Gender : Psychological Perspectives

by Brannon, Linda

• ISBN13: 9780205404575
• ISBN10: 020540457X
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2008-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

Gender: Psychological Perspectives examines the research and theory from psychology and related fields in order to evaluate the behavior, biology, and social context in which both women and men function. This book examines the topic of gender-the behaviors and attitudes that relate to (but are not entirely congruent with) biological sex. Although research and scholarship form the basis of this book, Brannon supplements the review of scholarly research with personal, narrative accounts of gender-relevant aspects of people's lives as well as highlights from a cross-cultural perspective of gender. The personal narrative and diversity highlights help to balance the research-based scholarship with the personal experience of gender. Highlights of the Fourth Edition: Balanced coverage of gender with attention to and critical analysis of both men and women's issues. ";Headlines"; sections from newspapers, journals, and magazines expose students to the bias that can be found in the media and encourage readers to think critically about the material that they read. Ten are new to this edition. ";Considering Diversity"; sections provide a ";close up"; view of important topics related to the growing field of diversity within gender studies. Each chapter provides some context for a closer examination of a cross-cultural topic. New chapter on the process and influences on developing gender identity (Ch. 6, ";Developing Gender identity";). Chapter 5, ";Theories of Gender,"; is now devoted to theories of gender development, including psychodynamic and social theories. More than 500 new references.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	xiii
1 THE STUDY OF GENDER	1	(19)
HEADLINE: "The New Gender Wars"
Psychology Today, November/December 2000	1	(2)
HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF SEX DIFFERENCES IN PSYCHOLOGY	3	(10)
The Study of Individual Differences	4	(1)
Psychoanalysis	5	(2)
The Development of Women's Studies	7	(3)
The Appearance of the Men's Movement	10	(3)
ISSUES IN THE STUDY OF GENDER	13	(4)
Sex or Gender?	14	(2)
Should Psychologists Study Gender?	16	(1)
CONSIDERING DIVERSITY	17	(1)
SUMMARY	18	(1)
GLOSSARY	19	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	19	(1)
2 RESEARCHING SEX AND GENDER	20	(27)
HEADLINE: "The Science Wars"
Newsweek, April 21, 1997	20	(1)
HOW SCIENCE DEVELOPED	21	(1)
APPROACHES TO RESEARCH	22	(12)
Quantitative Research Methods	22	(8)
Qualitative Research Methods	30	(3)
Researchers' Choices	33	(1)
GENDER BIAS IN RESEARCH	34	(9)
Sources of Bias	35	(4)
Ways to Deal with Bias in Science	39	(4)
CONSIDERING DIVERSITY	43	(1)
SUMMARY	44	(1)
GLOSSARY	45	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	46	(1)
3 HORMONES AND CHROMOSOMES	47	(32)
HEADLINE: "Mood for Thought: Is the New Drug Sarafem a Miracle Treatment for Severe PMS or Just Prozac in Disguise?"
Harper's Bazaar, September 2001	47	(1)
HEADLINE: "Testosterone Rules: It Takes More Than Just a Hormone to Make a Fellow's Trigger Finger Itch"
Discover, March 1997	47	(1)
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND STEROID HORMONES	48	(2)
STAGES OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE SEXES	50	(1)
SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION	50	(16)
Development of Male and Female Physiology	51	(6)
Changes during Puberty	57	(5)
When Things Go Wrong	62	(4)
HORMONES AND BEHAVIOR INSTABILITY	66	(8)
Premenstrual Syndrome	66	(4)
Testosterone and Aggression	70	(4)
CONSIDERING DIVERSITY	74	(2)
SUMMARY	76	(1)
GLOSSARY	77	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	78	(1)
4 INTELLIGENCE AND COGNITIVE ABILITIES	79	(27)
HEADLINE: "Lost in Space"
Vogue, June 2001	79	(1)
COGNITIVE ABILITIES	80	(17)
Verbal Performance	82	(2)
Mathematical and Quantitative Performance	84	(5)
