Fundamentals of Graphics Communication

by Bertoline, Gary R.; Wiebe, Eric N.; Miller, Craig L.

• ISBN13: 9780072322095
• ISBN10: 0072322098
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-01-17
• Publisher: MCG (Manual)

Summary

Fundamentals of Graphics Communication presents a modern approach to engineering and technical graphics. It covers drawing techniques from a modern, CAD-oriented perspective, as well as a traditional perspective. The engineering design process receives special attention throughout this text, through the use of design case studies, a consistent problem-solving methodology, many real examples taken from industry, and a selection of design problems for the student to try. The text is supported by a rich assortment of supplements, including CAD workbooks, additional drawing problems, animation, tutorials, and a dynamic On-Line Learning center for students and instructors.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xv
Preface	xvi
Design in Industry: CAE in Action: Skate Blades on the Cutting Edge	xxi
Introduction to Graphics Communication and Sketching	1	(72)
Objectives and Overview	1	(1)
Introduction	2	(2)
The Importance of Graphics in the Design Process	4	(4)
Visualization	5	(2)
Communication	7	(1)
Documentation	7	(1)
The Traditional Design Process	8	(1)
The Design Process Using Concurrent Engineering	9	(2)
Standards and Conventions	11	(1)
CAD Database Standards	12	(1)
Alphabet of Lines	12	(1)
Specialists and Technical Drawings	13	(1)
Traditional Tools	13	(14)
Pencils	14	(1)
Historical Highlight Leonardo da Vinci	15	(1)
Drawing Paper	16	(1)
Scales	17	(1)
Civil Engineer's Scale	17	(2)
Mechanical Engineer's Scale	19	(4)
Metric Scale	23	(1)
Compass	24	(1)
Dividers	25	(1)
Templates	26	(1)
What You Will Learn	27	(1)
Technical Drawing Tools	27	(2)
3-D Modeling Project Chapter 1: Stapler Modeling Project	28	(1)
Future Trends	29	(1)
Visualization Tools	29	(1)
Computer-Aided Drawing Tools	29	(3)
Technical Sketching	32	(4)
Freehand Sketching Tools	35	(1)
CAD Sketching Tools	36	(1)
Sketching Technique	36	(9)
Seeing, Imaging, Representing	37	(1)
Contour Sketching	38	(2)
Negative Space Sketching	40	(1)
Upside-Down Sketching	40	(1)
Straight Lines	40	(3)
Curved Lines	43	(2)
Proportions and Construction Lines	45	(4)
Lettering	49	(6)
Lettering Standards	49	(1)
Hand Lettering	50	(1)
Alternate Text Styles	50	(3)
CAD Lettering Technique	53	(2)
Text on Drawings	55	(1)
Summary	56	(17)
Design Case Study 3-D Design Pays Off for Bose Corporation	57	(1)
Goals Review	58	(1)
Questions for Review	58	(1)
Further Reading	59	(1)
Design in Industry Virtual Reality Changes the Face of Design	59	(1)
Problems	60	(12)
Classic Problems	72	(1)
The Engineering Design Process	73	(61)
Objectives and Overview	73	(1)
Design	74	(2)
The Engineering Design Process	76	(8)
Traditional Engineering Design	77	(1)
Concurrent Engineering Design	77	(1)
Collaborative Engineering	78	(1)
Virtual Product Representation	78	(1)
Prototyping	78	(1)
Productivity Tools	79	(1)
EDM/PDM	79	(3)
Internet, Intranet, and Extranet	82	(1)
The Digital Enterprise	82	(1)
e-Business	82	(1)
Design Teams	82	(2)
Members of Design Teams	84	(1)
