General Chemistry (with CD-ROM and InfoTrac)

by Whitten, Kenneth W.; Davis, Raymond E.; Peck, Larry; Stanley, George G.

• ISBN13: 9780534408602
• ISBN10: 0534408605
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-04-18
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

This best-selling text, GENERAL CHEMISTRY by Whitten/Davis/Peck/Stanley, is best summarized by "classic text, modern presentation." This simple phrase underlies its strong emphasis is on fundamental skills and concepts. As in previous editions, clearly explained problem-solving strategies continue to be the strength of this student-friendly text. This revision builds on the highly praised style and applications to everyday life that have earned this text a reputation as the voice of authority in general chemistry. Whitten always has been viewed as one of the few truly "traditional" general chemistry texts. Examples of this are that the text covers Thermodynamics, normally a topic split into two parts and covered in two different semesters, in one chapter and begins the second half of the course. GENERAL CHEMISTRY, Seventh Edition also follows a standard narrative-example-problem format, has a solid traditional writing style, and promotes problem solving. However, the authors have added some new elements over the years to reflect changes in chemical education. These include adding in conceptual questions in the problem sets, adding features like the Chemistry In Use boxes to show how chemistry is used in daily life, and further promoting problem solving by including hints and checks for students.

Table of Contents

To the Instructor	xvii
Ancillaries	xxiii
Acknowledgments	xxv
To the Student	xxviii
The Foundations of Chemistry	1	(45)
Matter and Energy	4	(2)
States of Matter	6	(1)
Chemical and Physical Properties	6	(3)
Chemical and Physical Changes	9	(1)
Mixtures, Substances, Compounds, and Elements	10	(6)
Chemistry in Use The Resources of the Ocean	11	(5)
Measurements in Chemistry	16	(2)
Units of Measurement	18	(2)
Use of Numbers	20	(6)
The Unit Factor Method (Dimensional Analysis)	26	(4)
Percentage	30	(1)
Density and Specific Gravity	31	(3)
Heat and Temperature	34	(3)
Heat Transfer and the Measurement of Heat	37	(9)
Key Terms	40	(1)
Exercises	41	(5)
Chemical Formulas and Composition Stoichiometry	46	(42)
Atoms and Molecules	48	(3)
Chemical Formulas	51	(2)
Ions and Ionic Compounds	53	(2)
Names and Formulas of Some Ionic Compounds	55	(2)
Atomic Weights	57	(1)
The Mole	57	(6)
Chemistry in Use Avogadro's Number	61	(2)
Formula Weights, Molecular Weights, and Moles	63	(3)
Percent Composition and Formulas of Compounds	66	(4)
Chemistry in Use Names of the Elements	68	(2)
Derivation of Formulas from Elemental Composition	70	(4)
Determination of Molecular Formulas	74	(3)
Some Other Interpretations of Chemical Formulas	77	(3)
Purity of Samples	80	(8)
Key Terms	82	(1)
Exercises	82	(6)
Chemical Equations and Reaction Stoichiometry	88	(33)
Chemical Equations	89	(4)
Calculations Based on Chemical Equations	93	(3)
The Limiting Reactant Concept	96	(3)
Percent Yields from Chemical Reactions	99	(2)
Sequential Reactions	101	(1)
Concentrations of Solutions	102	(5)
Dilution of Solutions	107	(2)
Using Solutions in Chemical Reactions	109	(12)
Key Terms	112	(1)
Exercises	113	(8)
Some Types of Chemical Reactions	121	(52)
The Periodic Table: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids	123	(6)
Chemistry in Use The Discovery of Phosphorus	128	(1)
Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction	129	(6)
Reactions in Aqueous Solutions	135	(2)
Oxidation Numbers	137	(3)
Naming Some Inorganic Compounds	140	(1)
Naming Binary Compounds	140	(3)
Naming Ternary Acids and Their Salts	143	(3)
Classifying Chemical Reactions	145	(1)
