Four in 1: Rhetoric, Reader, Research Guide, and Handbook

by Dornan, Edward A.; Dees, Robert

• ISBN13: 9780321091031
• ISBN10: 0321091035
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-08-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

This rhetoric, reader, research paper guide, and brief handbook is the first writing text to fully explain the how's and why's of critical thinking. Four-in-One places the acts of writing and reading in a framework of critical thinking; a theme which is sustained throughout the chapters on the writing process and the patterns of organization. The discussion of critical thinking is integrated into the chapters on the writing process and the patterns of organization. Through this unique approach, students learn how to use reflective and critical thinking in writing and reading. The book is designed for maximum flexibility-each part of the book is self-contained. The readings section of the book is organized alphabetically so instructors are not locked into approaching any one reading from the perspective of a single rhetorical pattern. The text also features an ESL section in its handbook, a unique chapter on using the Internet for research, and individual and collaborative exercises throughout. > For those interested in developing their reading, writing and critical thinking skills.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
PART I Getting Started	1	(16)
Introduction: Thinking, Reading, and Writing	3	(14)
Critical Thinking and Writing	3	(1)
Critical Reading and Writing	4	(2)
Critical Reading Phases	6	(11)
PART II Writing College Essays	17	(120)
Preparing to Write an Essay	19	(13)
Writing and Thinking	19	(2)
Writing Sharpens Critical Thinking	19	(1)
Writing Provides a Record of Thinking	20	(1)
Levels of Thinking	20	(1)
Assess the Writing Situation	21	(5)
Determine an Assignment's Length and Time Limit	21	(1)
Clarify the Purpose of the Assignment	21	(3)
Use Common Information Sources	24	(1)
Picture a Reader	24	(2)
Employ Common Essay Conventions	26	(6)
Have a Dominant Purpose	26	(1)
Use a Consistent Essay Strategy	27	(1)
Use Consistent Paragraph Strategies	28	(1)
Activities	28	(4)
The Composing Process: Prewriting and Informal Planning	32	(21)
A Student's Composing Process	33	(5)
Assessment of the Writing Situation	36	(2)
Use Prewriting Techniques to Explore an Assignment	38	(4)
Listing	38	(1)
Freewriting	39	(1)
Clustering	39	(2)
Asking Questions	41	(1)
Consulting	41	(1)
Identify and Limit a Subject	42	(1)
Compose a Purpose Statement	43	(1)
A Student's Prewriting Activities	44	(9)
Prewriting Activities at Work	44	(4)
Formulating a Purpose Statement	48	(1)
Developing an Informal Plan	48	(2)
Activities	50	(3)
Writing a Thesis Statement and a Formal Plan	53	(11)
Write an Effective Thesis Statement	53	(5)
Make a Promise	54	(1)
Use Precise Language	55	(1)
Imply a Method of Development	56	(1)
Forecast a Development Pattern	57	(1)
Develop a Formal Plan	58	(6)
Plan with a Reader in Mind	58	(1)
Formal Outlines	58	(2)
A Student's Outlining Process	60	(1)
Activities	61	(3)
Writing Paragraphs for the Rough Draft	64	(24)
Write the Introduction	65	(3)
A Student Roughs Out an Introduction	67	(1)
Write the Discussion	68	(13)
Organize Discussion Paragraphs	68	(10)
A Student Roughs Out Discussion Paragraphs	78	(3)
Write the Conclusion	81	(2)
A Student Roughs Out a Conclusion	82	(1)
Create the Title	83	(1)
A Student Creates a Title	84	(1)
Combine the Sections of the Rough Draft	84	(4)
A Student Completes a Rough Draft	85	(2)
Activities	87	(1)
Responses to a Rough Draft: Instructor and Peer Comments	88	(5)
Instructor Comments	88	(1)
Peer Comments	89	(4)
Peer Review Responsibilities	89	(3)
Activities	92	(1)
Revising a Rough Draft: Structure, Paragraphs, and Sentences	93	(32)
Approach Revision Systematically	94	(9)
Revise the Whole Essay	94	(1)
Revise from the Reader's Perspective	94	(1)
Revise to Add or Delete Content	95	(1)
Revise the Organization for Unity	96	(2)
Revise for Point of View	98	(2)
Revise the Paragraphs	100	(1)
Revise the Sentences	101	(2)