Types of Design Projects	84	(1)
Ideation	84	(5)
Problem Identification	84	(3)
Preliminary Ideas Statement	87	(1)
Preliminary Design	87	(2)
Ideation Resources	89	(1)
The Designer's Notebook	89	(1)
Refinement	89	(12)
Modeling	93	(3)
Computer Simulation and Animation	96	(1)
Design Analysis	97	(4)
Design Review Meetings	101	(1)
Implementation	101	(12)
Planning	101	(1)
Production	102	(1)
Marketing	103	(1)
Finance	104	(1)
Management	105	(1)
Service	106	(1)
Documentation	106	(1)
Historical Highlight Standards	107	(6)
Drawing Control	113	(4)
Product Data Control	113	(1)
3-D Modeling Project Chapter 2 Stapler Modeling Project	114	(2)
File Management	116	(1)
ISO 9000	116	(1)
Other Engineering Design Methods	117	(17)
Design Case Study The Motorola i1000 Handset Communicator	118	(5)
Goals Review	123	(1)
Questions for Review	123	(1)
Design in Industry FEA and the America's Cup	124	(2)
Further Reading	126	(8)
Engineering Geometry	134	(51)
Objectives and Overview	134	(1)
Engineering Geometry	135	(1)
Shape Description	135	(1)
Coordinate Space	136	(6)
Right-Hand Rule	137	(3)
Polar Coordinates	140	(1)
Cylindrical Coordinates	140	(1)
Spherical Coordinates	140	(1)
Absolute and Relative Coordinates	141	(1)
World and Local Coordinate Systems	142	(1)
Geometric Elements	142	(1)
Points, Lines, Circles, and Arcs	143	(7)
Points	143	(1)
Historical Highlight Gaspard Monge	143	(2)
Lines	145	(2)
Tangencies	147	(2)
Circles	149	(1)
Conic Curves	150	(6)
Parabolas	151	(1)
Hyperbolas	151	(1)
Ellipses	152	(4)
Roulettes	156	(3)
Design in Industry New Tools Help Link Computer-Aided Industrial Design with Mechanical CAD	156	(1)
Spirals	157	(1)
Cycloids	157	(1)
Involutes	158	(1)
Double-Curved Lines, Including Helixes	159	(1)
Freeform Curves	159	(2)
Spline Curves	160	(1)
Bezier and B-Spline Curves	160	(1)
Angles	161	(1)
Planes	162	(1)
Surfaces	162	(10)
Two-Dimensional Surfaces	164	(2)
Ruled Surfaces	166	(5)
Fractal Curves and Surfaces	171	(1)
3-D Modeling	172	(13)
Wireframe Modeling	174	(1)
Surface Modeling	175	(1)
Goals Review	176	(1)
3-D Modeling Project Chapter 3: Stapler Modeling Project	177	(1)
Questions for Review	177	(1)
Further Reading	177	(1)
Problems	178	(5)
Classic Problems	183	(2)
Design Visualization	185	(49)
Objectives and Overview	185	(1)
Visualization for Design	185	(4)
Problem Solving	186	(1)
Vision	187	(2)
Solid Object Features	189	(2)
General Visualization Techniques	191	(8)
Solid Object Combinations and Negative Solids	191	(1)
Planar Surfaces	192	(3)
Symmetry	195	(1)
Surface Models (Developments)	196	(3)
Visualization Techniques for Engineering Drawings	199	(2)
Image Planes	199	(1)
Object-Image Plane Orientation	200	(1)
Multiple Image Planes	200	(1)
Choosing a View to Describe an Object	201	(1)
Graphical Analysis of Engineering Data	201	(10)
Data Visualization Elements	202	(4)
Visualizations for One Independent Variable	206	(3)
Visualizations for Two Independent Variables	209	(1)
Design in Industry Sikorsky Helibus	210	(1)
Future Directions	211	(1)
Summary	212	(22)
Questions for Review	213	(1)
Further Reading	213	(1)
Problems	214	(20)
3-D Solid Modeling	234	(63)
Objectives	234	(1)
Introduction	235	(1)