Oxidation--Reduction Reactions: An Introduction	146	(3)
Combination Reactions	149	(1)
Decomposition Reactions	150	(2)
Displacement Reactions	152	(5)
Chemistry in Use Troublesome Displacement Reactions	154	(3)
Metathesis Reactions	157	(6)
Summary of Reaction Types	163	(10)
Key Terms	165	(1)
Exercises	166	(7)
The Structure of Atoms	173	(57)
Subatomic Particles	175	(1)
Fundamental Particles	175	(1)
The Discovery of Electrons	176	(2)
Canal Rays and Protons	178	(1)
Rutherford and the Nuclear Atom	179	(2)
Atomic Number	181	(1)
Neutrons	182	(1)
Mass Number and Isotopes	182	(2)
Mass Spectrometry and Isotopic Abundance	184	(3)
Chemistry in Use Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis	186	(1)
The Atomic Weight Scale and Atomic Weights	187	(3)
The Electronic Structures of Atoms	190	(1)
Electromagnetic Radiation	190	(4)
The Photoelectric Effect	194	(1)
Atomic Spectra and the Bohr Atom	194	(7)
Enrichment The Bohr Theory and the Balmer--Rydberg Equation	198	(3)
The Wave Nature of the Electron	201	(1)
The Quantum Mechanical Picture of the Atom	202	(3)
Enrichment The Schrodinger Equation	204	(1)
Quantum Numbers	205	(1)
Atomic Orbitals	206	(5)
Electron Configurations	211	(6)
Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism	217	(1)
The Periodic Table and Electron Configurations	218	(12)
Key Terms	221	(2)
Exercises	223	(7)
Chemical Periodicity	230	(35)
More About the Periodic Table	231	(5)
Chemistry in Use The Periodic Table	233	(1)
Chemistry in Use Glenn Seaborg: A Human Side to the Modern Periodic Table	234	(1)
Periodic Properties of the Elements	235	(1)
Atomic Radii	236	(2)
Ionization Energy	238	(3)
Electron Affinity	241	(3)
Ionic Radii	244	(2)
Electronegativity	246	(1)
Chemical Reactions and Periodicity	247	(1)
Hydrogen and the Hydrides	247	(4)
Oxygen and the Oxides	251	(14)
Key Terms	260	(1)
Exercises	261	(4)
Chemical Bonding	265	(36)
Lewis Dot Formulas of Atoms	267	(1)
Ionic Bonding	268	(1)
Formation of Ionic Compounds	268	(7)
Enrichment Introduction to Energy Relationships in Ionic Bonding	273	(2)
Covalent Bonding	275	(1)
Formation of Covalent Bonds	275	(1)
Lewis Formulas for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions	276	(1)
Writing Lewis Formulas: The Octet Rule	277	(6)
Resonance	283	(2)
Formal Charges	285	(2)
Writing Lewis Formulas: Limitations of the Octet Rule	287	(5)
Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds	292	(2)
Dipole Moments	294	(1)
The Continuous Range of Bonding Types	294	(7)
Key Terms	295	(1)
Exercises	296	(5)
Molecular Structure and Covalent Bonding Theories	301	(47)
A Preview of the Chapter	303	(2)
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory	305	(1)
Polar Molecules: The Influence of Molecular Geometry	306	(3)
Valence Bond Theory	309	(1)
Molecular Shapes and Bonding	309	(1)
Linear Electronic Geometry: AB2 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)	310	(2)
Trigonal Planar Electronic Geometry: AB3 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)	312	(2)
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB4 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)	314	(5)
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB3U Species (One Lone Pair of Electrons on A)	319	(5)
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB2U2 Species (Two Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)	324	(2)
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: ABU3 Species (Three Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)	326	(1)
Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB5, AB4U, AB3U2, and AB2U3	327	(4)
Octahedral Electronic Geometry: AB6, AB5U, and AB4U2	331	(5)
Compounds Containing Double Bonds	336	(2)
Compounds Containing Triple Bonds	338	(1)
A Summary of Electronic and Molecular Geometries	339	(9)
