Top
1 Measurement 1
1-1 Measuring Things, Including Lengths 1
What is Physics? 1
Measuring Things 1
The International System of Units 2
Changing Units 3
Length 3
Significant Figures and Decimal Places 4
1-2 Time 5
Time 5
1-3 Mass 6
Mass 6
Review & Summary 8
Problems 8
2 Motion Along a Straight Line 13
2-1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity 13
What is Physics? 13
Motion 14
Position and Displacement 14
Average Velocity and Average Speed 15
2-2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed 18
Instantaneous Velocity and Speed 18
2-3 Acceleration 20
Acceleration 20
2-4 Constant Acceleration 23
Constant Acceleration: A Special Case 23
Another Look at Constant Acceleration 26
2-5 Free-Fall Acceleration 27
Free-Fall Acceleration 27
2-6 Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis 29
Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis 29
Review & Summary 30
Questions 31
Problems 32
3 Vectors 40
3-1 Vectors and Their Components 40
What is Physics? 40
Vectors and Scalars 40
Adding Vectors Geometrically 41
Components of Vectors 42
3-2 Unit Vectors, Adding Vectors by Components 46
Unit Vectors 46
Adding Vectors by Components 46
Vectors and the Laws of Physics 47
3-3 Multiplying Vectors 50
Multiplying Vectors 50
Review & Summary 55
Questions 56
Problems 57
4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions 62
4-1 Position and Displacement 62
What is Physics? 62
Position and Displacement 63
4-2 Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity 64
Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity 65
4-3 Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration 67
Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration 68
4-4 Projectile Motion 70
Projectile Motion 70
4-5 Uniform Circular Motion 76
Uniform Circular Motion 76
4-6 Relative Motion in One Dimension 78
Relative Motion in One Dimension 78
4-7 Relative Motion in Two Dimensions 80
Relative Motion in Two Dimensions 80
Review & Summary 81
Questions 82
Problems 84
5 Force and Motion—I 94
5-1 Newton’s First and Second Laws 94
What is Physics? 94
Newtonian Mechanics 95
Newton’s First Law 95
Force 96
Mass 97
Newton’s Second Law 98
5-2 Some Particular Forces 102
Some Particular Forces 102
5-3 Applying Newton’s Laws 106
Newton’s Third Law 106
Applying Newton’s Laws 108
Review & Summary 114
Questions 114
Problems 116
6 Force and Motion—II 124
6-1 Friction 124
What is Physics? 124
Friction 124
Properties of Friction 127
6-2 The Drag Force and Terminal Speed 130
The Drag Force and Terminal Speed 130
6-3 Uniform Circular Motion 133
Uniform Circular Motion 133
Review & Summary 138
Questions 139
Problems 140
7 Kinetic Energy and Work 149
7-1 Kinetic Energy 149
What is Physics? 149
What is Energy? 149
Kinetic Energy 150
7-2 Work and Kinetic Energy 151
Work 151
Work and Kinetic Energy 152
7-3 Work Done by the Gravitational Force 155
Work Done by the Gravitational Force 156
7-4 Work Done by a Spring Force 159
Work Done by a Spring Force 159
7-5 Work Done by a General Variable Force 162
Work Done by a General Variable Force 162
7-6 Power 166
Power 166
Review & Summary 168
Questions 169
Problems 170
8 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy 177
8-1 Potential Energy 177
What is Physics? 177
Work and Potential Energy 178
Path Independence of Conservative Forces 179
Determining Potential Energy Values 181
8-2 Conservation of Mechanical Energy 184
Conservation of Mechanical Energy 184
8-3 Reading a Potential Energy Curve 187
Reading a Potential Energy Curve 187
8-4 Work Done On a System by an External Force 191
Work Done on a System by an External Force 192
8-5 Conservation of Energy 195
Conservation of Energy 195
Review & Summary 199
Questions 200
Problems 202
9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum 214
9-1 Center of Mass 214
What is Physics? 214
The Center of Mass 215
9-2 Newton’s Second Law for a System of Particles 220
Newton’s Second Law for a System of Particles 220
9-3 Linear Momentum 224
Linear Momentum 224
The Linear Momentum of a System of Particles 225
9-4 Collision and Impulse 226
Collision and Impulse 226
9-5 Conservation of Linear Momentum 230
