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Preface | p. xiii |
Preface to the Second Edition | p. xv |
Acknowledgments | p. xvii |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Problems | p. 1 |
References | p. 7 |
Polymer Fundamentals | p. 9 |
Types of Polymers | p. 11 |
Reaction to Temperature | p. 11 |
Chemistry of Synthesis | p. 12 |
Structure | p. 19 |
Conclusions | p. 30 |
Problems | p. 30 |
Reference | p. 34 |
Molecular Structure of Polymers | p. 35 |
Types of Bonds | p. 35 |
Bond Distances and Strengths | p. 35 |
Bonding and Response to Temperature | p. 37 |
Action of Solvents | p. 38 |
Bonding and Molecular Structure | p. 39 |
Stereoisomerism in Vinyl Polymers | p. 40 |
Stereoisomerism in Diene Polymers | p. 42 |
Summary | p. 44 |
Problems | p. 44 |
References | p. 45 |
Polymer Morphology | p. 46 |
Amorphous and Crystalline Polymers | p. 47 |
The Effect of Polymer Structure, Temperature, and Solvent on Crystallinity | p. 48 |
The Effect of Crystallinity on Polymer Density | p. 49 |
The Effect of Crystallinity on Mechanical Properties | p. 50 |
The Effect of Crystallinity on Optical Properties | p. 51 |
Models for the Crystalline Structure of Polymers | p. 53 |
Extended Chain Crystals | p. 56 |
Liquid Crystal Polymers | p. 57 |
Problems | p. 59 |
References | p. 60 |
Characterization of Molecular Weight | p. 61 |
Introduction | p. 61 |
Average Molecular Weights | p. 62 |
Determination of Average Molecular Weights | p. 66 |
Molecular Weight Distributions | p. 75 |
Gel Permeation (or Size-Exclusion) Chromatography (GPC, SEC) | p. 79 |
Summary | p. 85 |
Problems | p. 86 |
References | p. 89 |
Thermal Transitions in Polymers | p. 91 |
Introduction | p. 91 |
The Glass Transition | p. 91 |
Molecular Motions in an Amorphous Polymer | p. 92 |
Determination of Tg | p. 92 |
Factors that Influence Tg | p. 95 |
The Effect of Copolymerization on Tg | p. 97 |
The Thermodynamics of Melting | p. 97 |
The Metastable Amorphous State | p. 100 |
The Influence of Copolymerization on Thermal Properties | p. 101 |
Effect of Additives on Thermal Properties | p. 102 |
General Observations about Tg and Tm | p. 103 |
Effects of Crosslinking | p. 103 |
Thermal Degradation of Polymers | p. 103 |
Other Thermal Transitions | p. 104 |
Problems | p. 104 |
References | p. 106 |
Polymer Solubility and Solutions | p. 107 |
Introduction | p. 107 |
General Rules for Polymer Solubility | p. 107 |
Typical Phase Behavior in Polymer-Solvent Systems | p. 109 |
The Thermodynamic Basis of Polymer Solubility | p. 110 |
The Solubility Parameter | p. 112 |
Hansen's Three-Dimensional Solubility Parameter | p. 114 |
The Flory-Huggins Theory | p. 116 |
Properties of Dilute Solutions | p. 118 |
Polymer-Polmyer-Common Solvent Systems | p. 121 |
Polymer Solutions, Suspensions, and Emulsions | p. 121 |
Concentrated Solutions: Plasticizers | p. 122 |
Problems | p. 124 |
References | p. 126 |
Polymer Synthesis | p. 129 |
Step-Growth (Condensation) Polymerization | p. 131 |
Introduction | p. 131 |
Statistics of Linear Step-Growth Polymerization | p. 132 |
Number-Average Chain Lengths | p. 133 |
Chain Lengths on a Weight Basis | p. 136 |
Gel Formation | p. 137 |
Kinetics of Polycondensation | p. 142 |
Problems | p. 143 |
References | p. 145 |
Free-Radical Addition (Chain-Growth) Polymerization | p. 146 |
Introduction | p. 146 |
Mechanism of Polymerization | p. 147 |
Gelation in Addition Polymerization | p. 148 |
Kinetics of Homogeneous Polymerization | p. 149 |
Instantaneous Average Chain Lengths | p. 153 |
Temperature Dependence of Rate and Chain Length | p. 155 |
Chain Transfer and Reaction Inhibitors | p. 157 |
Instantaneous Distributions in Free-Radical Addition Polymerization | p. 160 |
Instantaneous Quantities | p. 165 |
Cumulative Quantities | p. 166 |
Relations Between Instantaneous and Cumulative Average Chain Lengths for a Batch Reactor | p. 169 |
Emulsion Polymerization | p. 173 |
Kinetics of Emulsion Polymerization in Stage II, Case 2 | p. 176 |
Summary | p. 180 |
Problems | p. 180 |
References | p. 183 |
Advanced Polymerization Methods | p. 185 |
Introduction | p. 185 |
Cationic Polymerization | p. 185 |
Anionic Polymerization | p. 186 |
Kinetics of Anionic Polymerization | p. 192 |
Group-Transfer Polymerization | p. 194 |