Key Terms	341	(1)
Exercises	342	(6)
Molecular Orbitals in Chemical Bonding	348	(19)
Molecular Orbitals	350	(3)
Molecular Orbital Energy Level Diagrams	353	(1)
Bond Order and Bond Stability	354	(1)
Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules	355	(3)
Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules	358	(3)
Delocalization and the Shapes of Molecular Orbitals	361	(6)
Key Terms	364	(1)
Exercises	364	(3)
Reactions in Aqueous Solutions I: Acids, Bases, and Salts	367	(28)
Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Acids and Bases	369	(1)
The Arrhenius Theory	370	(1)
The Hydronium Ion (Hydrated Hydrogen Ion)	370	(1)
Bronsted--Lowry Theory	371	(3)
The Autoionization of Water	374	(1)
Amphoterism	375	(1)
Strengths of Acids	375	(4)
Acid--Base Reactions in Aqueous Solutions	379	(3)
Chemistry in Use Everyday Salts of Ternary Acids	381	(1)
Acidic Salts and Basic Salts	382	(2)
The Lewis Theory	384	(3)
The Preparation of Acids	387	(8)
Key Terms	388	(1)
Exercises	389	(6)
Reactions in Aqueous Solutions II: Calculations	395	(30)
Aqueous Acid-Base Reactions	396	(1)
Calculations Involving Molarity	396	(5)
Titrations	401	(3)
The Mole Method and Molarity	404	(3)
Equivalent Weights and Normality	407	(4)
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions	411	(1)
The Half-Reaction Method	411	(2)
Adding H+, OH-, or H2O to Balance Oxygen or Hydrogen	413	(3)
Stoichiometry of Redox Reactions	416	(9)
Key Terms	419	(1)
Exercises	419	(6)
Gases and the Kinetic--Molecular Theory	425	(52)
Comparison of Solids, Liquids, and Gases	427	(1)
Composition of the Atmosphere and Some Common Properties of Gases	427	(1)
Pressure	428	(5)
Chemistry in Use The Greenhouse Effect	430	(3)
Boyle's Law: The Volume--Pressure Relationship	433	(3)
Charles's Law: The Volume--Temperature Relationship; The Absolute Temperature Scale	436	(2)
Standard Temperature and Pressure	438	(1)
The Combined Gas Law Equation	438	(2)
Avogadro's Law and the Standard Molar Volume	440	(2)
Summary of Gas Laws: The Ideal Gas Equation	442	(4)
Determination of Molecular Weights and Molecular Formulas of Gaseous Substances	446	(2)
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures	448	(6)
Mass--Volume Relationships in Reactions Involving Gases	454	(2)
The Kinetic--Molecular Theory	456	(6)
Enrichment Kinetic--Molecular Theory, the Ideal Gas Equation, and Molecular Speeds	459	(3)
Diffusion and Effusion of Gases	462	(1)
Real Gases: Deviations from Ideality	463	(14)
Key Terms	467	(1)
Exercises	467	(10)
Liquids and Solids	477	(56)
Kinetic--Molecular Description of Liquids and Solids	480	(1)
Intermolecular Attractions and Phase Changes	481	(6)
The Liquid State	486	(1)
Viscosity	487	(1)
Surface Tension	487	(1)
Capillary Action	488	(1)
Evaporation	489	(1)
Vapor Pressure	490	(2)
Boiling Points and Distillation	492	(1)
Heat Transfer Involving Liquids	493	(4)
Enrichment The Clausius--Clapeyron Equation	495	(2)
The Solid State	497	(1)
Melting Point	497	(1)
Heat Transfer Involving Solids	497	(3)
Sublimation and the Vapor Pressure of Solids	500	(1)
Phase Diagrams (P versus T)	501	(2)
Amorphous Solids and Crystalline Solids	503	(3)
Enrichment X-Ray Diffraction	504	(2)
Structures of Crystals	506	(3)
Bonding in Solids	509	(9)
Band Theory of Metals	518	(15)
Chemistry in Use Semiconductors	520	(3)
Key Terms	523	(2)
Exercises	525	(8)
Solutions	533	(49)
The Dissolution Process	535	(1)
Spontaneity of the Dissolution Process	535	(2)
Dissolution of Solids in Liquids	537	(3)
Dissolution of Liquids in Liquids (Miscibility)	540	(1)
Dissolution of Gases in Liquids	541	(1)
Rates of Dissolution and Saturation	542	(2)
Effect of Temperature on Solubility	544	(2)
Effect of Pressure on Solubility	546	(1)
Molality and Mole Fraction	546	(3)
Colligative Properties of Solutions	548	(1)