Spatial Performance	89	(4)
Other Cognitive Abilities	93	(4)
SOURCE OF THE DIFFERENCES	97	(3)
Biological Evidence for Gender Differences in Cognitive Abilities	97	(2)
Evidence for Other Sources of Gender Differences	99	(1)
IMPLICATIONS OF GENDER-RELATED DIFFERENCES	100	(2)
CONSIDERING DIVERSITY	102	(2)
SUMMARY	104	(1)
GLOSSARY	105	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	105	(1)
5 THEORIES OF GENDER DEVELOPMENT	106	(28)
HEADLINE: "Freud Was Way Wrong"
New York Times, June 11, 2000	106	(1)
THE PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH TO PERSONALITY	106	(10)
Freud's Theory of Personality	106	(5)
Horney's Theory of Personality	111	(1)
Contemporary Psychodynamic Theories of Personality Development	112	(4)
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY	116	(6)
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY	122	(3)
GENDER SCHEMA THEORY	125	(2)
GENDER SCRIPT THEORY	127	(1)
WHICH THEORY IS BEST?	128	(3)
SUMMARY	131	(1)
GLOSSARY	132	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	133	(1)
6 DEVELOPING GENDER IDENTITY	134	(25)
HEADLINE: "My Son Doesn't Act Like a Boy"
Family Life, April 1, 2001	134	(1)
GENDER IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT	134	(8)
Development during Childhood	135	(4)
Later Development	139	(3)
INFLUENCES ON GENDER IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT	142	(11)
Biological Factors and Gender Development	142	(2)
Family Environment and Gender Development	144	(2)
Peers and Gender Development	146	(1)
The Media and Gender Development	147	(4)
Is It Possible to Avoid Traditional Gender Roles?	151	(2)
CONSIDERING DIVERSITY	153	(3)
Gender Identity Disorder and Transsexuals	153	(2)
Cross-Cultural Views of Cross-Gender Identities	155	(1)
SUMMARY	156	(2)
GLOSSARY	158	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	158	(1)
7 GENDER STEREOTYPES: MASCULINITY AND FEMININITY	159	(27)
HEADLINE: "The Stereotype Trap"
Newsweek, November 6, 2000	159	(1)
FROM GENDER ROLES TO GENDER STEREOTYPES	160	(15)
Stereotypes of Women and Men	160	(4)
Development of Stereotypes	164	(2)
The Process and Implications of Stereotyping	166	(3)
Perceptions of Women and Men	169	(6)
MASCULINITY, FEMININITY, AND ANDROGYNY	175	(4)
CONSIDERING DIVERSITY	179	(4)
Cross-Cultural Assessments of Masculinity and Femininity	179	(1)
Gender Stereotypes across Cultures	180	(3)
SUMMARY	183	(1)
GLOSSARY	184	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	185	(1)
8 EMOTION	186	(30)
HEADLINE: "Are Girls Really As Mean As Books Say They Are?"
Chronicle of Higher Education, July 5, 2002	186	(1)
PHYSIOLOGICAL, COGNITIVE, AND BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS OF EMOTION	187	(1)
GENDER AND THE EXPERIENCE OF EMOTION	188	(22)
The Myth of Maternal Instinct	189	(7)
The Prominence of Male Aggression	196	(14)
EXPRESSIVITY AND EMOTION	210	(2)
CONSIDERING DIVERSITY	212	(1)
SUMMARY	213	(2)
GLOSSARY	215	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	215	(1)
9 RELATIONSHIPS	216	(37)
HEADLINE: "The Science of a Good Marriage"
Newsweek, April 19, 1999	216	(2)
FRIENDSHIPS	218	(6)
Development of Styles	218	(2)
Friendships over the Life Span	220	(2)
Flexibility of Styles	222	(2)
LOVE RELATIONSHIPS	224	(20)
Dating	225	(4)
Marriage and Committed Relationships	229	(15)
DISSOLVING RELATIONSHIPS	244	(4)
CONSIDERING DIVERSITY	248	(2)
SUMMARY	250	(1)
GLOSSARY	251	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	252	(1)
10 SEXUALITY	253	(42)
HEADLINE: "We're Not in the Mood"
Newsweek, June 30, 2003	253	(1)
THE STUDY OF SEXUALITY	254	(12)
Sex Surveys	255	(6)
Masters and Johnson's Approach	261	(5)
CHILDHOOD SEXUALITY: EXPLORATION AND ABUSE	266	(5)
HETEROSEXUALITY	271	(10)
During Adolescence	272	(3)
During Adulthood	275	(6)
HOMOSEXUALITY	281	(8)
During Adolescence	285	(1)
During Adulthood	286	(3)
BISEXUALITY	289	(1)
CONSIDERING DIVERSITY	290	(2)
SUMMARY	292	(1)
GLOSSARY	293	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	294	(1)
11 SCHOOL	295	(28)
HEADLINE: "Are Boys the Weaker Sex?"