Model Definition	235	(1)
Primitive Modeling	235	(1)
Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) Modeling	236	(4)
Boundary Representation (B-Rep) Modeling	240	(1)
Hybrid Modeling	240	(1)
Constraint-Based Modeling	241	(1)
Planning	241	(1)
Sources of Data	241	(1)
Eventual Model Use	242	(1)
Modeling Standards	242	(1)
Feature Analysis	242	(2)
Feature Definition	244	(18)
Features from Generalized Sweeps	244	(1)
Construction Geometry	245	(3)
Sketching the Profile	248	(1)
Constraining the Profile	249	(5)
Completing the Feature Definition	254	(4)
Feature Planning Strategies	258	(2)
Design in Industry Design of Tollway Extension	260	(2)
Editing Part Features	262	(3)
Understanding Feature Order	262	(2)
Editing Feature Properties	264	(1)
Duplicating Part Features	265	(1)
Viewing the Part Model	266	(6)
View Camera Operation	266	(4)
View Camera Strategy	270	(2)
Application of Part Model Data	272	(9)
Model Data Associativity	273	(1)
Documentation	273	(2)
Assembly Modeling	275	(4)
Analysis	279	(2)
Summary	281	(16)
Goals Review	281	(2)
Further Reading	283	(1)
Questions for Review	283	(1)
Problems	284	(13)
Multiviews and Auxiliary Views	297	(96)
Objectives and Overview	297	(2)
Projection Theory	299	(2)
Line of Sight (LOS)	299	(1)
Plane of Projection	299	(1)
Parallel versus Perspective Projection	299	(2)
Multiview Projection Planes	301	(1)
Frontal Plane of Projection	301	(1)
Horizontal Plane of Projection	301	(1)
Profile Plane of Projection	302	(1)
Orientation of Views from Projection Planes	302	(1)
Advantages of Multiview Drawings	302	(4)
Historical Highlight Ivan Sutherland (1938- )	305	(1)
The Six Principal Views	306	(8)
Conventional View Placement	307	(2)
First- and Third-Angle Projection	309	(1)
Adjacent Views	309	(2)
Related Views	311	(1)
Central View	311	(1)
Line Conventions	311	(3)
Multiview Sketches	314	(7)
One-View Sketches	314	(1)
Two-View Sketches	314	(5)
Three-View Sketches	319	(1)
Multiviews from 3-D CAD Models	320	(1)
View Selection	321	(4)
Fundamental Views of Edges and Planes for Visualization	325	(4)
Edges (Lines)	325	(1)
Principal Planes	326	(3)
Inclined Planes	329	(1)
Oblique Planes	329	(1)
Multiview Representations for Sketches	329	(11)
Points	329	(1)
Planes	329	(3)
Change of Planes (Edge)	332	(1)
Angles	332	(1)
Curved Surfaces	332	(1)
Holes	333	(3)
Fillets, Rounds, Finished Surfaces, and Chamfers	336	(2)
Runouts	338	(1)
Intersecting Cylinders	338	(1)
Cylinders Intersecting Prisms and Holes	339	(1)
Multiview Drawings Visualization	340	(9)
Projection Studies	341	(1)
Physical Model Construction	341	(2)
Adjacent Areas	343	(1)
Similar Shapes	344	(1)
Surface Labeling	345	(1)
Missing Lines	345	(1)
Vertex Labeling	345	(1)
Analysis by Solids	345	(3)
Analysis by Surfaces	348	(1)
ANSI Standards for Multiview Drawings and Sketches	349	(2)
Partial Views	349	(1)
Revolution Conventions	350	(1)
Removed Views	351	(1)
Auxiliary View Projections	351	(5)
Fold-Line Method	352	(1)
Reference Plane Method	352	(2)
Design in Industry Using Parametrics with an Agile Manufacturing Strategy	354	(2)
Auxiliary View Classifications	356	(1)
Auxiliary Views Using CAD	356	(1)
3-D Modeling Project	357	(1)
