Gendered Lives

by Wood, Julia T.

• ISBN13: 9780495006541
• ISBN10: 0495006548
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-02-14
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Written by the leading gender communication scholar, Julia Wood's text introduces students to theories, research, and pragmatic information that demonstrate the multiple and often interactive ways in which our views of masculinity and femininity are shaped within contemporary culture. With the most up-to-date research, balanced perspectives of masculinity and femininity, a personal introduction to the field, and a conversational first-person writing style, GENDERED LIVES provides students with an engaging text that encourages them to think critically about gender and our society.

Table of Contents

Preface	xviii
INTRODUCTION Opening the Conversation	1	(14)
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF INEQUALITY	2	(1)
FEMINISM—FEMINISMS	3	(1)
FEATURES OF GENDERED LIVES	4	(3)
BECOMING AWARE	7	(1)
WHY I WROTE THIS BOOK	8	(2)
CHANGES IN THIS EDITION	10	(2)
COMMUNICATION AS THE FULCRUM OF CHANGE	12	(1)
THE CHALLENGE OF STUDYING COMMUNICATION, GENDER, AND CULTURE	13	(1)
BUILDING ON IDEAS AND INFORMATION IN THIS CHAPTER	14	(1)
Reflection and Discussion	14	(1)
Research, Analysis, and Action	14	(1)
PART I CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS
CHAPTER 1 The Study of Communication, Gender, and Culture	15	(22)
COMMUNICATION, GENDER, AND CULTURE AS AN AREA OF STUDY	15	(2)
Expanded Knowledge of Gender, Communication, and Culture	16	(1)
The Value of Studying Communication, Gender, and Culture	16	(1)
THE MEANING OF GENDER IN A TRANSITIONAL ERA	17	(1)
Confusing Attitudes	17	(1)
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WOMEN AND MEN	18	(2)
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG GENDER, CULTURE, AND COMMUNICATION	20	(14)
Sex	20	(3)
Gender	23	(6)
Culture	29	(2)
Communication	31	(5)
Communication is a dynamic process	31	(1)
Communication is systemic	31	(1)
Communication has two levels of meaning	32	(1)
Meanings are created through human interaction with symbols	33	(1)
SUMMARY	34	(1)
KEY TERMS	35	(1)
BUILDING ON IDEAS AND INFORMATION IN THIS CHAPTER	36	(1)
Reflection and Discussion	36	(1)
Research, Analysis, and Action	36	(1)
CHAPTER 2 Theoretical Approaches to Gender Development	37	(23)
THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO GENDER	37	(2)
BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF GENDER	39	(6)
INTERPERSONAL THEORIES OF GENDER	45	(5)
Psychodynamic Theories of Gender Development	45	(3)
Psychological Theories of Gender Development	48	(2)
Social learning theory	48	(1)
Cognitive development theory	48	(2)
CULTURAL THEORIES OF GENDER	50	(8)
Anthropology	50	(2)
Symbolic Interactionism	52	(3)
Standpoint Theory	55	(3)
SUMMARY	58	(1)
KEY TERMS	58	(1)
BUILDING ON IDEAS AND INFORMATION IN THIS CHAPTER	59	(1)
Reflection and Discussion	59	(1)
Research, Analysis, and Action	59	(1)
CHAPTER 3 The Rhetorical Shaping of Gender: Women's Movements in America	60	(29)
THE THREE WAVES OF WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS IN AMERICA	61	(1)
THE FIRST WAVE OF WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS
