychologists, such as promising clients too much, the possibility of becoming advocates rather than objective scientists, and the pitfalls associated with substituting one's values for data. Wrightsman and Fulero provide students with an accurate and candid picture of the field, and the range of careers in forensic psychology.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
About the Authors	xxiii
CHAPTER 1 Forensic Psychology: Promises and Problems	1	(24)
What Is Forensic Psychology?	2	(2)
History of the Relationship Between Psychology and the Law	4	(6)
The Applied Side	4	(1)
The Academic Side: The Role of Hugo Munsterberg	5	(3)
Reaction From the Legal Community	8	(1)
A Period of Inactivity	8	(1)
Resurgence in the 1970's	9	(1)
The Present	10	(1)
Conflicts Between Psychology and the Law	10	(12)
Laws and Values	10	(2)
What Determines "Truth"?	12	(3)
The Nature of Reality	15	(1)
The Legal System's Criticisms of Psychology	15	(2)
Two Illustrative Court Decisions	17	(5)
The Future of the Relationship Between Psychology and the Law	22	(1)
Summary	22	(1)
Key Terms	23	(1)
Suggested Readings	23	(2)
CHAPTER 2 Forensic Psychologists: Roles and Responsibilities	25	(26)
The Multitude of Forensic Psychology Roles and Activities	26	(1)
Specific Roles: Researcher	26	(1)
Specific Roles: Consultant to Law Enforcement	27	(1)
Specific Roles: The Trial Consultant	27	(2)
Specific Roles: Forensic Evaluator and Expert Witness	29	(11)
Evaluation and Assessment	30	(1)
Expert Witnessing	31	(9)
Specific Roles: Presentation of Psychology to Courts and Legislatures	40	(6)
The Temptations of Forensic Psychology	46	(3)
Promising Too Much	47	(1)
Substituting Advocacy for Scientific Objectivity	47	(1)
Letting Values Overcome Empirical Findings	48	(1)
Doing a Cursory Job	48	(1)
Summary	49	(1)
Key Terms	49	(1)
Suggested Readings	50	(1)
CHAPTER 3 Psychology and Law Enforcement: Selection, Training, and Evaluation	51
Who Are the Clienteles?	52	(3)
The Public	52	(3)
The Police Department	55	(1)
The Selection of Police	55	(7)
A History of Psychology and Police Selection	56	(1)
Tools for Psychological Selection	56	(6)
The Training of Police	62	(6)
Activities of a Psychologist in a Police Department	62	(2)
The Curriculum ofTraining Programs	64	(1)
On-the-Job Training	65	(1)
Specialized Trail iiilg	65	(3)
Evaluating Effectiveness of Police Activities	68	(1)
Fitness for-Duty Evaluations	68	(1)
Community Policing	69	(1)
Summary	69	(1)
Key Terms	70	(1)
Suggested Readings	70
CHAPTER 4 Techniques of Criminal Investigation: Profiling, Psychological Autopsies, Hypnosis, and Lie Detection	7	(98)
Criminal Profiling and Forensic Psychology	73	(1)
Why Develop Criminal Profiles?	73	(4)
Definitions and Recurring Mysteries	73	(2)
False Stereotypes and Simplified Assumptions	75	(1)
The D. C. Sniper Case	76	(1)
What Is Criminal Profiling?	77	(4)
Definitions	77	(1)
Three Approaches to Criminal Profiling	78	(3)
Procedures Used in Criminal Profiling	81	(6)
Crime Scene Analysis and the Generation of Psychological Profiles	82	(3)
How Effective Is Criminal Profiling?	85	(1)
Are Professional Profilers Better?	86	(1)
An Evaluation of Profiling	87	(1)
Psychological Autopsies	87	(4)
Guidelines	89	(1)
A Specific Case	89	(2)
Hypnosis in Criminal Investigations	91	(4)
Advocacy: Martin Reiser's Position	91	(1)
The Hillside Strangler Case	91	(1)
Hypnosis of Witnesses and Victims	92	(1)
Research Reviews	92	(1)
Conclusions	93	(1)
Court Decisions	93	(1)
Guidelines	94	(1)
The Polygraph Technique	95	(2)
Use of the Polygraph in Interrogation	95	(1)
A Psychological Analysis	95	(2)
Research Evaluation	97	(2)
Criticisms of the Polygraph	97	(2)
The Current Legal Status	99	(1)
The Role of the Forensic Psychologist	99	(2)
Summary	101	(1)
Key Terms	102	(1)
Suggested Readings	103	(2)
CHAPTER 5 Insanity and Competency	105	(20)
Insanity Determination	106	(4)
