Geotechnical Engineering: Principles and Practices of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering

by Murthy; V.N.S.

• ISBN13: 9780824708733
• ISBN10: 0824708733
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-10-25
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

A must have reference for any engineer involved with foundations, piers, and retaining walls, this remarkably comprehensive volume illustrates soil characteristic concepts with examples that detail a wealth of practical considerations, It covers the latest developments in the design of drilled pier foundations and mechanically stabilized earth retaining wall and explores a pioneering approach for predicting the nonlinear behavior of laterally loaded long vertical and batter piles. As complete and authoritative as any volume on the subject, it discusses soil formation, index properties, and classification; soil permeability, seepage, and the effect of water on stress conditions; stresses due to surface loads; soil compressibility and consolidation; and shear strength characteristics of soils. While this book is a valuable teaching text for advanced students, it is one that the practicing engineer will continually be taking off the shelf long after school lets out. Just the quick reference it affords to a huge range of tests and the appendices filled with essential data, makes it an essential addition to an civil engineering library.

Table of Contents

Foreword	v
Mark T. Bowers
Foreword	vii
Bengt B. Broms
Preface	ix
Introduction	1	(4)
General Remarks	1	(1)
A Brief Historical Development	2	(1)
Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering	3	(2)
Soil Formation and Characterization	5	(14)
Introduction	5	(1)
Rock Classification	5	(2)
Formation of Soils	7	(1)
General Types of Soils	7	(2)
Soil Particle Size and Shape	9	(2)
Composition of Clay Minerals	11	(1)
Structure of Clay Minerals	11	(3)
Clay Particle-Water Relations	14	(3)
Soil Mass Structure	17	(2)
Soil Phase Relationships, Index Properties and Classification	19	(68)
Soil Phase Relationships	19	(1)
Mass-Volume Relationships	20	(4)
Weight-Volume Relationships	24	(1)
Comments on Soil Phase Relationships	25	(6)
Index Properties of Soils	31	(1)
The Shape and Size of Particles	32	(1)
Sieve Analysis	33	(2)
The Hydrometer Method of Analysis	35	(8)
Grain Size Distribution Curves	43	(1)
Relative Density of Cohesionless Soils	44	(1)
Consistency of Clay Soil	45	(2)
Determination of Atterberg Limits	47	(5)
Discussion on Limits and Indices	52	(7)
Plasticity Chart	59	(8)
General Considerations for Classification of Soils	67	(1)
Field Identification of Soils	68	(1)
Classification of Soils	69	(1)
Textural Soil Classification	69	(1)
AASHTO Soil Classification System	70	(3)
Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)	73	(3)
Comments on the Systems of Soil Classification	76	(4)
Problems	80	(7)
Soil Permeability and Seepage	87	(56)
Soil Permeability	87	(2)
Darcy's Law	89	(1)
Discharge and Seepage Velocities	90	(1)
Methods of Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity of Soils	91	(1)
Constant Head Permeability Test	92	(1)
Falling Head Permeability Test	93	(4)
Direct Determination of k of Soils in Place by Pumping Test	97	(4)
Borehole Permeability Tests	101	(1)
Approximate Values of the Hydraulic Conductivity of Soils	102	(1)
Hydraulic Conductivity in Stratified Layers of Soils	102	(1)
Empirical Correlations for Hydraulic Conductivity	103	(9)
Hydraulic Conductivity of Rocks by Packer Method	112	(2)
Seepage	114	(1)
Laplace Equation	114	(2)
Flow Net Construction	116	(4)
Determination of Quantity of Seepage	120	(2)
Determination of Seepage Pressure	122	(1)
Determination of Uplift Pressures	123	(3)