Lowering of Vapor Pressure and Raoult's Law	549	(4)
Fractional Distillation	553	(2)
Boiling Point Elevation	555	(1)
Freezing Point Depression	556	(2)
Determination of Molecular Weight by Freezing Point Depression or Boiling Point Elevation	558	(2)
Colligative Properties and Dissociation of Electrolytes	560	(2)
Osmotic Pressure	562	(8)
Colloids	567	(1)
Chemistry in Use Water Purification and Hemodialysis	568	(2)
The Tyndall Effect	570	(1)
The Adsorption Phenomenon	570	(1)
Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids	571	(11)
Chemistry in Use Why Does Red Wine Go with Red Meat?	574	(1)
Key Terms	575	(1)
Exercises	576	(6)
Chemical Thermodynamics	582	(56)
Heat Changes and Thermochemistry	584	(1)
The First Law of Thermodynamics	584	(2)
Some Thermodynamic Terms	586	(2)
Enthalpy Changes	588	(1)
Calorimetry	588	(2)
Thermochemical Equations	590	(3)
Standard States and Standard Enthalpy Changes	593	(1)
Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation, ΔH0f	594	(2)
Hess's Law	596	(5)
Bond Energies	601	(3)
Changes in Internal Energy, ΔE	604	(6)
Relationship of ΔH and ΔE	610	(2)
Spontaneity of Physical and Chemical Changes	612	(1)
The Two Aspects of Spontaneity	612	(1)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics	613	(1)
Entropy, S	613	(7)
Free Energy Change, ΔG, and Spontaneity	620	(3)
The Temperature Dependence of Spontaneity	623	(15)
Key Terms	627	(1)
Exercises	628	(10)
Chemical Kinetics	638	(61)
The Rate of a Reaction	640	(7)
Factors that Affect Reaction Rates	646	(1)
Nature of the Reactants	647	(1)
Concentrations of Reactants: The Rate-Law Expression	648	(8)
Concentration Versus Time: The Integrated Rate Equation	656	(12)
Enrichment Calculus Derivation of Integrated Rate Equations	662	(2)
Enrichment Using Integrated Rate Equations to Determine Reaction Order	664	(4)
Collision Theory of Reaction Rates	668	(1)
Transition State Theory	669	(3)
Reaction Mechanisms and the Rate-Law Expression	672	(4)
Temperature: The Arrhenius Equation	676	(4)
Catalysts	680	(19)
Chemistry in Use Ozone	686	(4)
Key Terms	690	(1)
Exercises	690	(9)
Chemical Equilibrium	699	(45)
Basic Concepts	700	(3)
The Equilibrium Constant	703	(4)
Variation of Kc with the Form of the Balanced Equation	707	(1)
The Reaction Quotient	708	(1)
Uses of the Equilibrium Constant, Kc	709	(4)
Disturbing a System at Equilibrium: Predictions	713	(7)
The Haber Process: A Practical Application of Equilibrium	720	(1)
Disturbing a System at Equilibrium: Calculations	721	(4)
Partial Pressures and the Equilibrium Constant	725	(1)
Relationship Between KP and KC	726	(3)
Heterogeneous Equilibria	729	(1)
Relationship Between ΔG0rxn and the Equilibrium Constant	730	(4)
Evaluation of Equilibrium Constants at Different Temperatures	734	(10)
Key Terms	736	(1)
Exercises	736	(8)
Ionic Equilibria I: Acids and Bases	744	(42)
A Review of Strong Electrolytes	745	(1)
The Autoionization of Water	746	(2)
The pH and pOH Scales	748	(5)
Ionization Constants for Weak Monoprotic Acids and Bases	753	(11)
Polyprotic Acids	764	(4)
Solvolysis	768	(1)
Salts of Strong Bases and Strong Acids	769	(1)
Salts of Strong Bases and Strong Acids	769	(3)
Salts of Weak Bases and Strong Acids	772	(3)
Chemistry in Use Taming Acids with Harmless Salts	774	(1)
Salts of Weak Bases and Weak Acids	775	(1)
Salts that Contain Small, Highly Charged Cations	776	(10)
Key Terms	779	(1)
Exercises	779	(7)
Ionic Equilibria II: Buffers and Titration Curves	786	(30)
The Common Ion Effect and Buffer Solutions	787	(7)
Buffering Action	794	(3)
Preparation of Buffer Solutions	797	(5)
Chemistry in Use Fun with Carbonates	800	(2)
Acid--Base Indicators	802	(2)
Titration Curves	804	(1)
Strong Acid/Strong Base Titration Curves	804	(3)
Weak Acid/Strong Base Titration Curves	807	(3)