Guidelines for Revision	103	(22)
Cut Unnecessary Words	103	(2)
Cut Intensifiers	105	(2)
Select Specific and Concrete Words	107	(3)
Replace Weak Verbs with Strong Verbs	110	(2)
Make Passive Sentences Active	112	(1)
Eliminate Sexist Language	113	(1)
Consider the Denotations and Connotations of Words	114	(1)
Use Figurative Language with Care	114	(2)
Revise Sentences for Proper Coordination	116	(2)
Revise Sentences for Proper Subordination	118	(1)
Place Modifiers with Care	119	(1)
Correct Faulty Pronoun References	120	(1)
Eliminate Inconsistencies	121	(2)
Complete Incomplete Sentences	123	(1)
Maintain Parallelism	123	(1)
Activities	124	(1)
Preparing to Submit an Submit	125	(12)
Proofread Your Revised Draft	125	(6)
Proofread for Consistent Diction	125	(1)
Proofread for Sentence Flow and Variety	126	(1)
A Student Proofreads Her Revised Draft	127	(4)
Prepare the Final Draft Using Standard Manuscript Form	131	(6)
Materials	131	(1)
Margins	131	(1)
Indentation	132	(1)
Pagination	132	(1)
Identification	132	(1)
Title	132	(1)
A Student's Final Draft	132	(4)
Activities	136	(1)
PART III Development Patterns	137	(160)
Description: Rendering Experience	139	(17)
Thinking by Description	139	(1)
A Student Essay Developed by Description	140	(3)
Writing an Essay Developed by Description	143	(8)
Provide Descriptive Detail	144	(2)
Distinguish Objective from Subjective Description	146	(2)
Create a Dominant Impression	148	(1)
Consider Arrangement of Details	149	(1)
Use Transitions	150	(1)
Revising Descriptive Paragraphs	151	(5)
Guidelines for Writing Descriptive Essays	152	(1)
Suggestions for Descriptive Essays	152	(4)
Narration: Connecting Events	156	(18)
Thinking by Narration	156	(2)
A Student Essay Developed by Narration	158	(4)
Writing an Essay Developed by Narration	162	(8)
Create a Narrative Effect	162	(2)
Follow a Narrative Structure	164	(1)
Use Scene and Summary	165	(2)
Establish Point of View	167	(1)
Follow Chronological or Psychological Time	168	(2)
Use Transitions	170	(1)
Revising Narrative Paragraphs	170	(4)
Guidelines for Writing Narrative Essays	171	(1)
Suggestions for Narrative Essays	171	(3)
Examples: Illustrating Experience	174	(16)
Thinking by Examples	174	(1)
A Student Essay Developed by Examples	175	(4)
Writing an Essay Developed by Examples	179	(6)
Use a Variety of Examples	179	(1)
Select Examples with Care	180	(1)
Use Examples with Purpose	180	(5)
Use Transitions	185	(1)
Revising Examples Paragraphs	185	(5)
Guidelines for Writing Examples Essays	187	(1)
Suggestions for Examples Essays	187	(3)
Comparison: Showing Similarities and Differences	190	(13)
Thinking by Comparison	190	(1)
A Student Essay Developed by Comparison	190	(3)
Writing an Essay Developed by Comparison	193	(5)
Select Appropriate Subjects for Comparison	194	(1)
Establish the Comparison Early	195	(1)
Decide on the Appropriate Arrangement	196	(2)
Use Transitions	198	(5)
Revising Comparison Paragraphs	199	(1)
Guidelines for Writing Comparison Essays	200	(1)
Suggestions for Comparison Essays	200	(3)
Cause and Effect: Exploring Reasons and Results	203	(19)
Thinking by Cause and Effect	203	(1)
A Student Essay Developed by Cause and Effect	204	(12)
Writing an Essay Developed by Cause and Effect	207	(2)
Avoid Reasoning Errors	209	(1)
Distinguish Causes and Effects	210	(5)
Use Transitions	215	(1)
Revising Cause and Effect Paragraphs	216	(6)
Guidelines for Writing Cause and Effect Essays	217	(1)
Suggestions for Cause and Effect Essays	217	(5)
Process Analysis: Explaining Step by Step	222	(13)
Thinking by Process Analysis	222	(1)
A Student Essay Developed by Process Analysis	223	(2)
Writing an Essay Developed by Process Analysis	225	(5)
Determine the Appropriate Type of Analysis	226	(3)
Consider the Reader's Level of Knowledge	229	(1)
Use Transitions	229	(1)
Revising Process Analysis Paragraphs	230	(5)
Guidelines for Writing Process Analysis Essays	231	(1)
Suggestions for Process Analysis Essays	231	(4)
Classification and Division: Analyzing and Arranging Experience	235	(13)
Thinking by Classification and Division	235	(2)
A Student Essay Developed by Classification and Division	237	(3)