Seepage Flow Through Homogeneous Earth Dams	126	(1)
Flow Net Consisting of Conjugate Confocal Parabolas	127	(4)
Piping Failure	131	(7)
Problems	138	(5)
Effective Stress and Pore Water Pressure	143	(30)
Introduction	143	(2)
Stresses when No Flow Takes Place Through the Saturated Soil Mass	145	(1)
Stresses When Flow Takes Place Through the Soil from Top to Bottom	146	(1)
Stresses When Flow Takes Place Through the Soil from Bottom to Top	147	(2)
Effective Pressure Due to Capillary Water Rise in Soil	149	(21)
Problems	170	(3)
Stress Distribution in Soils Due to Surface Loads	173	(34)
Introduction	173	(1)
Boussinesq's Formula for Point Loads	174	(1)
Westergaard's Formula for Point Loads	175	(3)
Line Loads	178	(1)
Strip Loads	179	(2)
Stresses Beneath the Corner of a Rectangular Foundation	181	(5)
Stresses Under Uniformly Loaded Circular Footing	186	(2)
Vertical Stress Beneath Loaded Areas of Irregular Shape	188	(3)
Embankment Loadings	191	(6)
Approximate Methods for Computing σz	197	(1)
Pressure Isobars	198	(5)
Problems	203	(4)
Compressibility and Consolidation	207	(46)
Introduction	207	(1)
Consolidation	208	(4)
Consolidometer	212	(1)
The Standard One-Dimensional Consolidation Test	213	(1)
Pressure-Void Ratio Curves	214	(4)
Determination of Preconsolidation Pressure	218	(1)
e-log p Field Curves for Normally Consolidated and Overconsolidated Clays of Low to Medium Sensitivity	219	(1)
Computation of Consolidation Settlement	219	(5)
Settlement Due to Secondary Compression	224	(9)
Rate of One-dimensional Consolidation Theory of Terzaghi	233	(7)
Determination of the Coefficient of Consolidation	240	(2)
Rate of Settlement Due to Consolidation	242	(1)
Two- and Three-dimensional Consolidation Problems	243	(4)
Problems	247	(6)
Shear Strength of Soil	253	(64)
Introduction	253	(1)
Basic Concept of Shearing Resistance and Shearing Strength	253	(1)
The Coulomb Equation	254	(1)
Methods of Determining Shear Strength Parameters	255	(1)
Shear Test Apparatus	256	(4)
Stress Condition at a Point in a Soil Mass	260	(2)
Stress Conditions in Soil During Triaxial Compression Test	262	(1)
Relationship Between the Principal Stresses and Cohesion c	263	(1)
Mohr Circle of Stress	264	(1)
Mohr Circle of Stress When a Prismatic Element is Subjected to Normal and Shear Stresses	265	(1)
Mohr Circle of Stress for a Cylindrical Specimen Compression Test	266	(2)
Mohr-Coulomb Failure Theory	268	(1)
Mohr Diagram for Triaxial Compression Test at Failure	269	(1)
Mohr Diagram for a Direct Shear Test at Failure	270	(4)
Effective Stresses	274	(1)
Shear Strength Equation in Terms of Effective Principal Stresses	275	(1)
Stress-Controlled and Strain-Controlled Tests	276	(1)
Types of Laboratory Tests	276	(2)
Shearing Strength Tests on Sand	278	(6)
Unconsolidated-Undrained Test	284	(2)
Unconfined Compression Tests	286	(8)
Consolidated-Undrained Test on Saturated Clay	294	(2)
Consolidated-Drained Shear Strength Test	296	(2)
Pore Pressure Parameters Under Undrained Loading	298	(2)
Vane Shear Tests	300	(2)
Other Methods for Determining Undrained Shear Strength of Cohesive Soils	302	(2)
The Relationship Between Undrained Shear Strength and Effective Overburden Pressure	304	(6)
General Comments	310	(1)
Questions and Problems	311	(6)
Soil Exploration	317	(48)
Introduction	317	(1)
Boring of Holes	318	(4)
Sampling in Soil	322	(3)
Rock Core Sampling	325	(2)
Standard Penetration Test	327	(3)
SPT Values Related to Relative Density of Cohesionless Soils	330	(1)
SPT Values Related to Consistency of Clay Soil	330	(2)
Static Cone Penetration Test (CPT)	332	(11)
Pressuremeter	343	(6)
The Flat Dilatometer Test	349	(2)
Field Vane Shear Test (VST)	351	(1)
Field Plate Load Test (PLT)	351	(1)