The Difficulty in Determining Insanity	106	(1)
Insanity versus Psychosis	106	(4)
The Psychologist's Roles in Insanity Cases	110	(6)
Assessment of Criminal Responsibility	110	(1)
Testifying as an Expert Witness	111	(5)
Assessing Competency	116	(6)
Competency to Plead Guilty	116	(1)
Competency to Stand Trial	117	(3)
Competency of Juveniles	120	(2)
Malingering	122	(1)
Summary	123	(1)
Key Terms	124	(1)
Suggested Readings	124	(1)
CHAPTER 6 From Dangerousness to Risk Assessment: Violence, Sexual Offending, Domestic Violence, Child Abuse, and Suicide	125	(14)
Risk Assessment and Predictions of Dangerousness	126	(1)
The "First Generation" of Research	127	(1)
Movement From Prediction of Dangerousness to Risk Assessment	128	(1)
Prediction of Violence	129	(3)
Prediction of Sexual Offending	132	(1)
Prediction of Domestic Violence and Child Abuse	133	(3)
Domestic Violence	133	(2)
Child Abuse	135	(1)
Prediction of Suicide	136	(1)
Summary	137	(1)
Key Terms	137	(1)
Suggested Readings	138	(1)
CHAPTER 7 "Syndrome" Evidence: Battered Woman Syndrome and Rape Trauma Syndrome	139	(31)
The Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS)	140	(5)
What Is a Syndrome?	140	(2)
Components of the Battered Woman Syndrome	142	(1)
The Relationship of BWS to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)	143	(1)
Role of the Forensic Psychologist in the Assessment of BWS	143	(2)
The BWS in Court	145	(4)
Battered Women Who Kill	145	(1)
Possible Defenses	146	(3)
The Use of a Psychologist as an Expert Witness on the Battered Woman Syndrome	149	(3)
Reasons for Use of the Expert Witness	149	(1)
Cross-Examination	150	(2)
Procedural and Ethical Issues Regarding the Use of Expert Witnesses	152	(1)
Admissibility of Expert Testimony on BWS	152	(1)
The Stance of the Expert Witness-Objectivity or Advocacy?	152	(1)
Jurors' Reactions to BWS as a Part of Defense Evidence	153	(1)
Criticisms of the Use of the Battered Woman Syndrome and the Battered Woman Defense	154	(1)
Defense of Women at Trial	154	(1)
Perpetuating the Battered Woman Stereotype: The Passive, Helpless Woman	154	(1)
The Scientific Validity of the Battered Woman Syndrome	155	(1)
The Rape Trauma Syndrome	155	(6)
What Is the Rape Trauma Syndrome?	155	(2)
Phase I: Acute Crisis Phase	157	(1)
Phase II: Long-Term Reactions	158	(2)
The Relationship of RTS to PTSD	160	(1)
What Can a Psychologist Do?	161	(2)
Assessment	161	(1)
Testimony as an Expert Witness	162	(1)
Admissibility of Psychological Testimony on RTS	163	(2)
The Status of Research on RTS	165	(1)
Substituting PTSD for RTS	166	(1)
Summary	167	(1)
Key Terms	168	(1)
Suggested Readings	169	(1)
CHAPTER 8 Child Sexual Abuse	170	(18)
The McMartin Preschool Case	171	(1)
The Charges and the Trials	171	(1)
The Issue	171	(1)
Roles for Psychologists	172	(1)
Evaluating the Child	172	(1)
Assessing Competency to Testify	172	(1)
Preparing the Child to Testify	172	(1)
Testifying as an Expert Witness	173	(1)
Assessing Allegations by the Child	173	(6)
Interviewing Techniques	173	(2)
Using the Criterion-Based Content Analysis Technique	175	(1)
Using Anatomically Detailed Dolls	176	(3)
Suggestions for Improving Procedures	179	(1)
Determining If the Child Is Competent to Testify	179	(1)
Children's Rights When Testifying	180	(2)
Psychologists as Expert Witnesses	182	(3)
Types of "Testimony for the Prosecution	182	(3)
Testimony for the Defense	185	(1)
Summary	185	(1)
Key Terms	186	(1)
Suggested Readings	186	(2)
CHAPTER 9 Child Custody and Related Decisions	188	(23)
What Roles Can Psychologists Play?	190	(4)
Marriage Counselor	190	(1)
Mediator	190	(1)
Child Therapist	191	(1)
Court-Appointed Evaluator	192	(1)
Expert Witness	193	(1)
Applied Researcher	194	(1)
What Do Clienteles Want?	194	(1)
The Children	194	(1)
The Parents	194	(1)
The Judge	194	(1)
The Court-Appointed Evaluator	195	(11)
Standards for Resolution of Custody Disputes	195	(2)