IN THE UNITED STATES	61	(4)
The Women's Rights Movement	61	(2)
The Cult of Domesticity	63	(2)
THE SECOND WAVE OF WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS
IN THE UNITED STATES	65	(15)
Radical Feminism	65	(3)
Lesbian Feminism	68	(1)
Separatism	69	(2)
Revalorism	71	(1)
Ecofeminism	72	(1)
Liberal Feminism	73	(3)
Womanism	76	(1)
Multiracial Feminism	77	(2)
Power Feminism	79	(1)
THE THIRD WAVE OF WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS
IN THE UNITED STATES	80	(3)
Remaking Solidarity to Incorporate Differences among Women	81	(1)
Building Coalitions	81	(1)
Integrating Theory into Everyday Practices	82	(1)
The Political Is Personal	82	(1)
Celebrating Girl Culture	83	(1)
ANTIFEMINISM: THE BACKLASH	83	(3)
The First Wave: The Antisuffrage Movement	84	(1)
The Second Wave: Fascinating, Total Women	84	(1)
The Second Wave: The STOP ERA Campaign	84	(1)
The Third Wave: Surrendered Wives and the War against Boys and Men	85	(1)
The Contradictory Claims of Antifeminism	86	(1)
SUMMARY	86	(1)
KEY TERMS	87	(1)
BUILDING ON IDEAS AND INFORMATION IN THIS CHAPTER	87	(2)
Reflection and Discussion	87	(1)
Research, Analysis, and Action	87	(2)
CHAPTER 4 The Rhetorical Shaping of Gender: Men's Movements in America	89	(24)
PROFEMINIST MEN'S MOVEMENTS	90	(8)
NOMAS	93	(2)
Men's Antiviolence Groups	95	(3)
The White Ribbon Campaign	95	(2)
Mentors in Violence Prevention	97	(1)
MASCULINIST MEN'S MOVEMENTS	98	(12)
The Men's Rights Movement	99	(2)
Fathers' Rights Groups	101	(1)
Mythopoetic Men	102	(3)
Promise Keepers	105	(4)
The Million Man March	109	(1)
SUMMARY	110	(1)
KEY TERMS	111	(1)
BUILDING ON IDEAS AND INFORMATION IN THIS CHAPTER	111	(2)
Reflection and Discussion	112	(1)
Research, Analysis, and Action	112	(1)
CHAPTER 5 Gendered Verbal Communication	113	(23)
VERBAL COMMUNICATION EXPRESSES CULTURAL VIEWS OF GENDER	114	(9)
Male Generic Language Excludes Women	114	(1)
Language Defines Men and Women Differently	115	(3)
Language Shapes Awareness	118	(1)
Language Organizes Perceptions of Gender	119	(2)
Language Evaluates Gender	121	(1)
Language Allows Self-Reflection	121	(2)
GENDERED INTERACTION: MASCULINE AND FEMININE STYLES OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION	123	(11)
Gendered Speech Communities	123	(1)
The Lessons of Children's Play	124	(2)
Boys' games	124	(1)
Girls' games	125	(1)
Gendered Communication Practices	126	(4)
Feminine speech	126	(2)
Masculine speech	128	(2)
Gender-Based Misinterpretations in Communication	130	(4)
Showing support	130	(1)
"Troubles talk"	131	(1)
The point of the story	132	(1)
Relationship talk	133	(1)
Public speaking	133	(1)
SUMMARY	134	(1)
KEY TERMS	134	(1)
BUILDING ON IDEAS AND INFORMATION IN THIS CHAPTER	134	(2)
Reflection and Discussion	135	(1)
Research, Analysis, and Action	135	(1)
CHAPTER 6 Gendered Nonverbal Communication	136	(21)
FUNCTIONS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION	136	(3)
To Supplement Verbal Communication	137	(1)
To Regulate Interaction	137	(1)
To Establish the Relationship Level of Meaning	137	(2)
Responsiveness	137	(1)
Liking	138	(1)
Power or control	139	(1)
FORMS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION	139	(16)
Artifacts	140	(2)
Proximity and Personal Space	142	(2)
