Fundamentals of Pharmacology for Veterinary Technicians

by Romich, Janet Amundson

• ISBN13: 9781401842932
• ISBN10: 1401842933
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-07-06
• Publisher: CENGAGE Delmar Learning

Summary

This book presents a thorough discussion of the medications dispensed by veterinary and laboratory animal technicians, including how they may help or harm animals. After reviewing the basic anatomy and physiology of the body systems, drugs used to treat diseases of those body systems are presented in a clear, categorical manner. The extensive use of tables, illustrations and photos help readers review material and serve as a quick reference in the classroom and clinical settings, as well as for certification examinations preparation. Additionally, two interactive CD-ROMs describe the mechanics of calculations of drug doses and solutions and the theory and mechanics of fluid therapy.

Table of Contents

A Brief History of Veterinary Pharmacology	1	(8)
Introduction	1	(1)
A History of Veterinary Pharmacology	1	(1)
What Did You Say? Understanding Pharmacological Terms	2	(1)
Who's in Charge? The Food and Drug Administration	3	(1)
How Do You Get Drugs?	4	(3)
Summary	7	(1)
Chapter References	7	(1)
Chapter Review	7	(2)
Veterinary Drug Development and Control	9	(9)
Introduction	9	(1)
How Do Veterinary Drugs Get Here? The Stages of Veterinary Drug Development	9	(6)
Overview of Drug Development	10	(1)
Safety and Effectiveness Evaluation	11	(1)
Toxicity Evaluation	12	(1)
Effective and Lethal Dose Evaluation	13	(1)
Therapeutic Index	13	(1)
Systems-Oriented Screen	14	(1)
Evaluation of Long-Term (Chronic) Effects	14	(1)
Evaluating Reproductive Effects, Carcinogenicity, and Teratogenicity	14	(1)
How Do Drugs Get to You? Drug Marketing Systems	15	(1)
Summary	15	(1)
Chapter References	16	(1)
Chapter Review	16	(2)
Therapeutic Range and Routes of Administration	18	(18)
Introduction	18	(1)
Keeping Safe: The Therapeutic Range	19	(1)
Staying in the Safe Zone	19	(1)
Route of Administration	20	(10)
Injectable Administration and Dose Forms	21	(3)
Inhalation Administration	24	(3)
Topical Application and Dose Forms	27	(1)
Oral Administration and Dose Forms	27	(3)
Drug Dose	30	(1)
Dosage Interval	31	(1)
Out of the Safe Zone	32	(1)
Summary	33	(1)
Chapter References	33	(1)
Chapter Review	34	(2)
Pharmacokinetics	36	(20)
Introduction	36	(1)
Drug Movement	36	(4)
Passive Diffusion	37	(2)
Facilitated Diffusion	39	(1)
Active Transport	39	(1)
Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis	40	(1)
Pharmacokinetics Part I: Getting In	40	(4)
Amount of Drug in the Body	41	(1)
pH and Ionization	41	(1)
Ion Trapping	42	(1)
Oral versus Parenteral Drug Forms	42	(2)
Patient Factors	44	(1)
Pharmacokinetics Part II: Moving Around	44	(2)
Membrane Permeability	45	(1)
Tissue Perfusion	45	(1)
Protein Binding	45	(1)
Volume of Distribution	46	(1)
Pharmacokinetics Part III: Changing	46	(1)
Pharmacokinetics Part IV: Getting Out	47	(4)
How Do Drugs Work?	51	(1)
Summary	52	(2)
Chapter References	54	(1)
Chapter Review	54	(2)
Veterinary Drug Use and Prescribing	56	(17)
Introduction	56	(1)
Brand Name(®) or Not?	56	(2)
Getting Information	58	(4)
Drug Standards	58	(1)
Package Inserts	58	(4)
Drug Reference Books	62	(1)
Dispensing versus Prescribing	62	(8)
Summary	70	(1)
Chapter References	71	(1)
Chapter Review	71	(2)
Systems of Measurement in Veterinary Pharmacology	73	(24)
Introduction	73	(1)
The Basics	73	(1)
How Do We Measure?	74	(12)
The Household System	74	(1)
The Metric System	74	(2)
Converting Grams to Milligrams	76	(2)
Converting Milligrams to Grams	78	(1)