Conservation of Linear Momentum 230
9-6 Momentum and Kinetic Energy in Collisions 233
Momentum and Kinetic Energy in Collisions 233
Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension 234
9-7 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension 237
Elastic Collisions in One Dimension 237
9-8 Collisions in Two Dimensions 240
Collisions in Two Dimensions 240
9-9 Systems with Varying Mass: A Rocket 241
Systems with Varying Mass: A Rocket 241
Review & Summary 243
Questions 245
Problems 246
10 Rotation 257
10-1 Rotational Variables 257
What is Physics? 258
Rotational Variables 259
Are Angular Quantities Vectors? 264
10-2 Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration 266
Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration 266
10-3 Relating The Linear and Angular Variables 268
Relating the Linear and Angular Variables 268
10-4 Kinetic Energy of Rotation 271
Kinetic Energy of Rotation 271
10-5 Calculating the Rotational Inertia 273
Calculating the Rotational Inertia 273
10-6 Torque 277
Torque 278
10-7 Newton’s Second Law for Rotation 279
Newton’s Second Law for Rotation 279
10-8 Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy 282
Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy 282
Review & Summary 285
Questions 286
Problems 287
11 Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum 295
11-1 Rolling as Translation and Rotation Combined 295
What is Physics? 295
Rolling as Translation and Rotation Combined 295
11-2 Forces and Kinetic Energy of Rolling 298
The Kinetic Energy of Rolling 298
The Forces of Rolling 299
11-3 The Yo-Yo 301
The Yo-Yo 302
11-4 Torque Revisited 302
Torque Revisited 303
11-5 Angular Momentum 305
Angular Momentum 305
11-6 Newton’s Second Law in Angular Form 307
Newton’s Second Law in Angular Form 307
11-7 Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body 310
The Angular Momentum of a System of Particles 310
The Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body Rotating About a Fixed Axis 311
11-8 Conservation of Angular Momentum 312
Conservation of Angular Momentum 312
11-9 Precession of a Gyroscope 317
Precession of a Gyroscope 317
Review & Summary 318
Questions 319
Problems 320
12 Equilibrium and Elasticity 327
12-1 Equilibrium 327
What is Physics? 327
Equilibrium 327
The Requirements of Equilibrium 329
The Center of Gravity 330
12-2 Some Examples of Static Equilibrium 332
Some Examples of Static Equilibrium 332
12-3 Elasticity 338
Indeterminate Structures 338
Elasticity 339
Review & Summary 343 Questions 343 Problems 345
13 Gravitation 354
13-1 Newton’s Law of Gravitation 354
What is Physics? 354
Newton’s Law of Gravitation 355
13-2 Gravitation and the Principle of Superposition 357
Gravitation and the Principle of Superposition 357
13-3 Gravitation Near Earth’s Surface 359
Gravitation Near Earth’s Surface 360
13-4 Gravitation Inside Earth 362
Gravitation Inside Earth 363
13-5 Gravitational Potential Energy 364
Gravitational Potential Energy 364
13-6 Planets and Satellites: Kepler’s Laws 368
Planets and Satellites: Kepler’s Laws 369
13-7 Satellites: Orbits and Energy 371
Satellites: Orbits and Energy 371
13-8 Einstein and Gravitation 374
Einstein and Gravitation 374
Review & Summary 376
Questions 377
Problems 378
14 Fluids 386
14-1 Fluids, Density, and Pressure 386
What is Physics? 386
What is a Fluid? 386
Density and Pressure 387
14-2 Fluids at Rest 388
Fluids at Rest 389
14-3 Measuring Pressure 392
Measuring Pressure 392
14-4 Pascal’s Principle 393
Pascal’s Principle 393
14-5 Archimedes’ Principle 394
Archimedes’ Principle 395
14-6 The Equation of Continuity 398
Ideal Fluids in Motion 398
The Equation of Continuity 399
14-7 Bernoulli’s Equation 401
Bernoulli’s Equation 401
Review & Summary 405
Questions 405
Problems 406
15 Oscillations 413
15-1 Simple Harmonic Motion 413
What is Physics? 414
Simple Harmonic Motion 414
The Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion 419
15-2 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion 421
Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion 421
15-3 An Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator 423
An Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator 423
15-4 Pendulums, Circular Motion 424
Pendulums 425
Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion 428
15-5 Damped Simple Harmonic Motion 430
Damped Simple Harmonic Motion 430
15-6 Forced Oscillations and Resonance 432
Forced Oscillations and Resonance 432
Review & Summary 434
Questions 434
Problems 436
16 Waves—I 444
16-1 Transverse Waves 444
What is Physics? 445
Types of Waves 445
Transverse and Longitudinal Waves 445
Wavelength and Frequency 446
The Speed of a Traveling Wave 449
16-2 Wave Speed On a Stretched String 452
Wave Speed on a Stretched String 452
16-3 Energy and Power of a Wave Traveling Along a String 454
Energy and Power of a Wave Traveling Along a String 454
16-4 The Wave Equation 456
The Wave Equation 456
16-5 Interference of Waves 458
The Principle of Superposition for Waves 458
Interference of Waves 459
16-6 Phasors 462
Phasors 462
16-7 Standing Waves and Resonance 465
Standing Waves 465
Standing Waves and Resonance 467
Review & Summary 470
Questions 471
Problems 472
17 Waves—II 479
17-1 Speed of Sound 479
What is Physics? 479
Sound Waves 479
The Speed of Sound 480
17-2 Traveling Sound Waves 482
Traveling Sound Waves 482
17-3 Interference 485
Interference 485
17-4 Intensity and Sound Level 488
Intensity and Sound Level 489
17-5 Sources of Musical Sound 492
Sources of Musical Sound 493
17-6 Beats 496
Beats 497
17-7 The Doppler Effect 498
The Doppler Effect 499
17-8 Supersonic Speeds, Shock Waves 503
Supersonic Speeds, Shock Waves 503
Review & Summary 504
Questions 505
Problems 506
18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics 514
18-1 Temperature 514
What is Physics? 514
Temperature 515
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 515
Measuring Temperature 516
18-2 The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales 518
The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales 518
18-3 Thermal Expansion 520
Thermal Expansion 520
18-4 Absorption of Heat 522
Temperature and Heat 523
The Absorption of Heat by Solids and Liquids 524
18-5 The First Law of Thermodynamics 528
A Closer Look at Heat and Work 528
The First Law of Thermodynamics 531
Some Special Cases of the First Law of Thermodynamics 532
18-6 Heat Transfer Mechanisms 534
Heat Transfer Mechanisms 534
Review & Summary 538
Questions 540
Problems 541
19 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 549
19-1 Avogadro’s Number 549
What is Physics? 549
Avogadro’s Number 550
19-2 Ideal Gases 550
Ideal Gases 551
19-3 Pressure, Temperature, and RMS Speed 554
Pressure, Temperature, and RMS Speed 554
19-4 Translational Kinetic Energy 557
Translational Kinetic Energy 557
19-5 Mean Free Path 558
Mean Free Path 558
19-6 The Distribution of Molecular Speeds 560
The Distribution of Molecular Speeds 561
19-7 The Molar Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas 564
The Molar Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas 564
19-8 Degrees of Freedom and Molar Specific Heats 568
Degrees of Freedom and Molar Specific Heats 568
A Hint of Quantum Theory 570
19-9 The Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas 571
The Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas 571
Review & Summary 575
Questions 576
Problems 577
20 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 583
20-1 Entropy 583
What is Physics? 584
Irreversible Processes and Entropy 584
Change in Entropy 585
The Second Law of Thermodynamics 588
20-2 Entropy in the Real World: Engines 590
Entropy in the Real World: Engines 590
20-3 Refrigerators and Real Engines 595
Entropy in the Real World: Refrigerators 596
The Efficiencies of Real Engines 597
20-4 A Statistical View of Entropy 598
A Statistical View of Entropy 598
Review & Summary 602
Questions 603
Problems 604
Appendices
A The International System of Units (SI) A-1
B Some Fundamental Constants of Physics A-3
C Some Astronomical Data A-4
D Conversion Factors A-5
E Mathematical Formulas A-9
F Properties of the Elements A-12
G Periodic Table of the Elements A-15
Student Solutions Manual 1-125
Answers
To Checkpoints and Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems AN-1
Index I-1