Haptics (Touch)	144	(1)
Kinesics (Facial and Body Motion)	145	(1)
Paralanguage	146	(1)
Physical Appearance	147	(5)
Interpreting Nonverbal Behavior	152	(1)
Cultural Values Associated with Gendered Nonverbal Communication	153	(1)
Respecting Gendered Styles of Nonverbal Communication	154	(1)
SUMMARY	155	(1)
KEY TERMS	155	(1)
BUILDING ON IDEAS AND INFORMATION IN THIS CHAPTER	156	(1)
Reflection and Discussion	156	(1)
Research, Analysis, and Action	156	(1)
CHAPTER 7 Becoming Gendered: The Early Years	157	(27)
ENTERING A GENDERED SOCIETY	158	(1)
Self-as-Object	158	(1)
Monitoring	158	(1)
GENDERING COMMUNICATION IN THE FAMILY	159	(12)
Unconscious Processes: Identification and Internalization	159	(3)
Ego Boundaries	162	(2)
Parental Communication about Gender	164	(4)
Parental Modeling	168	(3)
THE PERSONAL SIDE OF THE GENDER DRAMA	171	(10)
Growing Up Masculine	171	(3)
Growing Up Feminine	174	(6)
Growing Up Outside Conventional Gender Roles	180	(1)
SUMMARY	181	(1)
KEY TERMS	182	(1)
BUILDING ON IDEAS AND INFORMATION IN THIS CHAPTER	182	(2)
Reflection and Discussion	182	(1)
Research, Analysis, and Action	182	(2)
CHAPTER 8 Gendered Close Relationships	184	(23)
THE MEANING OF PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS	185	(3)
Models of Personal Relationships	185	(3)
The male deficit model	185	(1)
The alternate paths model	186	(2)
GENDERED STYLES OF FRIENDSHIP	188	(5)
Women's Friendships: Closeness in Dialogue	188	(2)
Men's Friendships: Closeness in the Doing	190	(2)
Friendships between Women and Men	192	(1)
GENDERED ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS	193	(12)
Developing Romantic Intimacy	193	(2)
Gendered Patterns in Committed Relationships	195	(10)
Gendered modes of expressing affection	195	(2)
Gendered preferences for autonomy and connection	197	(1)
Gendered responsibility for relational health	198	(1)
Gendered power dynamics	198	(7)
SUMMARY	205	(1)
KEY TERMS	205	(1)
BUILDING ON IDEAS AND INFORMATION IN THIS CHAPTER	205	(2)
Reflection and Discussion	206	(1)
Research, Analysis, and Action	206	(1)
CHAPTER 9 Gendered Education: Communication in Schools	207	(23)
GENDERED EXPECTATIONS AND PRESSURES FACING STUDENTS	209	(12)
Academics	209	(4)
Males	209	(2)
Females	211	(2)
Gender-Stereotyped Curricula	213	(2)
Athletics	215	(1)
Gender Socialization in Peer Cultures	216	(3)
Pressures to conform to masculinity	217	(1)
Pressures to conform to femininity	217	(2)
Single-Sex Educational Programs	219	(2)
GENDERED EXPECTATIONS AND PRESSURES FACING FACULTY	221	(6)
Gendered Hierarchies	221	(1)
Gender Bias in Evaluations	222	(2)
Gendered Policies and Expectations	224	(4)
Earning tenure	225	(2)
Service expectations	227	(1)
SUMMARY	227	(1)
KEY TERMS	228	(1)
BUILDING ON IDEAS AND INFORMATION IN THIS CHAPTER	228	(2)
Reflection and Discussion	228	(1)
Research, Analysis, and Action	228	(2)
CHAPTER 10 Gendered Organizational Communication	230	(24)
GENDERED STEREOTYPES IN THE WORKPLACE	231	(5)
Stereotypes of Women	231	(3)
Sex object	231	(1)
Mother	232	(1)
Child	232	(1)
Iron maiden	233	(1)
Stereotypes of Men	234	(2)
Sturdy oak	235	(1)
Fighter	235	(1)
Breadwinner	236	(1)
MASCULINE NORMS IN PROFESSIONAL LIFE	236	(3)
Misperception 1: Think Manager—Think Male	236	(1)