Converting Kilograms to Grams	78	(2)
Converting Grams to Kilograms	80	(1)
Converting Liters to Milliliters	81	(1)
Converting Milliliters to Liters	82	(1)
The Apothecary System	82	(2)
Conversions Between Metric and Apothecary Systems of Measure	84	(1)
Temperature Conversions	84	(2)
Dose Calculations	86	(3)
Determining the Dose and the Amount of Drug Dispensed	86	(1)
Dose in mg	86	(1)
Dose in Tablets	87	(1)
Dose in ml	87	(1)
Dose in Units	87	(1)
Calculating Total Dose	88	(1)
Calculating Number of Doses	88	(1)
Determining the Amount in Each Dose	88	(1)
Solutions	89	(3)
Percent Concentration Calculations	89	(2)
Reconstitution Problems	91	(1)
Summary	92	(1)
Chapter References	93	(1)
Chapter Review	93	(4)
Drugs Affecting the Nervous System	97	(26)
Introduction	97	(1)
Basic Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology	97	(4)
Central Nervous System Drugs	101	(14)
Seizure Stopping	101	(2)
Calming	103	(2)
Pain Relieving	105	(2)
Opioid Blocking	107	(1)
Pain Relieving and Anxiety Calming	107	(1)
No Pain	107	(1)
Local Anesthetics	108	(1)
General Anesthetics	108	(1)
Injectable Anesthetics	108	(1)
Barbiturates	108	(2)
Dissociatives	110	(1)
Miscellaneous	111	(1)
Inhalant Agents	111	(2)
Inhalant Analgesics	113	(1)
Inhalant Anesthetics	113	(1)
CNS Stimulants (CNS)	114	(1)
Euthanasia Solutions	115	(1)
Autonomic Nervous System Drugs	115	(3)
Parasympathetic Nervous System Drugs	115	(1)
Cholinergic Drugs Parasympathomimetics	115	(1)
Anticholinergic Drugs/Parasympatholytics	116	(1)
Sympathetic Nervous System Drugs	117	(1)
Adrenergic Drugs/Sympathomimetics	117	(1)
Adrenergic Blocking Agents/Sympatholytics	118	(1)
Summary	118	(2)
Chapter References	120	(1)
Chapter Review	121	(2)
Cardiovascular Drugs	123	(17)
Introduction	123	(1)
Basic Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology	124	(4)
Cardiovascular Drugs	128	(6)
Increasing Force	128	(2)
Fixing the Rhythm	130	(1)
Correcting Constriction	131	(2)
Losing Fluid	133	(1)
Drugs Affecting Blood	134	(2)
Clot Stopping	134	(1)
Bleeding Stopping	135	(1)
Blood Enhancing	136	(1)
Summary	136	(1)
Chapter References	137	(1)
Chapter Review	137	(3)
Respiratory System Drugs	140	(9)
Introduction	140	(1)
Basic Respiratory Anatomy and Physiology	141	(1)
Respiratory Drugs	142	(4)
Cough-Causing	142	(1)
Mucus-Breaking	142	(1)
Cough-Controlling	142	(1)
Congestion-Reducing	143	(1)
Bronchi-Widening	143	(1)
Histamine-Blocking	144	(1)
Respiratory Stimulants	144	(1)
Other Drugs Used in the Respiratory System	145	(1)
Summary	146	(1)
Chapter References	146	(1)
Chapter Review	147	(2)
Hormonal and Reproductive Drugs	149	(25)
Introduction	149	(1)
Basic Endocrine System Anatomy and Physiology	150	(1)
Regulation of the Endocrine System	151	(1)
Hormonal Drugs	152	(8)
Master Gland Control	152	(2)
Blood Glucose Regulation	154	(3)
Regulation of Metabolic Rate	157	(2)
Regulation of the Adrenal Cortex	159	(1)
Basic Reproductive System Anatomy and Physiology	160	(2)
Drugs Affecting Reproduction	162	(5)
Male Hormone-like Drugs	162	(2)
Female Hormone-like Drugs	164	(1)
The ``Gest''s (Progesterone Drugs)	164	(1)
The ``Prost''s (Prostaglandin Drugs)	165	(1)
Gonad Stimulators	166	(1)
Promoting Growth	167	(1)
Hormonal Implants	168	(1)
Tissue Building	168	(1)
Summary	168	(1)
Chapter References	169	(2)
Chapter Review	171	(3)
Gastrointestinal Drugs	174	(17)
Introduction	174	(1)
Basic Digestive System Anatomy and Physiology	174	(2)
Gastrointestinal Drugs	176	(9)
Saliva Stopping	176	(1)
Diarrhea Stopping	177	(1)
Stool Loosening	178	(1)
Vomit Stopping	179	(2)
Vomit Producing	181	(1)
Ulcer Stopping	182	(2)
Foam Stopping	184	(1)
Motility Enhancing	184	(1)