Writing an Essay Developed by Classification and Division	240	(3)
Create Categories	240	(1)
Arrange and Label Categories	241	(2)
Use Transitions	243	(1)
Revising Classification and Division paragraphs	243	(5)
Guidelines for Writing Classification and Division Essays	245	(1)
Suggestions for Classification and Division Essays	245	(3)
Definition: Creating Impressions	248	(16)
Thinking by Definition	248	(2)
A Student Essay Developed by Definition	250	(3)
Writing an Essay Developed by Definition	253	(6)
Determine the Appropriate Type of Definition	253	(4)
Use Extended Definition with Other Development Patterns	257	(2)
Use Transitions	259	(1)
Revising Definition Paragraphs	259	(5)
Guidelines for Writing Definition Essays	260	(1)
Suggestions for Extended Definition Essays	261	(3)
Reading and Writing an Argument	264	(33)
Thinking by Argument	264	(1)
Reading an Argument	265	(12)
Identify the Elements of an Argument	265	(1)
Distinguish Fact from Opinion	266	(1)
Evaluate Information	267	(1)
Examine Language	268	(1)
Identify Patterns of Reasoning	269	(1)
Inductive Reasoning	269	(2)
Deductive Reasoning	271	(3)
Identify Logical Fallacies	274	(3)
Writing an Essay Developed byArgument	277	(20)
A Student Essay Developed by Argument	278	(4)
Establish an Assertion and Provide Evidence	282	(2)
Arrange the Argument Logically	284	(1)
Recognize the Reader	284	(1)
Examine the Argument	285	(1)
Structure Argument Paragraphs	286	(3)
Revising Argument Paragraphs	289	(2)
Guidelines for Writing Argument Essays	291	(1)
Suggestions for Argument Essays	292	(5)
PART IV The Research Essay	297	(130)
Finding and Researching a Topic	299	(27)
What is a Research Essay?	299	(3)
Length	300	(1)
Organization	300	(1)
Including Your Own Ideas	301	(1)
Getting Started: Find and Narrow a Suitable Topic	302	(8)
Frame a Research Question	302	(1)
Start with a Topic That Interests You	303	(1)
Select a Topic That Allows for Discussion	304	(1)
Use Library Resources to Find and Narrow a Topic	304	(4)
Look for a Topic Online	308	(2)
Gather Information on the Research Topic	310	(5)
Consult Bibliographies	311	(1)
Use Book, Magazine, and Journal Indexes	312	(1)
Use Newspaper Indexes	313	(2)
Prepare a Working Bibliography	315	(1)
Take Notes on Your Research	316	(10)
Take Notes Strategically	316	(1)
Take Notes with a Purpose in Mind	316	(2)
Use Effective Notetaking Methods	318	(4)
Avoid Plagiarism	322	(1)
Work with a Preliminary Thesis	322	(2)
Research Exercises	324	(2)
Researching on the Internet	326	(24)
Accessing the Internet: Online is Onboard	326	(2)
Using Internet Addresses	326	(2)
Researching with URLs	328	(1)
Overview of Internet Systems	328	(16)
The World Wide Web: Worlds within a World	328	(2)
Search Engines: Workhorses of the Web	330	(4)
A Sample Search: Locating Internet Sources to Narrow a Topic	334	(5)
E-Mail: Electronic Letters	339	(3)
Listservs and Mailing Lists: Group E-Mail	342	(1)
Usenet/Newsgroups: Posting Information	343	(1)
Evaluating Internet Resources: Whom Can You Trust?	344	(6)
The Range of Internet Content	345	(2)
A Reliability Checklist for Internet Sources	347	(1)
Research Activities	348	(2)
Writing Your Research Essay: From Planning to Typing the Final Draft	350	(29)
Planning Your Essay	350	(3)
Use Your Research Notes	350	(1)
Review Your Research Question	351	(1)
Review Your Preliminary Thesis Statement	351	(1)
Devise a Final (Working) Thesis Statement	352	(1)
Develop an Outline	352	(1)
Use Other Planning Strategies, as Needed	353	(1)
Writing Your Essay	353	(4)
Write an Effective Introduction	353	(1)
Develop a Discussion of the Topic	354	(2)
Write a Concluding Paragraph	356	(1)
Revise, Edit, and Proofread	357	(2)
Revise to Improve Global Qualities	357	(1)
Edit for Clarity and Correctness	357	(1)
Proofread to Make Minor Corrections	358	(1)
Guidelines for Typing Your Research Essay	359	(2)
A Student's Research Essay	361	(18)
Research Exercises	378	(1)
Documenting Sources in Your Research Essay	379	(48)
MLA-Style Documentation	380	(28)
Parenthetical Citation	380	(6)
Content Notes	386	(1)