Custody Determinations in Mixed-Race Cases or in Cases Involving a Parent With a Homosexual Orientation	197	(1)
Ethical Issues and Temptations	198	(2)
The Technique of Custody Evaluation	200	(6)
The Expert Witness Role	206	(1)
Ultimate-Opinion Testimony	206	(1)
Ethical Considerations	206	(1)
The Evaluation Researcher Role	206	(3)
Effects of Divorce on Children	207	(1)
Effects of 7jype of Custody	207	(2)
Summary	209	(1)
Key Terms	209	(1)
Suggested Readings	210	(1)
CHAPTER 10 Improving Eyewitness Identification Procedures	211	(23)
How Important Is Eyewitness Testimony in Criminal Cases?	212	(1)
Can Eyewitness Testimony Contribute to Wrongful Convictions?	212	(1)
How Can Forensic Psychologists Help Police Obtain Useful Information From Eyewitnesses?	213	(4)
System Variables versus Estimator Variables	213	(1)
Examples of Problematic Police Procedures	214	(3)
Questioning Witnesses (Information Generation)	217	(3)
Lack of Training	217	(1)
Interview Content	218	(1)
Failure to Recognize the Dynamics of the Interview	218	(1)
Ways to Improve the Accuracy of Information Elicited From Witnesses	219	(1)
Use of Lineups and Photo Arrays	220	(5)
Common Errors	222	(1)
Operational Rules	223	(2)
Children as Eyewitnesses	225	(1)
Public Policy Issues	225	(6)
Recent Changes in Statute-of-Limitation Laws in Recovered Memory or Child Sexual Abuse Cases	226	(1)
Judges' Decisions on the Admissibility of Expert Testimony	226	(4)
Supreme Court Decisions	230	(1)
Summary and a Cautionary Evaluation	231	(1)
Key Terms	232	(1)
Suggested Readings	232	(2)
CHAPTER 11 Interrogations and Confessions	234	(26)
The Paul Ingram Case	235	(2)
The Charges	235	(1)
Interrogation Procedures	236	(1)
Ingram's Response	236	(1)
Evaluating the Accuracy of Ingram's Confession	236	(1)
The Outcome	237	(1)
The Forensic Psychologist and Police Interrogations	237	(1)
The Psychology of False Confessions	237	(4)
Three Types of False Confessions	237	(3)
How Many Confessions Are False?	240	(1)
False Confessions in the Laboratory	241	(1)
The Role of Police Interrogations in Generating Confessions	241	(11)
The Goals of Interrogations	242	(2)
What Can Police Do and What Can't They Do?	244	(8)
What Can Psychologists Contribute?	252	(6)
The Police as a Clientele	252	(3)
The Courts as a Clientele	255	(2)
Society as a Clientele	257	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	258	(1)
Key Terms	258	(1)
Suggested Readings	259	(1)
CHAPTER 12 Trial Consultation: Jury Selection, Case Preparation, and Pretrial Publicity	260	(31)
Overview	261	(1)
Trial Consultants as Forensic Psychologists	261	(1)
Trial Consultants: Better Thought of as Litigation Consultants?	261	(1)
Possible Pretrial Activities	261	(1)
Ethical Issues	262	(1)
Pretrial Activities	262	(1)
Change-of-Venue Requests in Response to Pretrial Publicity	262	(4)
Origin of Requests	262	(1)
The Litigation Consultant's Activities	263	(1)
The Effects of Pretrial Publicity	264	(1)
Testifying at a Hearing	265	(1)
Sequestered Voir Dire	266	(1)
Witness Preparation	266	(3)
What Is Proper and What Is Not	268	(1)
Organizing the Case	269	(4)
Opening Statements	269	(2)
Presentation of the Evidence	271	(1)
Closing Arguments	272	(1)
Jury Selection: Psychology and Law in Conflict	273	(2)
Examples of Lawyers' Approaches	274	(1)
What Do Psychologists Do?	274	(1)
Two Approaches to Jury Selection	275	(1)
Broad Attitudes and Traits	275	(1)
Case-Specific Approaches	275	(1)
Measurement of Juror Bias	276	(6)
Criminal Trials	276	(3)
Civil Trials	279	(3)
Does Scientific Jury Selection Work?	282	(1)
Is It Ethical for Psychologists to Aid in Jury Selection?	283	(4)
Juror Investigations	283	(1)
Use of Supplemental Juror Questionnaires	284	(1)
The Problem of Discovery and the Attorney Work Product	285	(1)
Fairness in Jury Selection	286	(1)
The Relationship of the Trial Consultant to the Attorney	287	(1)
Summary	287	(1)
Key Terms	288	(1)
Suggested readings	289	(2)
