Forensic Science: An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques, Second Edition

by James, Stuart H.

• ISBN13: 9780849327476
• ISBN10: 0849327474
• Additional ISBN(s): 9780849312465
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-02-10
• Publisher: CRC

Summary

Written by highly respected forensic scientists and legal practitioners, Forensic Science: An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques, Second Edition covers the latest theories and practices in areas such as DNA testing, toxicology, chemistry of explosives and arson, and vehicle accident reconstruction. This second edition offers a cutting-edge presentation of criminalistics and related laboratory subjects, including many exciting new features.What's New in the Second Edition· New chapter on forensic entomology· New chapter on forensic nursing· Simplified DNA chapter· More coverage of the chemistry of explosives and ignitable liquids· Additional information on crime reconstruction· Revised to include more investigation in computer forensics· Complete revisions of engineering chapters· New appendices showing basic principles of physics, math, and chemistry in forensic science· More questions and answers in the Instructor's Guide· Updated references and cases throughout· An extensive glossary of terms

Table of Contents

The Editors	xxvii
Contributors	xxix
Here We Stand: What a Forensic Scientist Does	1	(14)
Jon J. Nordby
Law and Science
Lawyers and Scientists
Theoretical Natural Sciences and Practical Forensic Sciences
Forensic Experts
An Expert's Role
Scientific Method
SECTION I: Forensic Pathology and Related Specialties
The Role of the Forensic Pathologist	15	(12)
Ronald K. Wright
Coroner System
Medical Examiner System
Education and Training of Forensic Pathologists
Training Requirements for a Forensic Pathologist
Duties of a Forensic Pathologist
Autopsy Examination
Obtaining Appropriate Specimens
Photography
Report Preparation
Testimony
Forensic Nursing	27	(16)
Janet S. Barber Duval
Catherine M. Dougherty
Mary K. Sullivan
Overview
Evolution of Forensic Nursing
Theoretical Model of Forensic Nursing
What Is and Is Not Forensic Nursing
Career Opportunities
The Clinical Forensic Nurse Specialist
Forensic Case Management
Responsibilities of Hospitals in Evidence Collection and Preservation
Status of Forensic Nurses in the Legal System
Educational Preparation of Forensic Nurses
Educational Models of Forensic Nursing
Continuing Education for Forensic Nursing
Future of Forensic Nursing
Investigation of Traumatic Deaths	43	(18)
Ronald K. Wright
Cause and Mechanism of Death
Manner of Death
Time of Death
Classification of Traumatic Deaths
Mechanical Trauma
Other Blunt Force Injury
Chemical Trauma
Thermal Trauma
Electrical Trauma
Asphyxias
Forensic Toxicology	61	(18)
John Joseph Fenton
Applications of Forensic Toxicology
Testing Process
Drugs of Abuse
Pharmaceutical Materials
Nonmedicinal Agents
Analytical Methods in Forensic Toxicology
Metal Analyses
Interpreting Drug Findings
Forensic Otontology	79	(20)
R. Tom Glass
History
Dental Training
Expert Witness Testimony
Body Identification by Dental Means
Forensic Dentistry in Mass Disaster
Bite Mark Analysis
Collection of Bite Mark Evidence
Personal Injury Analysis
Dental Malpractice Analysis
Forensic Anthropology	99	(20)
Marcella H. Sorg
Physical Anthropology and Human Variability
Taphonomy
Archaeology
Scene Processing
Examining Remains
Forensic Anthropology Documentation
Expert Witness Testimony
Forensic Taphonomy	119	(16)
William D. Haglund
Contributions of Methods and Theory
Taphonomic Factors
Human Remains in Water Environments
Buried Remains
Case Studies
The Future
Forensic Entomology	135	(32)
Gail S. Anderson
Importance of Determining Time since Death
History
Training
Determination of Elapsed Time since Death
Determining Whether the Body Has Been Moved
Body Disturbance
Presence and Position of Wounds
Linking Suspect to Scene
Drugs
Human and Animal Neglect or Abuse
Wildlife Crimes
Collection of Entomological Evidence
Challenges to Forensic Entomology
Report Submission
Testifying in Court
SECTION II: Evaluation of the Crime Scene
Crime Scene Investigation	167	(22)
Marilyn T. Miller
Defining a Crime Scene
Uses for and Information from Physical Evidence in Criminal Investigations