U.S. News & World Report, July 30, 2001	295	(1)
THE SCHOOL EXPERIENCE	296	(16)
Early Schooling	297	(2)
Changes during Middle School	299	(2)
High School	301	(5)
College and Professional School	306	(6)
ACHIEVEMENT	312	(7)
Achievement Motivation	312	(1)
Fear of Success	313	(1)
Self-Esteem and Self-Confidence	314	(3)
Attributions for Success and Failure	317	(2)
CONSIDERING DIVERSITY	319	(1)
SUMMARY	320	(2)
GLOSSARY	322	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	322	(1)
12 CAREERS AND WORK	323	(30)
HEADLINE: "The Gender Trap"
The Mercury News (San Jose), December 9, 2001	323	(1)
CAREERS	324	(14)
Career Expectations and Gender Role Socialization	325	(3)
Career Opportunities	328	(10)
GENDER ISSUES AT WORK	338	(9)
Gender Segregation on the Job	338	(1)
Gender, Communication, and Power in the Workplace	339	(3)
Sexual Harassment at Work	342	(5)
CONSIDERING DIVERSITY	347	(3)
SUMMARY	350	(1)
GLOSSARY	351	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	351	(2)
13 HEALTH AND FITNESS	353	(34)
HEADLINE: "Sex-Based Longevity?"
The Scientist, May 13, 2002	353	(1)
MORTALITY: NO EQUAL OPPORTUNITY	354	(8)
Cardiovascular Disease	354	(3)
Cancer	357	(3)
Violent Deaths	360	(2)
THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM	362	(10)
Gender Roles and Health Care	362	(5)
Reproductive Health	367	(5)
GENDER, LIFESTYLE, AND HEALTH	372	(9)
Eating	372	(7)
Exercise and Fitness	379	(2)
CONSIDERING DIVERSITY	381	(3)
SUMMARY	384	(2)
GLOSSARY	386	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	386	(1)
14 STRESS, COPING, AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY	387	(35)
HEADLINE: "Who Has the Most Stress?"
Ladies Home Journal, March 2000	387	(1)
STRESS AND COPING	388	(10)
Sources of Stress for Men and Women	388	(6)
Coping Resources and Strategies	394	(4)
DIAGNOSES OF MENTAL DISORDERS	398	(7)
The D5M Classification System	399	(2)
Gender Inequity in the Diagnosis of Mental Disorders	401	(4)
GENDER COMPARISONS IN PSYCHOPATHOLOGY	405	(12)
Depression	405	(4)
Substance-Related Disorders	409	(2)
Anxiety Disorders	411	(1)
Other Disorders	412	(5)
CONSIDERING DIVERSITY	417	(1)
SUMMARY	418	(2)
GLOSSARY	420	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	420	(2)
15 TREATMENT FOR MENTAL DISORDERS	422	(31)
HEADLINE: "Tough Guys in Therapy"
Time, May 7, 2001	422	(1)
APPROACHES TO THERAPY	422	(10)
Psychoanalysis	423	(1)
Humanistic Therapies	424	(1)
Cognitive Therapy	425	(1)
Behavior Modification	426	(2)
Medical Therapies	428	(1)
Accusations of Gender Bias in Therapy	429	(3)
GENDER ISSUES IN THERAPY	432	(7)
Feminist Therapy	432	(4)
Therapy with Men	436	(2)
Gender-Sensitive Therapies	438	(1)
SEXUAL EXPLOITATION IN THERAPY	439	(4)
THE SELF-HELP MOVEMENT	443	(4)
Online Support Groups	445	(1)
Gender Issues in Self-Help	446	(1)
CONSIDERING DIVERSITY	447	(3)
SUMMARY	450	(1)
GLOSSARY	451	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	451	(2)
16 HOW DIFFERENT?	453	(19)
HEADLINE: "With More Equity, More Sweat"
Washington Post, March 22, 1998	453	(1)
MULTIPLE ROLES HAVE BECOME THE RULE	453	(4)
WHAT DO WOMEN WANT? WHAT DO MEN WANT?	457	(7)
Have Women Become More Like Men?	457	(4)
Why Can't a Man Be More Like a Woman?	461	(3)
WHERE ARE THE DIFFERENCES?	464	(6)
Differences in Ability	465	(2)
Differences in Choices	467	(3)
SUMMARY	470	(1)
SUGGESTED READINGS	471	(1)
REFERENCES	472	(53)
NAME INDEX	525	(16)
SUBJECT INDEX	541