Enzyme Supplementing	185	(1)
Dental Prophylaxis and Treatment	185	(1)
Summary	185	(3)
Chapter References	188	(1)
Chapter Review	188	(3)
Urinary System Drugs	191	(13)
Introduction	191	(1)
Basic Urinary System Anatomy and Physiology	191	(2)
Urinary System Drugs	193	(7)
Urine Producing	193	(1)
Blood Pressure Lowering	194	(1)
Urolith Treatment	195	(1)
Urinary Incontinence	196	(1)
Neurologically Caused Incontinence	197	(2)
Nonneurologically Caused Incontinence	199	(1)
Miscellaneous Drugs	200	(1)
Summary	200	(1)
Chapter References	201	(1)
Chapter Review	201	(3)
Drugs Affecting Muscle Function	204	(7)
Introduction	204	(1)
Basic Muscle Anatomy and Physiology	204	(1)
Drugs Affecting Muscle Function	205	(3)
Inflammation Reducing	205	(1)
Muscle Paralyzing	206	(1)
Spasm Stopping	207	(1)
Tissue Building	207	(1)
Summary	208	(1)
Chapter References	208	(1)
Chapter Review	209	(2)
Antimicrobials	211	(25)
Introduction	211	(1)
Antimicrobial Terminology	212	(1)
Antimicrobials for Bacteria	212	(4)
How Antibiotics Work	214	(1)
Additional Considerations in Antibiotic Use	214	(2)
Classes of Antibiotics	216	(5)
Cell Wall Agents	216	(1)
Penicillins	216	(1)
Broad-Spectrum Penicillins	217	(1)
Beta-Lactamase-Resistant Penicillins	217	(1)
Potentiated Penicillins	217	(1)
Cephalosporins	217	(1)
Bacitracin	218	(1)
Vancomycin	218	(1)
Cell Membrane Agents	218	(1)
Protein Synthesis Agents	218	(1)
Aminoglycosides	218	(1)
Tetracyclines	219	(1)
Chloramphenicol	219	(1)
Florfenicol	219	(1)
Macrolides	219	(1)
Lincosamides	220	(1)
Antimetabolites	220	(1)
Nucleic Acid Agents	220	(1)
Miscellaneous Antibiotics	221	(1)
Nitrofurans	221	(1)
Nitroimidazoles	221	(1)
Rifampin	221	(1)
Antimicrobials for Fungi	221	(4)
Polyene Antifungal Agents	224	(1)
Imidazole Antifungal Agents	224	(1)
Antimetabolic Antifungal Agents	225	(1)
Superficial Antifungal Agents	225	(1)
Antimicrobials for Viruses	225	(1)
Inanimate versus Animate Use: Disinfectants and Antiseptics	226	(6)
Types of Disinfecting Agents	227	(1)
Phenols	227	(1)
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds	227	(1)
Aldehydes	227	(3)
Ethylene Oxide	230	(1)
Alcohols	230	(1)
Halogens	230	(1)
Biguanides	230	(1)
Other Agents	231	(1)
Summary	232	(1)
Chapter References	232	(1)
Chapter Review	233	(3)
Antiparasitics	236	(19)
Introduction	236	(1)
Types of Parasites	236	(1)
Inside: Endoparasites	237	(7)
Antinematodal Drugs	237	(5)
Anticestodal Drugs	242	(1)
Antitrematodal Drugs	243	(1)
Anticoccidials and Other Antiprotozoals	243	(1)
In the Heart: Heartworm Medications	244	(2)
Outside: Ectoparasites	246	(6)
Summary	252	(1)
Chapter References	252	(1)
Chapter Review	253	(2)
Anti-Inflammatory and Pain-Reducing Drugs	255	(16)
Introduction	255	(1)
Inflammation	256	(1)
Inflammation Reducers	257	(8)
Steroidal Inflammation Reducers	258	(4)
NSAIDs	262	(1)
Miscellaneous Anti-Inflammatory Drugs	263	(1)
Other Osteoarthritis Treatments	264	(1)
Antihistamines	265	(1)
Immunomodulators	265	(1)
Pain Relievers	266	(2)
Summary	268	(1)
Chapter References	268	(1)
Chapter Review	269	(2)
Drugs for Skin Conditions	271	(10)
Introduction	271	(1)
Basic Skin Anatomy and Physiology	271	(1)
Drugs Used in the Treatment of Skin Disorders	272	(5)
On Top of Bacteria and Fungi	273	(1)
On Top of Itching	273	(1)
On Top of Seborrhea	274	(1)
Miscellaneous Topical Drugs	275	(2)
Summary	277	(1)
Chapter References	277	(1)
Chapter Review	278	(3)
Ophthalmic and Otic Medications	281	(17)
Introduction	281	(1)
Basic Eye Anatomy and Physiology	281	(2)
Ophthalmic Drugs	283	(6)
Diagnostic	284	(1)
Pupil Closing	284	(1)
Pupil Opening	285	(1)
Pressure Reducing	286	(1)
Dry Eye Repairers	287	(2)
