Function, Phylogeny, and Fossils

by Begun, David R.; Ward, Carol V.; Rose, Michael D.

• ISBN13: 9780306454578
• ISBN10: 0306454572
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-03-01
• Publisher: Plenum Pub Corp

Summary

An insightful new work, Function, Phylogeny, and Fossils integrates two practices in paleobiology which are often separated - functional and phylogenetic analysis. The book summarizes the evidence on paleoenvironments at the most important Miocene hominoid sites and relates it to the pertinent fossil record. The contributors present the most up-to-date statements on the functional anatomy and likely behavior of the best known hominoids of this crucial period of ape and human evolution. A key feature is a comprehensive table listing 240 characteristics among 13 genera of living and extinct hominoids.

Table of Contents

1 Function and Phylogeny in Miocene Hominoids	1	(12)
Carol V. Ward
David R. Begun
Michael D. Rose
Introduction	1	(2)
Function and Phylogeny	3	(2)
Parallelism and Convergence	5	(1)
Content of This Volume	6	(4)
Goals of This Volume	10	(1)
References	10	(3)
2 Research on Miocene Hominoids and Hominid Origins: The Last Three Decades	13	(16)
David Pilbeam
Introduction	13	(1)
Two Decades of Progress	14	(2)
Cranio-Dental Remains	16	(1)
Postcranial Remains	17	(2)
Fossil Hominoid Relationships: Current Views	19	(2)
Sivapithecus and Oreopithecus	21	(1)
Alternative Interpretations	22	(1)
Hominid Origins	23	(2)
References	25	(4)
3 Interrelationships between Functional Morphology and Paleoenvironments in Miocene Hominoids	29	(30)
Peter Andrews
David R. Begun
Myriam Zylstra
Introduction	29	(1)
Songhor and Koru, Kenya	30	(6)
Rusinga Island, Kenya	36	(1)
Kalodirr, Kenya, and Moroto, Uganda	37	(1)
Maboko Island and Fort Ternan, Kenya	38	(2)
Pasalar, Turkey	40	(2)
Rudabanya, Hungary	42	(2)
Can Llobateres and Can Ponsic, Spain	44	(1)
Siwaliks, Pakistan	45	(2)
Ravin de la Pluie and Xirochori, Greece	47	(1)
Baccinello, Italy	48	(1)
Lufeng, China	49	(1)
Discussion	50	(3)
References	53	(6)
4 The Early Evolution of the Hominoid Face	59	(20)
Todd C. Rae
Introduction	59	(3)
Materials	62	(1)
Characters	63	(2)
Methods	65	(2)
Results	67	(3)
Other Taxa	70	(1)
Functional Implications	71	(2)
Conclusions	73	(1)
References	74	(5)
5 Functional and Phylogenetic Features of the Forelimb in Miocene Hominoids	79	(22)
Michael D. Rose
Introduction	79	(1)
Primitive Catarrhines	80	(4)
Turkanapithecus	84	(1)
Proconsul and Afropithecus	85	(2)
Kenyapithecus	87	(1)
Austriacopithecus	88	(1)
Sivapithecus	88	(1)
Lufengpithecus	89	(1)
Dryopithecus	89	(1)
Oreopithecus	90	(1)
Phylogenetic Considerations	91	(5)
Discussion	96	(1)
References	97	(4)
6 Functional Anatomy and Phyletic Implications of the Hominoid Trunk and Hindlimb	101	(30)
Carol V. Ward
Introduction	101	(1)
Miocene Hominoid Anatomy and Its Functional Implications	102	(9)
Methods	111	(2)
Results of Phylogenetic Analysis of Trunk and Hindlimb Data	113	(5)
Evolutionary Implications	118	(5)
Summary: Locomotor Evolution within the Hominoidea	123	(1)
Conclusions	124	(1)
References	125	(6)
7 Dental Evidence for Diet in Some Miocene Catarrhines with Comments on the Effects of Phylogeny on the Interpretation of Adaptation	131	(22)
Richard F. Kay
Peter S. Ungar
Introduction	131	(1)
Phylogenetic Background	132	(4)
Ape Dental Evolution and Adaptation	136	(2)
Phylogeny and Adaptation	138	(1)
Materials and Methods	139	(3)
Results	142	(5)
Discussion	147	(3)
References	150	(3)
8 Miocene Hominoid Mandibles: Functional and Phylogenetic Perspectives	153	(20)
Barbara Brown
Introduction	153	(1)
Functional Perspectives	154	(9)
Phylogenetic Perspectives	163	(5)