General Crime Scene Procedures
Scene Management
First Responding Officers
Securing the Crime Scene
Crime Scene Survey
Crime Scene Documentation
Collection and Preservation of Physical Evidence
Crime Scene Reconstruction
Recognition of Bloodstain Patterns	189	(30)
Stuart H. James
Paul E. Kish
T. Paulette Sutton
History of Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation
Properties of Human Blood
Target Surface Considerations
Size, Shape, and Directionality of Bloodstains
Spattered Blood
Other Bloodstain Patterns
Interpretation of Bloodstains on Clothing and Footwear
Documentation of Bloodstain Evidence
The Use of Luminol Photography for Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
Absence of Evidence Is not Evidence of Absence
Report Writing
Training and Education
SECTION III: Forensic Science in the Laboratory
The Forensic Laboratory	219	(18)
Landa R. Netzel
Qualifications of a Forensic Examiner
Understanding the Role of the Criminalist
Linking a Crime Scene to a Suspect
Laboratory Sections, Analytical Instruments, and Specialized Equipment
Identification and Characterization of Blood and Bloodstains	237	(24)
Robert P. Spalding
Analysis of Blood in Forensic Serology
Identification of Blood
Confirmatory Tests for Blood
Species Origin Determination in Bloodstains
Genetic Markers in Blood
Identification of Biological Fluids and Stains	261	(18)
Andrew Greenfield
Monica M. Sloan
Identification of Semen in the Forensic Laboratory
Methods for the Identification of Saliva
Methods for the Identification of Urine
Methods for the Identification of Feces
Methods for the Identification of Vomitus
Methods for the Identification of Vaginal Secretions
Case Examination Strategy
Techniques of DNA Analysis	279	(36)
George T. Duncan
Martin L. Tracey
Eric Stauffer
Genetics: The Beginnings
We Inherit DNA Characteristics
Population Genetics Supports the Use of Statistical Data
Beginnings of DNA Fingerprinting
Repetitive Sequences Comprise Large Portion of Human Genome
Isolation of DNA from Nucleus
DNA Extraction
Challenges in Court
SNP Analysis
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Analysis
The Future
Microanalysis and Examination of Trace Evidence	315	(26)
Thomas A. Kubic
Nicholas Petraco
Instruments of Microanalysis and Sample Types
Other Instrumental Techniques of Value to a Microanalyst
Microscopic Evidence and Its Analysis
Fingerprints	341	(20)
Robert E. Gaensslen
Kimberly R. Young
Fingerprints as Evidence
Fingerprints as a Means of Identification
What Fingerprints Are
Fingerprint Patterns
History of Fingerprints
Fingerprint Classification
Computer-Based Fingerprint Files
Types of Evidentiary Fingerprints
Development (Enhancement) of Latent Fingerprints
Recognition, Collection, and Preservation of Fingerprint Evidence
Fingerprint Identification: The Heart of the Matter
The Fingerprint Identification Profession
Forensic Footwear Evidence	361	(16)
William J. Bodziak
Forms of Footwear Impressions
Information from Footwear Impressions
Location and Recovery of Footwear Impressions
Enhancement Methods
Known Shoes and Preparation of Exemplars
The Examination Process and Conclusions
Forensic Tire Impression and Tire Track Evidence	377	(14)
William J. Bodziak
Original Equipment Tires, Replacement Tires, and Tire Construction
Tread Nomenclature and Sidewall Information
Noise Treatment
Tread Wear Indicators (Wear Bars)
Retread Tires
Tire Reference Material and Databases
Tire Track Evidence
Recovery of Tire Evidence
Known Tires and Tire Exemplars
Tire Impressions, the Examination Process, and Conclusions
Firearm and Tool Mark Examinations	391	(32)
Walter F. Rowe
Types of Modern Firearms
Manufacture of Firearms
Firearm Ammunition
Collection of Firearms-Related Evidence
Laboratory Examinations
Types of Tool Marks
Processing of Tool Marks at Scenes of Crime
Laboratory Examinations of Tool Marks
Tool Marks on Manufactured Items
Striation Matching for Personal Identification
Questioned Documents	423	(18)
Frank H. Norwitch
Howard Seiden
Functions of a Forensic Document Examiner
Becoming a Document Examiner
Theory of Handwriting
Collection of Writing Standards
Process of Comparison
Types of Fraudulent Writing
Factors That Can Affect Handwriting
Challenge to the Document Field