Preparing the Works Cited Page	387	(21)
Sample Works Cited Page	408	(1)
APA-Style Documentation	408	(19)
Abstracts and Headings	409	(1)
Parenthetical Citation	409	(6)
Preparing the References Page	415	(9)
Sample References Page	424	(1)
Research Exercises	424	(3)
PART V Writing for Other Purposes	427	(38)
Writing about Literature	429	(14)
Read to Respond to the Work	429	(1)
Take Notes as You Read	429	(1)
List Your Ideas as You Read	430	(1)
Formulate a Thesis Statement about the Work	430	(1)
Write an Effective Introduction to Your Essay	431	(1)
Develop Your Discussion of the Literary Work	432	(1)
Write an Effective Conclusion to Your Essay	433	(1)
Identify Your Sources	433	(2)
Use Parenthetical Citation	434	(1)
Follow Other Standard Practices for Writing about Literature	435	(2)
Mention Authors' Names	435	(1)
Write in the Present Tense	436	(1)
Avoid Using Excessive Summary	436	(1)
Create an Accurate Title	436	(1)
A Sample Essay on a Literary Work	437	(4)
Glossary of Literary Terms and Concepts	441	(2)
Activities	442	(1)
Writing for an Essay Exam	443	(9)
Preparing for an Essay Exam	443	(3)
Review Major Course Concepts	443	(1)
Use Direction Words to Write Practice Questions	444	(1)
Prepare a List or Outline	445	(1)
Write a Practice Response	445	(1)
Make a Spelling List	446	(1)
Prepare Yourself for the Exam	446	(1)
Writing the Essay Exam	446	(3)
Read and Understand the Question	446	(1)
Plan Your Time	447	(1)
Plan Your Answer	447	(1)
Write Your Response	447	(2)
Revise and Proofread	449	(1)
A Sample Essay Exam Response	449	(3)
Activities	451	(1)
Writing for Business: Letters, Resumes, Memos, Faxes, and E-Mail	452	(13)
Writing a Business Letter	452	(5)
Formats of Business Letters	452	(2)
Elements of Business Letters	454	(3)
Writing a Resume and Cover Letter	457	(2)
Creating a Resume	457	(2)
Writing a Cover Letter	459	(1)
Writing a Memo	459	(2)
Memo Form	461	(1)
Writing a Fax and an E-Mail	461	(4)
Sending a Fax	461	(2)
Sending an E-Mail	463	(1)
Activities	464	(1)
PART VI Readings for Writers	465	(138)
Finishing School	467	(5)
Maya Angelou
I Want a Wife	472	(3)
Judy Brady
Why Don't We Complain?	475	(5)
William F. Buckley Jr.
Entropy	480	(3)
K. C. Cole
Marginal Men	483	(4)
Barbara Ehrenreich
about Men	487	(3)
Gretel Ehrlich
The Ways We Lie	490	(5)
Stephanie Ericsson
How Urban Myths Reveal Society's Fears	495	(7)
Neal Gabler
The Revolt of the Black Bourgeoisie	502	(4)
Leonce Gaiter
Why Men Marry	506	(3)
George Gilder
Becoming Desensitized to Hate Words	509	(3)
Ellen Goodman
Crack and the Box	512	(5)
Pete Hamill
Why We Crave Horror Movies	517	(3)
Stephen King
The Case for Torture	520	(3)
Michael Levin
Doublespeak	523	(5)
William Lutz
Gifts and Honor: An Exchange	528	(6)
William Ian Miller
A Hanging	534	(5)
George Orwell
Future Shlock	539	(7)
Neil Postman
Gossip	546	(3)
Francine Prose
Animal Rights, Human Wrongs	549	(5)
Tom Regan
Proud to Be a Speciesist	554	(5)
Stephen Rose
The War Room at Bellevue	559	(5)
George Simpson
Black Men and Public Space	564	(4)
Brent Staples
A Modest Proposal	568	(5)
Jonathan Swift
Mother Tongue	573	(7)
Amy Tan
Being a Man	580	(3)
Paul Theroux
On Natural Death	583	(3)
Lewis Thomas
The Damned Human Race	586	(7)
Mark Twain
Once More to the Lake	593	(6)
E. B. White
TV Addiction	599	(4)
Marie Winn
PART VII Handbook	603	(38)
Sentence Errors	605	(1)
Sentence Fragments	605	(3)
Run-On Sentences	608	(2)
Subject/Verb Agreement	610	(5)
Verb Tense	615	(1)
Pronoun Case	616	(5)
Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement	621	(2)
Pronoun Reference	623	(2)
Gender-Neutral Language	625	(2)
Reminders for ESL Writers	627	(14)
Punctuation	641	(23)
Commas	641	(8)
Semicolons	649	(1)
Colons	650	(2)
Dashes	652	(1)
Apostrophes	653	(2)
Quotation Marks	655	(4)
Ellipses	659	(1)
Parentheses	660	(1)
Brackets	661	(1)
Slashes	661	(1)
End Punctuation Marks	662	(2)
Mechanics	664	(15)
Capitalization	664	(2)
Underlining	666	(2)
Numbers	668	(1)
Abbreviations	668	(2)
Hyphens	670	(1)
Spelling	671	(8)
Author Biographies	679	(16)
Indexes
Rhetorical Index	681	(2)
Thematic Index	683	(2)
General Index	685	(10)
Credits	695