Geophysical Exploration	352	(6)
Planning of Soil Exploration	358	(1)
Execution of Soil Exploration Program	359	(2)
Report	361	(1)
Problems	362	(3)
Stability of Slopes	365	(54)
Introduction	365	(2)
General Considerations and Assumptions in the Analysis	367	(1)
Factor of Safety	368	(3)
Stability Analysis of Infinite Slopes in Sand	371	(1)
Stability Analysis of Infinite Slopes in Clay	372	(4)
Methods of Stability Analysis of Slopes of Finite Height	376	(1)
Plane Surface of Failure	376	(2)
Circular Surfaces of Failure	378	(2)
Failure Under Undrained Conditions (φu = 0)	380	(2)
Friction-Circle Method	382	(7)
Taylor's Stability Number	389	(4)
Tension Cracks	393	(1)
Stability Analysis by Method of Slices for Steady Seepage	393	(7)
Bishop's Simplified Method of Slices	400	(3)
Bishop and Morgenstern Method for Slope Analysis	403	(2)
Morgenstern Method of Analysis for Rapid Drawdown Condition	405	(3)
Spencer Method of Analysis	408	(3)
Problems	411	(8)
Lateral Earth Pressure	419	(62)
Introduction	419	(1)
Lateral Earth Pressure Theory	420	(1)
Lateral Earth Pressure for at Rest Condition	421	(4)
Rankine's States of Plastic Equilibrium for Cohesionless Soils	425	(3)
Rankine's Earth Pressure Against Smooth Vertical Wall with Cohesionless Backfill	428	(12)
Rankine's Active Earth Pressure with Cohesive Backfill	440	(9)
Rankine's Passive Earth Pressure with Cohesive Backfill	449	(3)
Coulomb's Earth Pressure Theory for Sand for Active State	452	(3)
Coulomb's Earth Pressure Theory for Sand for Passive State	455	(1)
Active Pressure by Culmann's Method for Cohesionless Soils	456	(2)
Lateral Pressures by Theory of Elasticity for Surcharge Loads on the Surface of Backfill	458	(4)
Curved Surfaces of Failure for Computing Passive Earth Pressure	462	(2)
Coefficients of Passive Earth Pressure Tables and Graphs	464	(3)
Lateral Earth Pressure on Retaining Walls During Earthquakes	467	(9)
Problems	476	(5)
Shallow Foundation I: Ultimate Bearing Capacity	481	(64)
Introduction	481	(2)
The Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Soil	483	(1)
Some of the Terms Defined	483	(2)
Types of Failure in Soil	485	(2)
An Overview of Bearing Capacity Theories	487	(1)
Terzaghi's Bearing Capacity Theory	488	(5)
Skempton's Bearing Capacity Factor Nc	493	(1)
Effect of Water Table on Bearing Capacity	494	(9)
The General Bearing Capacity Equation	503	(6)
Effect of Soil Compressibility on Bearing Capacity of Soil	509	(6)
Bearing Capacity of Foundations Subjected to Eccentric Loads	515	(3)
Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Footings Based on SPT Values (N)	518	(1)
The CPT Method of Determining Ultimate Bearing Capacity	518	(3)
Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Footings Resting on Stratified Deposits of Soil	521	(8)
Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Top of a Slope	529	(3)
Foundations on Rock	532	(1)
Case History of Failure of the Transcona Grain Elevator	533	(3)
Problems	536	(9)
Shallow Foundation II: Safe Bearing Pressure and Settlement Calculation	545	(40)
Introduction	545	(3)
Field Plate Load Tests	548	(6)
Effect of Size of Footings on Settlement	554	(1)
Design Charts from SPT Values for Footings on Sand	555	(3)
Empirical Equations Based on SPT Values for Footings on Cohesionless Soils	558	(1)
Safe Bearing Pressure from Empirical Equations Based on CPT Values for Footings on Cohesionless Soil	559	(2)
Foundation Settlement	561	(1)
Evaluation of Modulus of Elasticity	562	(2)
Methods of Computing Settlements	564	(1)
Elastic Settlement Beneath the Corner of a Uniformly Loaded Flexible Area Based on the Theory of Elasticity	565	(3)
Janbu, Bjerrum and Kjaernsli's Method of Determining Elastic Settlement Under Undrained Conditions	568	(1)