Weak Acid/Weak Base Titration Curves	810	(1)
Summary of Acid--Base Calculations	810	(6)
Key Terms	812	(1)
Exercises	812	(4)
Ionic Equilibria III: The Solubility Product Principle	816	(25)
Solubility Product Constants	817	(3)
Determination of Solubility Product Constants	820	(2)
Uses of Solubility Product Constants	822	(6)
Fractional Precipitation	828	(3)
Simultaneous Equilibria Involving Slightly Soluble Compounds	831	(3)
Dissolving Precipitates	834	(7)
Key Terms	837	(1)
Exercises	837	(4)
Electrochemistry	841	(53)
Electrical Conduction	844	(1)
Electrodes	844	(1)
Electrolytic Cells	845	(1)
The Electrolysis of Molten Sodium Chloride (The Downs Cell)	845	(1)
The Electrolysis of Aqueous Sodium Chloride	846	(2)
The Electrolysis of Aqueous Sodium Sulfate	848	(1)
Counting Electrons: Coulometry and Faraday's Law of Electrolysis	849	(2)
Commercial Applications of Electrolytic Cells	851	(1)
Voltaic or Galvanic Cells	852	(1)
The Construction of Simple Voltaic Cells	852	(1)
The Zinc--Copper Cell	853	(3)
Chemistry in Use A Spectacular View of One Mole of Electrons	854	(2)
The Copper--Silver Cell	856	(2)
Standard Electrode Potentials	858	(1)
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode	858	(1)
The Zinc--SHE Cell	858	(2)
The Copper--SHE Cell	860	(1)
Standard Electrode Potentials	861	(1)
Uses of Standard Electrode Potentials	862	(3)
Standard Electrode Potentials for Other Half-Reactions	865	(2)
Corrosion	867	(1)
Corrosion Protection	868	(3)
Effect of Concentrations (Or Partial Pressures) on Electrode Potentials	871	(1)
The Nernst Equation	871	(4)
Using Electrochemical Cells to Determine Concentrations	875	(3)
Enrichment Concentration Cells	876	(2)
The Relationship of E0cell to ΔG0 and K	878	(2)
Primary Voltaic Cells	880	(1)
Dry Cells	880	(2)
Secondary Voltaic Cells	882	(1)
The Lead Storage Battery	882	(1)
The Nickel--Cadmium (Nicad) Cell	883	(1)
The Hydrogen--Oxygen Fuel Cell	884	(10)
Key Terms	886	(1)
Exercises	887	(7)
Metals I: Metallurgy	894	(19)
Metals	895	(1)
Occurrence of the Metals	895	(2)
Metallurgy	896	(1)
Pretreatment of Ores	897	(2)
Reduction to the Free Metals	899	(1)
Refining of Metals	900	(2)
Metallurgies of Specific Metals	902	(1)
Magnesium	902	(1)
Aluminum	903	(2)
Iron	905	(1)
Copper	906	(3)
Gold	909	(4)
Key Terms	910	(1)
Exercises	910	(3)
Metals II: Properties and Reactions	913	(22)
The Alkali Metals (Group IA)	915	(1)
Group IA Metals: Properties and Occurrence	915	(1)
Reactions of the Group IA Metals	916	(2)
Uses of Group IA Metals and Their Compounds	918	(4)
Chemistry in Use Trace Elements and Life	919	(3)
The Alkaline Earth Metals (Group IIA)	922	(1)
Group IIA Metals: Properties and Occurrence	922	(1)
Reactions of the Group IIA Metals	922	(2)
Uses of Group IIA Metals and Their Compounds	924	(1)
The Post-Transition Metals	925	(1)
Group IIIA: Periodic Trends	925	(5)
Chemistry in Use The Most Valuable Metal in the World	928	(1)
The d-Transition Metals	929	(1)
General Properties	930	(1)
Oxidation States	930	(1)
Chromium Oxides, Oxyanions, and Hydroxides	931	(4)
Key Terms	933	(1)
Exercises	933	(2)
Some Nonmetals and Metalloids	935	(30)
The Noble Gases (Group VIIIA)	937	(1)
Occurrence, Uses, and Properties	937	(1)
Xenon Compounds	937	(2)
The Halogens (Group VIIA)	938	(1)
Properties	939	(1)
Occurrence, Production, and Uses	940	(2)
Reactions of the Free Halogens	942	(1)
The Hydrogen Halides and Hydrohalic Acids	942	(2)
The Oxoacids (Ternary Acids) of the Halogens	944	(1)
Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium	945	(1)
Occurrence, Properties, and Uses	945	(2)
Reactions of Group VIA Elements	947	(1)
Hydrides of Group VIA Elements	948	(1)
Group VIA Oxides	948	(2)
Oxoacids of Sulfur	950	(2)
Nitrogen and Phosphorus	951	(1)
Occurrence of Nitrogen	952	(1)
Hydrogen Compounds of Nitrogen	953	(1)