Future Trends
Alteration, Obliteration, and Ink Examination
Photocopy and Photocopier Examination
Typewriter and Typewriting Examination
Paper and Watermark Examination
Analysis of Controlled Substances	441	(30)
Donnell R. Christian, Jr.
Standards of Analysis
Botanical Examinations
Chemical Examinations
Instrumental Examinations
Quantitation
Clandestine Drug Laboratories
SECTION IV: Forensic Engineering
Structural Failures	471	(18)
Randall K. Noon
Static Loads
Dynamic Loads
Case Studies
Basic Fire and Explosion Investigation	489	(22)
David R. Redsicker
Chemistry and Behavior of Fire or Explosion
Behavior of Fire
Origin and Cause Analysis
Fatal Fire Investigation
Motor Vehicle Fires
Collection of Fire Evidence
Evidence Containers
Vehicular Accident Reconstruction	511	(24)
Randall K. Noon
Primary Cause of Vehicular Accidents
Analytical Tools Used to Evaluate Accidents
Converting Scene Data into an Event Sequence
Basic Energy Method
Basic Momentum Method
Tips and Solution Strategies
SECTION V: Cybertechnology and Forensic Science
Use of Computers in Forensic Science	535	(18)
Zeno Geradts
Forensic Databases
Image Databases
DNA Databases
Paint Databases
Forensic Archiving of X-Ray Spectra
Video Image Processing and Animation Software
Use of Networks in Forensic Science
Investigation of Computer-Related Crime	553	(20)
Peter Stephenson
Definitions
Framework for Investigating Computer-Related Crime
Human Aspects of Computer-Related Crime
Analyzing the Remnants of a Computer Security Incident
Determining if an Incident Actually Has Occurred
SECTION VI: Forensic Application of the Social Sciences
Forensic Psychology	573	(20)
Louis B. Schlesinger
Psychological Research and Law
Clinical Forensic Psychology
Psychology and Law: An Uneasy Alliance
Forensic Assessment: Distinctions between Clinical and Forensic Approach
Psychological Testing: Traditional and Specialized Forensic Tests
Interviews in Altered States of Consciousness
Complicating Factors in Forensic Assessment: Deception Syndromes
Forensic Psychiatry	593	(12)
Robert L. Sadoff
Definition of Forensic Psychiatry
History of Forensic Psychiatry
Scope of Forensic Psychiatry
Assessment of Competency
Training in Forensic Psychiatry
Serial Offenders: Linking Cases by Modus Operandi and Signature	605	(10)
Robert D. Keppel
Introduction to Crime Scene Assessment
Historical Perspective
What Is a Killer's Signature?
Signature Versus Modus Operandi
The Shoreline Murders
Criminal Personality Profiling	615	(22)
Michael R. Napier
Kenneth P. Baker
History of Profiling and Criminal Investigative Analysis
General Concepts
Results: Type of Analyses
Case Linkages for Serial Offenses
Equivocal Death Analyses
Search Warrant Application
Concepts and Applications in Sexual Assault Investigations
Applications in Homicide Investigations
SECTION VII: Legal and Ethical Issues in Forensic Science
Countering Chaos: Logic, Ethics, and the Criminal Justice System	637	(12)
Jon J. Nordby
Law Enforcement and the Law
Attorneys and the Law
Forensic Scientists, Scientific Values, and the Law
Organizational Codes of Scientific Conduct
Scientifically Reliable Methods
Scientific Testimony
Forensic Evidence	649	(18)
Terrence F. Kiely
Forensic Evidence
Criminal Law Theory and Evidence
Classic and Individual Characteristics
Forensic Evidence and the Crime Scene
Laboratory Matches and Courtroom Rules of Evidence
Forensic Science, Forensic Evidence, and Litigation
Litigation as History
Forensic Science and Forensic Evidence: Sutherland Case
People v. Sutherland --- Forensic Science and Justice Issues
Legal Issues in Forensic DNA	667	(16)
Susan Herrero
Historical Overview
Admissibility of DNA Evidence
Forensic DNA Testing Laboratories
Discovery and Legal Procedures
Challenges to DNA Evidence
Convicted Offender Databases
Protecting the Innocent
Forensic DNA in Noncriminal Cases
DNA in the Future
Appendix A: DNA Advisory Board (DAB) Guidelines	683	(12)
Appendix B: Biohazard Safety Precautions	695	(6)
Appendix C: Forensic Websites	701	(6)
Appendix D: Trigonometric Tables: Sine and Tangent Functions	707	(2)
Appendix E: Metric Measurements and Equivalents	709	(4)
Glossary (Words highlighted in green in text are terms included in the Glossary)	713	(24)
Contributor Biographies	737	(16)
Index	753