CHAPTER 13 Discrimination	291	(20)
The Targets of Discrimination	292	(3)
What Is Discrimination?	292	(1)
Modern Racism	293	(1)
Who Are the Recipients of Discrimination?	293	(2)
Overview of the Chapter	295	(1)
What Can Psychology Contribute?	295	(4)
Conceptual Analysis-An Example	295	(1)
Methodology	296	(3)
Racial Differences and the Use of Test Results to Assign Students to Special Education Classes	299	(3)
The Impact of Affirmative Action Policies	302	(4)
The Courts and Affirmative Action	303	(2)
Psychological Contributions	305	(1)
Employment Discrimination	306	(2)
Hate Crimes	308	(1)
Summary	309	(1)
Key Terms	309	(1)
Suggested Readings	310	(1)
CHAPTER 14 Sexual Harassment	311	(14)
Increased Awareness of Sexual Harassment	312	(1)
Origins of the Term	312	(1)
Incidence Rates	312	(1)
Highly Publicized Cases	313	(1)
Conceptualizations of Sexual Harassment	313	(2)
Confusion Surrounding the Term	313	(1)
Gruber's Typology of Sexual Harassment	314	(1)
Fitzgerald's Typology	314	(1)
Sexual Harassment in the Courts	315	(4)
Two Types of Sexual Harassment	315	(1)
The Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc. Decision	316	(3)
Psychology's Contributions to Understanding and Ameliorating Sexual Harassment	319	(4)
Developing Models for Causes of Sexual Harassment and for Attributions of Causality	320	(1)
Distinguishing Between Female and Male Victims	321	(1)
Measuring Beliefs	321	(1)
Predicting the Outcome of Complaints	322	(1)
Restructuring the Workplace	322	(1)
Summary	323	(1)
Key Terms	323	(1)
Suggested Readings	324	(1)
CHAPTER 15 Death Penalty Trials and Appeals	325	(27)
Why Do Forensic Psychologists Get Involved in Death Penalty Cases?	326	(1)
Roles for Forensic Psychologists	326	(6)
An Outline of the Process and Possible Roles	326	(5)
Is the Role Necessarily That of an Advocate?	331	(1)
Social-Psychological Research and Evaluation Research on the Death Penalty	331	(1)
Convictions and Executions of Innocent People	332	(8)
Estimating the Number of Wrong Convictions	332	(2)
Examples of Death Sentences for Innocent People	334	(1)
The Case of Randall Dale Adams	335	(1)
Trial-Related Reasons for Incorrect Convictions	336	(4)
Appellate Courts and the Death Penalty	340	(1)
The U.S. Supreme Court's Reaction to Death Penalty Appeals	341	(1)
Some Specific Activities	342	(7)
Evaluations for Dangerousness	342	(1)
Competency Examinations	343	(3)
Evaluating Defense Arguments	346	(1)
The Problem of Jury Instructions	347	(1)
The Generation of Other Research Findings	347	(2)
Summary	349	(1)
Key Terms	350	(1)
Suggested Readings	350	(2)
CHAPTER 16 Influencing Public Policy	352	(21)
Application of Psychological Knowledge to Decisions by Legal-System Policy Makers	353	(1)
Ways of Influencing Legislatures	353	(1)
Testimony by Psychologists	353	(1)
Psychologists and the Courts	354	(1)
The Use of Amicus Briefs	354	(5)
History of the Relationship	354	(1)
Direct Attempts to Influence the Courts	355	(1)
Ballew v. Georgia (1978): Too Little and Too Late?	356	(3)
Involvement by the American Psychological Association	359	(1)
Ways of Classifying APA Briefs	359	(1)
What Are the APA's Goals in Submitting Science-Translation Briefs?	359	(1)
The Effectiveness of APA Briefs	360	(1)
How Do We Measure Effectiveness?	360	(1)
Is It Better to Be Ignored or Rejected?	361	(1)
The Relationship of the APA Amicus Brief to the Supreme Court's Decision	361	(8)
An Example of a Decision Consistent with the APA's Goals But Not Directly Reflecting the APA's Input: Ake v. Oklahoma (1985)	364	(2)
An Example of Rejection of the APA Brief: Lockhart v. McCree (1986)	366	(3)
What Can We Learn From an Analysis of Individual Cases?	369	(2)
The Potency of Deeply Held Values	369	(1)
Identifying and Representing Our Goals Accurately	369	(2)
Summary	371	(1)
Key Terms	371	(1)
Suggested Readings	372	(1)
References	373	(48)
Name Index	421	(18)
Subject Index	439