Nitrogen Oxides	954	(3)
Chemistry in Use Nitrogen Oxides and Photochemical Smog	956	(1)
Some Oxoacids of Nitrogen and Their Salts	957	(1)
Phosphorus	958	(2)
Silicon	959	(1)
Silicon and the Silicates	960	(5)
Key Terms	961	(1)
Exercises	961	(4)
Coordination Compounds	965	(30)
Coordination Compounds	966	(4)
Ammine Complexes	970	(1)
Important Terms	971	(2)
Nomenclature	973	(2)
Structures	975	(1)
Isomerism in Coordination Compounds	975	(1)
Structural (Constitutional) Isomers	976	(2)
Stereoisomers	978	(7)
Bonding in Coordination Compounds	985	(1)
Crystal Field Theory	985	(3)
Color and the Spectrochemical Series	988	(7)
Key Terms	990	(1)
Exercises	991	(4)
Nuclear Chemistry	995	(38)
The Nucleus	997	(1)
Neutron--Proton Ratio and Nuclear Stability	998	(1)
Nuclear Stability and Binding Energy	999	(3)
Radioactive Decay	1002	(2)
Equations for Nuclear Reactions	1004	(1)
Neutron-Rich Nuclei (Above the Band of Stability)	1004	(1)
Neutron-Poor Nuclei (Below the Band of Stability)	1004	(1)
Nuclei with Atomic Number Greater Than 83	1005	(1)
Detection of Radiation	1005	(2)
Rates of Decay and Half-Life	1007	(2)
Disintegration Series	1009	(2)
Uses of Radionuclides	1011	(4)
Artificial Transmutations of Elements	1015	(4)
Nuclear Fission	1019	(1)
Nuclear Fusion Reactors	1020	(6)
Chemistry in Use Managing Nuclear Wastes	1024	(2)
Nuclear Fusion	1026	(7)
Key Terms	1028	(1)
Exercises	1029	(4)
Organic Chemistry I: Formulas, Names, and Properties	1033	(67)
Saturated Hydrocarbons	1037	(1)
Alkanes and Cycloalkanes	1037	(5)
Naming Saturated Hydrocarbons	1042	(5)
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons	1047	(1)
Alkenes	1047	(5)
Chemistry in Use Petroleum	1048	(4)
Alkynes	1052	(2)
Aromatic Hydrocarbons	1054	(1)
Benzene	1054	(2)
Other Aromatic Hydrocarbons	1056	(2)
Hydrocarbons: A Summary	1058	(1)
Functional Groups	1058	(1)
Organic Halides	1059	(2)
Alcohols and Phenols	1061	(3)
Ethers	1064	(1)
Aldehydes and Ketones	1065	(3)
Amines	1068	(2)
Carboxylic Acids	1070	(3)
Some Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids	1073	(6)
Chemistry in Use Butter, Margarine and trans Fats	1077	(2)
Summary of Functional Groups	1079	(1)
Fundamental Classes of Organic Reactions	1079	(1)
Substitution Reactions	1079	(3)
Addition Reactions	1082	(2)
Elimination Reactions	1084	(1)
Polymerization Reactions	1085	(15)
Key Terms	1091	(1)
Exercises	1092	(8)
Organic Chemistry II: Shapes, Selected Reactions, and Biopolymers	1100
Shapes of Organic Molecules	1101	(1)
Constitutional Isomers	1102	(1)
Stereoisomers	1103	(3)
Conformations	1106	(1)
Selected Reactions	1107	(1)
Reactions of Bronsted--Lowry Acids and Bases	1107	(3)
Oxidation--Reduction Reactions	1110	(5)
Chemistry in Use Chemical Communication	1111	(4)
Formation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives	1115	(1)
Hydrolysis of Esters	1116	(2)
Biopolymers	1117	(1)
Carbohydrates	1118	(4)
Polypeptides and Proteins	1122	(4)
Nucleic Acids	1126
Key Terms	1129	(1)
Exercises	1130
Appendix A Some Mathematical Operations	1	(4)
Appendix B Electron Configurations of the Atoms of the Elements	5	(3)
Appendix C Common Units, Equivalences, and Conversion Factors	8	(3)
Appendix D Physical Constants	11	(1)
Appendix E Some Physical Constants for a Few Common Substances	12	(2)
Appendix F Ionization Constants for Weak Acids at 25°C	14	(1)
Appendix G Ionization Constants for Weak Bases at 25°C	15	(1)
Appendix H Solubility Product Constants for Some Inorganic Compounds at 25°C	16	(2)
Appendix I Dissociation Constants for Some Complex Ions	18	(1)
Appendix J Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous Solution at 25°C	19	(3)
Appendix K Selected Thermodynamic Values at 298.15 K	22	(2)
Appendix L Answers to Selected Even-Numbered Numerical Exercises	24
Glossary/Index	1