Summary	357	(36)
Goals Review	357	(1)
Questions for Review	358	(1)
Problems	359	(29)
Classic Problems	388	(5)
Pictorial Projections	393	(46)
Objectives and Overview	394	(1)
Axonometric Projection	394	(3)
Axonometric Projection Classifications	394	(3)
Isometric Axonometric Projections	397	(3)
Isometric Axonometric Drawings	398	(1)
Standards for Hidden Lines, Center Lines, and Dimensions	399	(1)
Isometric Pictorial Sketches	400	(3)
Historical Highlight Thomas Ewing French (1871-1944)	401	(2)
Isometric Ellipses	403	(3)
Isometric Grid Paper	406	(2)
Design in Industry Design for the Environment (DFE)	407	(1)
Oblique Planes in Isometric Views	408	(1)
Angles in Isometric Views	409	(1)
Irregular Curves in Isometric Views	409	(1)
Isometric Ellipses Templates	410	(2)
Section Views in Isometric Views	412	(1)
Isometric Assembly Drawings	413	(1)
Design in Industry Concept to Victory in 7 Months	413	(1)
Oblique Projections	414	(4)
Oblique Projection Theory	414	(3)
Oblique Drawing Classifications	417	(1)
Object Orientation Rules	418	(1)
Oblique Pictorial Sketching	418	(2)
Perspective Projections	420	(1)
Perspective Projection Terminology	421	(3)
Perspective Projection Classifications	424	(1)
Perspective Drawing Variables Selection	425	(1)
CAD Perspective Drawings	425	(14)
3-D Modeling Project	428	(1)
Summary	428	(1)
Goals Review	428	(1)
Questions for Review	428	(1)
Further Reading	429	(1)
Problems	430	(6)
Classic Problems	436	(3)
Section Views	439	(38)
Introduction and Objectives	439	(2)
Sectioning Basics	441	(4)
CAD Technique	443	(1)
Visualization of Section Views	444	(1)
Cutting Plane Lines	445	(3)
Placement of Cutting Plane Lines	447	(1)
Section Line Practices	448	(3)
Material Symbols	449	(1)
Sketching Techniques	449	(1)
Outline Sections	450	(1)
Thin Wall Sections	451	(1)
Section View Types	451	(9)
Full Sections	452	(1)
Half Sections	452	(1)
Broken-Out Sections	453	(1)
Revolved Sections	454	(1)
Removed Sections	454	(2)
Offset Sections	456	(1)
Assembly Sections	457	(1)
Auxiliary Sections	457	(3)
Historical Highlight Doug Engelbart (1925- )	460	(1)
Special Sectioning Conventions	460	(5)
Ribs, Webs, and Other Thin Features	461	(1)
Aligned Sections	462	(1)
Design in Industry Adjustable Mountain Bike Suspension	463	(2)
Conventional Breaks	465	(1)
3-D CAD Techniques	465	(1)
Summary	466	(11)
3-D Modeling Project	467	(1)
Goals Review	467	(1)
Questions for Review	467	(1)
Problems	468	(9)
Dimensioning and Tolerancing Practices	477	(80)
Introduction and Objectives	477	(1)
Dimensioning	478	(1)
Size and Location Dimensions	478	(10)
Terminology	480	(2)
Basic Concepts	482	(1)
Size Dimensions	483	(1)
Location and Orientation Dimensions	483	(1)
Coordinate Dimensions	483	(1)
Standard Practices	484	(4)
Detail Dimensioning	488	(6)
Diameter versus Radius	491	(1)
Holes and Blind Holes	492	(1)
Counterbored Holes	492	(1)
Spotfaces	492	(1)
Countersinks	492	(1)
Design in Industry Project Extranets Coordinate Engineering Projects across the Globe	493	(1)
Screw Threads	494	(1)
Grooves	494	(1)
Manufacturers' Gages	494	(1)
Dimensioning Techniques	494	(6)
The Dimensioning Process	495	(3)
Dimensioning Guidelines	498	(1)