Misperception 2: Communication Styles Don't Change	237	(1)
Misperception 3: Men and Women Can't Work Together	238	(1)
GENDERED PATTERNS IN ORGANIZATIONS	239	(6)
Formal Practices	239	(1)
Leave policies	239	(1)
Work schedules	240	(1)
Informal Practices	240	(5)
Unwelcoming environments for women	241	(1)
The informal network	241	(2)
Mentoring relationships	243	(1)
Glass ceilings and walls	243	(2)
EFFORTS TO REDRESS GENDERED INEQUITY IN INSTITUTIONS	245	(7)
Equal Opportunity Laws	245	(1)
Affirmative Action Policies	246	(3)
Quotas and Goals	249	(2)
Quotas	249	(1)
Goals	250	(1)
Diversity Training	251	(1)
SUMMARY	252	(1)
KEY TERMS	252	(1)
BUILDING ON IDEAS AND INFORMATION IN THIS CHAPTER	252	(2)
Reflection and Discussion	252	(1)
Research, Analysis, and Action	253	(1)
CHAPTER 11 Gendered Media	254	(28)
MEDIA SATURATION OF CULTURAL LIFE	256	(1)
GENDERED THEMES IN MEDIA	257	(12)
Underrepresentation of Women and Minorities	257	(1)
Portrayals of Men and Women	258	(5)
Portrayals of men	258	(1)
Portrayals of women	259	(4)
Images of Relationships between Men and Women	263	(10)
Women's dependence/Men's independence	263	(1)
Women's incompetence/Men's authority	264	(1)
Women as primary caregivers/Men as breadwinners	265	(1)
Women as victims and sex objects/Men as aggressors	265	(4)
GENDERED MESSAGES IN ADVERTISING	269	(2)
BIAS IN NEWS COVERAGE	271	(2)
IMPLICATIONS OF MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS OF GENDER	273	(6)
Fostering Unrealistic and Limited Gender Ideals	274	(1)
Pathologizing the Human Body	275	(3)
Normalizing Violence toward Women	278	(1)
Is Censorship the Answer?	279	(1)
SUMMARY	279	(1)
KEY TERMS	280	(1)
BUILDING ON IDEAS AND INFORMATION IN THIS CHAPTER	280	(2)
Reflection and Discussion	280	(1)
Research, Analysis, and Action	281	(1)
CHAPTER 12 Gendered Power and Violence	282	(27)
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF GENDERED VIOLENCE	283	(1)
THE MANY FACES OF GENDERED VIOLENCE	283	(16)
Gender Intimidation	283	(1)
Sexual Assault	284	(3)
Intimate Partner Violence	287	(6)
Sexual Harassment	293	(3)
Quid pro quo	293	(1)
Hostile environment	293	(2)
Whose perspective counts?	295	(1)
Genital Surgery	296	(2)
Male circumcision	296	(1)
Sunna	296	(1)
Excision or clitoridectomy	296	(1)
Infibulation	296	(2)
Gender-Based Murder	298	(1)
THE SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS OF GENDERED VIOLENCE	299	(4)
The Normalization of Violence in Media	299	(1)
The Normalization of Violence by Institutions	300	(3)
Family	300	(1)
Law enforcement	301	(1)
Counseling	302	(1)
Language	302	(1)
RESISTING GENDERED VIOLENCE: WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?	303	(4)
Personal Efforts to Reduce Gendered Violence	303	(2)
Social Efforts to Reduce Gendered Violence	305	(2)
SUMMARY	307	(1)
KEY TERMS	307	(1)
BUILDING ON IDEAS AND INFORMATION IN THIS CHAPTER	308	(6)
Reflection and Discussion	308	(1)
Research, Analysis, and Action	308	(1)
EPILOGUE Looking Backward, Looking Forward	309	(8)
CREATING THE FUTURE	310	(1)
DEFINING MASCULINITY AND FEMININITY	311	(1)
RESPONDING TO DIFFERENCES	312	(1)
TAKING A VOICE	313	(1)
BU ILDING ON IDEAS AND INFORMATION IN THIS CHAPTER	314	(3)
Reflection and Discussion	315	(2)
GLOSSARY	317	(6)
REFERENCES	323	(44)
INDEX	367