Schmertmann's Method of Calculating Settlement in Granular Soils by Using CPT Values	569	(6)
Estimation of Consolidation Settlement by Using Oedometer Test Data	575	(1)
Skempton-Bjerrum Method of Calculating Consolidation Settlement (1957)	576	(4)
Problems	580	(5)
Shallow Foundation III: Combined Footings and Mat Foundations	585	(20)
Introduction	585	(2)
Safe Bearing Pressures for Mat Foundations on Sand and Clay	587	(1)
Eccentric Loading	588	(1)
The Coefficient of Subgrade Reaction	588	(3)
Proportioning of Cantilever Footing	591	(1)
Design of Combined Footings by Rigid Method (Conventional Method)	592	(1)
Design of Mat Foundation by Rigid Method	593	(1)
Design of Combined Footings by Elastic Line Method	594	(1)
Design of Mat Foundations by Elastic Plate Method	595	(1)
Floating Foundation	595	(8)
Problems	603	(2)
Deep Foundation I: Pile Foundation	605	(94)
Introduction	605	(1)
Classification of Piles	605	(1)
Types of Piles According to the Method of Installation	606	(2)
Uses of Piles	608	(1)
Selection of Pile	609	(1)
Installation of Piles	610	(3)
Vertical Load Bearing Capacity of a Single Vertical Pile	613	(1)
General Considerations	613	(4)
Methods of Determining Ultimate Load Bearing Capacity of a Single Vertical Pile	617	(1)
General Theory for Ultimate Bearing Capacity	618	(2)
Ultimate Bearing Capacity in Cohesionless Soils	620	(1)
Critical Depth	621	(1)
Tomlinson's Solution for Qb in Sand	622	(2)
Meyerhof's Method of Determining Qb for Piles in Sand	624	(1)
Vesic's Method of Determining Qb	625	(3)
Janbu's Method of Determining Qb	628	(1)
Coyle and Castello's Method of Estimating Qb in Sand	628	(1)
The Ultimate Skin Resistance of a Single Pile in Cohesionless Soil	629	(2)
Skin Resistance Qf by Coyle and Castello Method (1981)	631	(1)
Static Bearing Capacity of Piles in Clay Soil	631	(4)
Bearing Capacity of Piles in Granular Soils Based on SPT Value	635	(17)
Bearing Capacity of Piles Based on Static Cone Penetration Tests (CPT)	652	(11)
Bearing Capacity of a Single Pile by Load Test	663	(3)
Pile Bearing Capacity from Dynamic Pile Driving Formulas	666	(4)
Bearing Capacity of Piles Founded on a Rocky Bed	670	(1)
Uplift Resistance of Piles	671	(3)
Pile Group	674	(1)
Number and Spacing of Piles in a Group	674	(2)
Pile Group Efficiency	676	(2)
Vertical Bearing Capacity of Pile Groups Embedded in Sands and Gravels	678	(3)
Settlement of Piles and Pile Groups in Sands and Gravels	681	(8)
Settlement of Pile Groups in Cohesive Soils	689	(1)
Allowable Loads on Groups of Piles	690	(2)
Negative Friction	692	(2)
Uplift Capacity of a Pile Group	694	(2)
Problems	696	(3)
Deep Foundation II: Behavior of Laterally Loaded Vertical and Batter Piles	699	(42)
Introduction	699	(1)
Winkler's Hypothesis	700	(1)
The Differential Equation	701	(3)
Non-dimensional Solutions for Vertical Piles Subjected to Lateral Loads	704	(2)
p-y Curves for the Solution of Laterally Loaded Piles	706	(3)
Broms' Solutions for Laterally Loaded Piles	709	(7)
A Direct Method for Solving the Non-linear Behavior of Laterally Loaded Flexible Pile Problems	716	(6)
Case Studies for Laterally Loaded Vertical Piles in Sand	722	(3)
Case Studies for Laterally Loaded Vertical Piles in Clay	725	(6)
Behavior of Laterally Loaded Batter Piles in Sand	731	(8)
Problems	739	(2)
Deep Foundation III: Drilled Pier Foundations	741	(50)
Introduction	741	(1)
Types of Drilled Piers	741	(2)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Drilled Pier Foundations	743	(1)
Methods of Construction	743	(8)
Design Considerations	751	(1)
Load Transfer Mechanism	752	(2)
Vertical Bearing Capacity of Drilled Piers	754	(1)
The General Bearing Capacity Equation for the Base Resistance qb (= qmax)	755	(1)