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization | p. 195 |
Heterogeneous Stereospecific Polymerization | p. 196 |
Grafted Polymer Surfaces | p. 202 |
Summary | p. 203 |
Problems | p. 203 |
References | p. 205 |
Copolymerization | p. 207 |
Introduction | p. 207 |
Mechanism | p. 207 |
Significance of Reactivity Ratios | p. 209 |
Variation of Composition with Conversion | p. 210 |
Copolymerization Kinetics | p. 216 |
Penultimate Effects and Charge-Transfer Complexes | p. 216 |
Summary | p. 217 |
Problems | p. 217 |
References | p. 219 |
Polymerization Practice | p. 220 |
Introduction | p. 220 |
Bulk Polymerization | p. 220 |
Gas-Phase Olefin Polymerization | p. 225 |
Solution Polymerization | p. 226 |
Interfacial Polycondensation | p. 228 |
Suspension Polymerization | p. 229 |
Emulsion Polymerization | p. 232 |
Summary | p. 234 |
Problems | p. 234 |
References | p. 235 |
Polymer Properties | p. 237 |
Rubber Elasticity | p. 239 |
Introduction | p. 239 |
Thermodynamics of Elasticity | p. 239 |
Statistics of Ideal Rubber Elasticity | p. 246 |
Summary | p. 248 |
Problems | p. 248 |
References | p. 249 |
Introduction to Viscous Flow and the Rheological Behavior of Polymers | p. 250 |
Introduction | p. 250 |
Basic Definitions | p. 251 |
Relations Between Shear Force and Shear Rate: Flow Curves | p. 252 |
Time-Dependent Flow Behavior | p. 254 |
Polymer Melts and Solutions | p. 255 |
Quantitative Representation of Flow Behavior | p. 256 |
Temperature Dependence of Flow Properties | p. 259 |
Influence of Molecular Weight on Flow Properties | p. 262 |
The Effects of Pressure on Viscosity | p. 263 |
Viscous Energy Dissipation | p. 264 |
Poiseuille Flow | p. 265 |
Turbulent Flow | p. 268 |
Drag Reduction | p. 269 |
Summary .271 | |
Problems | p. 271 |
References | p. 274 |
Linear Viscoelasticity | p. 276 |
Introduction | p. 276 |
Mechanical Models for Linear Viscoelastic Response | p. 276 |
The Four-Parameter Model and Molecular Response | p. 285 |
Viscous or Elastic Response? The Deborah Number | p. 288 |
Quantitative Approaches to Model Viscoelasticity | p. 289 |
The Boltzmann Superposition Principle | p. 293 |
Dynamic Mechanical Testing | p. 297 |
Summary | p. 304 |
Problems | p. 304 |
References | p. 307 |
Polymer Mechanical Properties | p. 308 |
Introduction | p. 308 |
Mechanical Properties of Polymers | p. 308 |
Axial Tensiometers | p. 309 |
Viscosity Measurement | p. 311 |
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis: Techniques | p. 316 |
Time-Temperature Superposition | p. 323 |
Summary | p. 329 |
Problems | p. 329 |
References | p. 332 |
Polymer Processing and Performance | p. 335 |
Processing | p. 337 |
Introduction | p. 337 |
Molding | p. 337 |
Extrusion | p. 344 |
Blow Molding | p. 347 |
Rotational, Fluidized-Bed, and Slush Molding | p. 348 |
Calendering | p. 349 |
Sheet Forming (Thermoforming) | p. 350 |
Stamping | p. 351 |
Solution Casting | p. 351 |
Casting | p. 351 |
Reinforced Thermoset Molding | p. 352 |
Fiber Spinning | p. 353 |
Compounding | p. 355 |
Lithography | p. 358 |
Three-Dimensional (Rapid) Prototyping | p. 358 |
Summary | p. 359 |
Problems | p. 359 |
References | p. 360 |
Polymer Applications: Plastics and Plastic Additives | p. 361 |
Introduction | p. 361 |
Plastics | p. 361 |
Mechanical Properties of Plastics | p. 362 |
Contents of Plastic Compounds | p. 363 |
Sheet Molding Compound for Plastics | p. 371 |
Plastics Recycling | p. 373 |
Problems | p. 374 |
References | p. 374 |
Polymer Applications: Rubbers and Thermoplastic Elastomers | p. 375 |
Introduction | p. 375 |
Thermoplastic Elastomers | p. 375 |
Contents of Rubber Compounds | p. 376 |
Rubber Compounding | p. 379 |
References | p. 379 |
Polymer Applications: Synthetic Fibers | p. 380 |
Synthetic Fibers | p. 380 |
Fiber Processing | p. 380 |
Fiber Dyeing | p. 381 |
Other Fiber Additives and Treatments | p. 381 |
Effects of Heat and Moisture on Polymer Fibers | p. 381 |
Polymer Applications: Surface Finishes and Coatings | p. 383 |
Surface Finishes | p. 383 |
Solventless Coatings | p. 385 |
Electrodeposition | p. 387 |
Microencapsulation | p. 387 |
Problem | p. 389 |
References | p. 389 |
Polymer Applications: Adhesives | p. 390 |
Adhesives | p. 390 |
References | p. 394 |
Index | p. 395 |
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