Conclusion	168	(1)
References	169	(4)
9 Palebiological and Phylogenetic Significance of Life History in Miocene Hominoids	173	(36)
Jay Kelley
What Is a Hominoid?	174	(7)
A Definition of the Hominoidea Based on Life History	181	(11)
Life History in a Functional and Phylogenetic Perspective	192	(9)
Conclusions	201	(1)
References	202	(7)
10 Proconsul: Function and Phylogeny	209	(16)
Alan Walker
Introduction	209	(1)
The Species of Proconsul	210	(1)
The Hypodigm	211	(1)
Body Size in Proconsul	212	(1)
Sexual Dimorphism	213	(1)
Function	214	(5)
Phylogeny	219	(2)
References	221	(4)
11 Afropithecus: Function and Phylogeny	225	(16)
Meave Leakey
Alan Walker
Introduction	225	(1)
The Hypodigm of Afropithecus turkanensis	226	(1)
Size	226	(3)
Function	229	(4)
Phylogeny	233	(4)
References	237	(4)
12 On the Relationships and Adaptations of Kenyapithecus, a Large-Bodied Hominoid from the Middle Miocene of Eastern Africa	241	(28)
Monte L. McCrossin
Brenda R. Benefit
Introduction	241	(2)
Craniodental Morphology and Adaptations	243	(7)
Postcranial Morphology and Adaptations	250	(7)
Taxonomic Diversity and Phylogenetic Position	257	(2)
Adaptive Reasons for the Appearance of Derived Features	259	(3)
Conclusions: Implications for the Evolutionary History of Modern Apes	262	(3)
References	265	(4)
13 The Taxonomy and Phylogenetic Relationships of Sivapithecus Revisited	269	(22)
Steve Ward
Introduction	269	(1)
Background	270	(2)
Sivapithecus in Context: Stratigraphic Range, Siwalik Vegetation History, and Community Structure	272	(2)
Sivapithecus: The Data Base	274	(2)
Facial and Gnathic Anatomy	276	(8)
Postcranials	284	(1)
Sivapithecus: Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Problems	285	(2)
Conclusions	287	(1)
References	288	(3)
14 Phyletic Affinities and Functional Convergence in Dryopithecus and other Miocene and Living Hominids	291	(26)
David R. Begun
Laszlo Kordos
Introduction	291	(1)
Methods	292	(1)
European Miocene Hominid Morphology	293	(6)
Character Analysis	299	(3)
Functional Anatomy and the Development of Hominine Characters in Dryopithecus and Ouranopithecus	302	(3)
Beyond Parsimony: Choosing among Hypotheses Based on the Functional Anatomy of Ouranopithecus Jaws and Teeth	305	(3)
Functional Anatomy and the Homoplasies of Sivapithecus/Pongo	308	(2)
Early Hominid Phylogeny and the Evolution of Hominid Functional Complexes	310	(3)
Conclusions	313	(1)
References	314	(3)
15 The Phylogenetic and Functional Implications of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis	317	(10)
Louis de Bonis
George Koufos
Geological Setting and Dating of O. macedoniensis	318	(1)
Main Characters of O. macedoniensis	318	(5)
Phyletic Position of Ouranopithecus	323	(1)
Paleoenvironment of O. macedoniensis	323	(2)
References	325	(2)
Enigmatic Anthropoid or Misunderstood Ape? The Phylogenetic Status of Oreopithecus bambolii Reconsidered	327	(36)
Terry Harrison
Lorenzo Rook
Introduction	327	(5)
Chronology, Paleoecology, and Biogeography	332	(4)
Phylogenetic Relationships	336	(18)
Conclusions	354	(4)
References	358	(5)
17 Lufengpithecus and Hominoid Phylogeny: Problems in Delineating and Evaluating Phylogenetically Relevant Characters	363	(26)
Jeffrey H. Schwartz
Introduction	363	(3)
Comparative Morphology	366	(16)
Conclusion	382	(4)
References	386	(3)
18 Events in Hominoid Evolution	389	(28)
David R. Begun
Carol V. Ward
Michael D. Rose
Introduction	389	(2)
A Comprehensive Analysis of Hominoid Phylogeny	391	(1)
Results	391	(13)
Discussion	404	(6)
Evolutionary Implications of Our Phylogenetic Hypothesis	410	(2)
Biogeographic Implications	412	(1)
Summary	413	(1)
References	414	(3)
Geological/Geographic Index	417	(4)
Subject Index	421