All the Rest	289	(1)
Introduction	289	(1)
Basic Ear Anatomy and Physiology	289	(2)
Otic Medications	291	(2)
Summary	293	(2)
Chapter References	295	(1)
Chapter Review	295	(3)
Fluid Therapy and Emergency Drugs	298	(20)
Introduction	298	(1)
Basics of Body Fluid	299	(1)
Fluid Therapy	300	(1)
How Do We Get It There?	301	(1)
What Can We Give?	302	(3)
What Can We Add?	305	(2)
How Much Do We Give?	307	(1)
Rehydration Volumes	307	(1)
Maintenance Fluid Volumes	307	(1)
Ongoing Fluid Loss Volumes	308	(1)
Examples of Fluid Calculations	308	(1)
How Fast Do We Give It?	309	(2)
What Do We Use to Give It?	311	(1)
Keeping Watch	311	(1)
Emergency Drugs	311	(3)
A = Airway	313	(1)
B = Breathing	313	(1)
C = Circulation	313	(1)
Summary	314	(1)
Chapter References	315	(1)
Chapter Review	316	(2)
Antineoplastic and Immunosuppressive Drugs	318	(9)
Introduction	318	(1)
Cancer-Fighting Drugs	318	(6)
Nonspecific versus Specific	319	(2)
Administering Antineoplastics	321	(1)
Immune Enhancers	321	(1)
Immune Dehancers	322	(1)
Enzymes	323	(1)
Adverse Reactions	323	(1)
Summary	324	(1)
Chapter References	325	(1)
Chapter Review	325	(2)
Vaccines	327	(13)
Introduction	327	(1)
Protection against Disease	327	(2)
Why Vaccinate?	329	(1)
What Is a Vaccine?	329	(4)
Types of Vaccines	329	(3)
Maternally Derived Antibiotics	332	(1)
Vaccine Allergies	333	(1)
Issues of Vaccine Use	333	(2)
Care and Handling	333	(1)
Route of Administration	333	(1)
Using Vaccines	333	(1)
Patient Considerations	334	(1)
Vaccine Reactions	335	(1)
Vaccine Protocols	335	(1)
Core versus Noncore	336	(1)
Vaccine Examples	336	(1)
Summary	337	(1)
Chapter References	338	(1)
Chapter Review	338	(2)
Behavior--Modifying Drugs	340	(10)
Introduction	340	(1)
Behavior Problems in Animals	340	(1)
Classes of Behavior-Modifying Drugs	341	(6)
Anti-anxiety Drugs	341	(1)
Antihistamines	341	(1)
Benzodiazepines	342	(1)
Phenothiazines	342	(1)
Azapirones	342	(1)
Barbiturates	342	(1)
Antidepressants	343	(1)
Tricyclic Antidepressants	343	(1)
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors	344	(1)
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors	344	(1)
Hormones	344	(3)
Summary	347	(1)
Chapter References	347	(1)
Chapter Review	347	(3)
Herbal Therapeutics	350	(13)
Introduction	350	(1)
Alternatives	350	(1)
What's in a Name?	351	(1)
West versus East	352	(7)
Why Herbs?	352	(1)
Quality Control	353	(1)
Herb Forms and Administration	354	(1)
Herbal Countdown	354	(1)
Ginkgo	355	(1)
St John's Wort	355	(1)
Ginseng	355	(1)
Garlic	356	(1)
Echinacea	356	(1)
Saw Palmetto	357	(1)
Evening Primrose	357	(1)
Goldenseal	357	(1)
Cranberry	357	(1)
Valerian	357	(1)
Advice to Clients	358	(1)
Summary	359	(1)
Chapter References	359	(2)
Chapter Review	361	(2)
Appendix A Unit Conversions and Math References	363	(2)
Appendix B Conversion of Body Weight in Kilograms to Body Surface Area in Meters (for Dogs and Cats)	365	(1)
Appendix C Metric Conversion Guide	366	(1)
Appendix D Vitamin Supplements	367	(2)
Appendix E Inventory Management	369	(2)
Appendix F Managing Animal Toxicities	371	(2)
Appendix G Web Sites of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Companies	373	(3)
Appendix H Proper Use of Needles and Syringes	376	(1)
Appendix I Withdrawing (Aspirating) Medication from a Vial	377	(3)
Appendix J Withdrawing (Aspirating) Medication from an Ampule	380	(3)
Appendix K Reconstituting a Powder Medication for Administration	383	(4)
Appendix L Drugs Listed Alphabetically and Classified by Category	387	(8)
Glossary	395	(10)
Index	405	(6)
Answer Key to Text Review Exercises	411	(1)
Software System Requirements and Installation Instructions	412