Bearing Capacity Equations for the Base in Cohesive Soil	756	(1)
Bearing Capacity Equation for the Base in Granular Soil	756	(3)
Bearing Capacity Equations for the Base in Cohesive IGM or Rock	759	(1)
The Ultimate Skin Resistance of Cohesive and Intermediate Materials	760	(3)
Ultimate Skin Resistance in Cohesionless Soil and Gravelly Sands	763	(1)
Ultimate Side and Total Resistance in Rock	764	(1)
Estimation of Settlements of Drilled Piers at Working Loads	765	(12)
Uplift Capacity of Drilled Piers	777	(2)
Lateral Bearing Capacity of Drilled Piers	779	(8)
Case Study of a Drilled Pier Subjected to Lateral Loads	787	(1)
Problems	787	(4)
Foundations on Collapsible and Expansive Soils	791	(42)
General Considerations	791	(2)
Collapsible Soils	793	(1)
General Observations	793	(2)
Collapse Potential and Settlement	795	(1)
Computation of Collapse Settlement	796	(3)
Foundation Design	799	(1)
Treatment Methods for Collapsible Soils	800	(1)
Expansive Soils	800	(1)
Distribution of Expansive Soils	800	(1)
General Characteristics of Swelling Soils	801	(2)
Clay Mineralogy and Mechanism of Swelling	803	(1)
Definition of Some Parameters	804	(1)
Evaluation of the Swelling Potential of Expansive Soils by Single Index Method	804	(2)
Classification of Swelling Soils by Indirect Measurement	806	(6)
Swelling Pressure by Direct Measurement	812	(1)
Effect of Initial Moisture Content and Initial Dry Density on Swelling Pressure	813	(1)
Estimating the Magnitude of Swelling	814	(3)
Design of Foundations in Swelling Soils	817	(1)
Drilled Pier Foundations	817	(10)
Elimination of Swelling	827	(1)
Problems	828	(5)
Concrete and Mechanically Stabilized Earth Retaining Walls	833	(48)
Concrete Retaining Walls	833	(1)
Introduction	833	(1)
Conditions Under Which Rankine and Coulomb Formulas Are Applicable to Retaining Walls Under the Active State	833	(2)
Proportioning of Retaining Walls	835	(1)
Earth Pressure Charts for Retaining Walls	836	(3)
Stability of Retaining Walls	839	(10)
Mechanically Stabilized Earth Retaining Walls	849	(1)
General Considerations	849	(2)
Backfill and Reinforcing Materials	851	(4)
Construction Details	855	(2)
Design Considerations for a Mechanically Stabilized Earth Wall	857	(2)
Design Method	859	(4)
External Stability	863	(12)
Examples of Measured Lateral Earth Pressures	875	(2)
Problems	877	(4)
Sheet Pile Walls and Braced Cuts	881	(70)
Introduction	881	(2)
Sheet Pile Structures	883	(1)
Free Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls	883	(2)
Depth of Embedment of Cantilever Walls in Sandy Soils	885	(11)
Depth of Embedment of Cantilever Walls in Cohesive Soils	896	(12)
Anchored Bulkhead: Free-Earth Support Method---Depth of Embedment of Anchored Sheet Piles in Granular Soils	908	(5)
Design Charts for Anchored Bulkheads in Sand	913	(3)
Moment Reduction for Anchored Sheet Pile Walls	916	(9)
Anchorage of Bulkheads	925	(6)
Braced Cuts	931	(4)
Lateral Earth Pressure Distribution on Braced-Cuts	935	(3)
Stability of Braced Cuts in Saturated Clay	938	(2)
Bjerrum and Eide Method of Analysis	940	(5)
Piping Failures in Sand Cuts	945	(1)
Problems	945	(6)
Soil Improvement	951	(36)
Introduction	951	(1)
Mechanical Compaction	952	(1)
Laboratory Tests on Compaction	953	(6)
Effect of Compaction on Engineering Behavior	959	(3)
Field Compaction and Control	962	(11)
Compaction for Deeper Layers of Soil	973	(1)
Preloading	974	(6)
Sand Compaction Piles and Stone Columns	980	(1)
Soil Stabilization by the Use of Admixtures	981	(2)
Soil Stabilization by Injection of Suitable Grouts	983	(1)
Problems	983	(4)
Appendix A SI Units in Geotechnical Engineering	987	(6)
Appendix B Slope Stability Charts and Tables	993	(14)
References	1007	(18)
Index	1025