ASME Standard Dimensioning Rules	499	(1)
Tolerancing	500	(1)
Interchangeability	501	(1)
Tolerance Representation	501	(17)
General Tolerances	502	(1)
Limit Dimensions	502	(1)
Plus and Minus Dimensions	502	(1)
Single Limit Dimensions	503	(1)
Important Terms	503	(1)
Fit Types	504	(1)
Fit Type Determination	505	(1)
Tolerance Costs	506	(1)
Functional Dimensioning	506	(1)
Tolerance Stack-Up	506	(1)
Metric Limits and Fits	507	(6)
Standard Precision Fits: English Units	513	(5)
Tolerances in CAD	518	(1)
Geometric Accuracy	518	(1)
Associative Dimensioning	518	(1)
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing	518	(2)
GDT Symbols	520	(1)
GDT Rule 1	520	(2)
Maximum Material Condition	522	(1)
Material Condition Symbols	522	(1)
Departure from MMC	523	(1)
Perfect Form at MMC	523	(1)
Separation of Control Types	523	(1)
Datums and Datum Features	523	(3)
Datum Uses	524	(1)
Datums and Assembly	524	(1)
Datum Feature Control	524	(1)
Datum Reference Frame	525	(1)
Primary Datum	525	(1)
Secondary and Tertiary Datums	525	(1)
Design in Industry Companies Collaborate to Produce Ships Faster	526	(1)
Datum Feature Symbols	526	(1)
Geometric Controls	526	(11)
Perfection	526	(1)
Tolerance Zones	526	(1)
Virtual Condition	526	(1)
Form Controls	527	(3)
Orientation Controls	530	(2)
Location Controls	532	(5)
Tolerance Calculations	537	(1)
Floating Fastener Tolerancing	537	(1)
Fixed Fastener Tolerancing	537	(1)
Hole Diameter Tolerancing	537	(1)
Design Applications	537	(2)
Five-Step GDT Process	537	(1)
Application Example	538	(1)
Summary	539	(18)
Goals Review	542	(1)
Questions for Review	542	(2)
3-D Modeling Project	544	(1)
Problems	545	(12)
Working Drawings and Assemblies	557
Introduction and Objectives	557
Basic Concepts	558
Working Drawings	559
Detail Drawings	561
Assembly Drawings	561
Part Numbers	567
Drawing Numbers	567
Title Blocks	568
Parts Lists	568
Part Identification	569
Revision Block	570
Engineering Change Orders (ECO)	570
Scale Specifications	570
Tolerance Specifications	571
Zones	572
Tabular Drawings	572
Working Assembly Drawing	572
Threaded Fasteners	573
Thread Notes	573
Thread Specifications: Metric System	575
Thread Drawings	576
Standard Bolts, Studs, and Screws	580
CAD Techniques	581
Design in Industry Design for Assembly: Building a Simpler Computer	581
Nonthreaded Fasteners	582
Pins	582
Keys	582
Rivets	582
Springs	583
Mechanisms	583
Gears	584
Cams	584
Linkages	585
Bearings	586
Piping	588
Pipe Drawings	589
Welding	591
Weld Symbols	591
Reprographics	594
Reproduction Techniques	595
Digital Technologies	596
Summary	597
Goals Review	597
3-D Modeling Project Chapter 10: Stapler Modeling Project	598
Questions for Review	598
Further Reading	598
Problems	599
Classic Problems	638
APPENDIXES	A-1
1. Metric Equivalents	A-3
2. Trigonometry Functions	A-4
3. ANSI Running and Sliding Fits (RC)	A-5
4. ANSI Clearance Locational Fits (LC)	A-6
5. ANSI Transition Locational Fits (LT)	A-7
6. ANSI Interference Locational Fits (LN)	A-8
7. ANSI Force and Shrink Fits (FN)	A-9
8. Description of Preferred Metric Fits	A-10
9. ANSI Preferred Hole Basis Metric Clearance Fits	A-11
10. ANSI Preferred Hole Basis Transition and Interference Fits	A-12