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Cancer is the second highest cause of death in the United States, and a leading cause of death globally. Our goals are to discuss the global epidemiology of various cancers, with detailed information on their prevalence, incidence, and clinical considerations. Epidemiology is the key to understanding the mortality and morbidity of cancer, and how we can prevent, diagnose, and treat the disease. Prevention of cancer is essential for saving lives. Prevalence and incidence of cancer are key factors that each government and population must be aware of. Advances in the study of cancer occur on a regular basis, and this book provides the latest insights about relationships between the disease and stem cells, tumorigenesis, molecular interactions, pathways, channels, and immunity.
Global Epidemiology of Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment meets the needs of readers by providing current information about epidemiology (including molecular epidemiology), diagnosis, and treatment. Providing logical, step-by-step information on various cancers, this book consolidates all of the most up-to-date information and data from verified studies on all different types of cancers in the United States and throughout the world.
Chapters are presented so that each includes an overview, clinical manifestations, epidemiology, pathophysiology, etiology and risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and prognosis.
Global Epidemiology of Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment will be invaluable to graduate and postgraduate students, including medical students; nurses; physician assistants; residents in oncology; public health students and allied health students.
About the Authors
Jahangir Moini, MD, MPH, is an international author of 46 medical textbooks for various publishers including Elsevier, McGraw-Hill, Pearson, Jones & Bartlett Learning, Cengage Learning, and Routledge. In addition to continuing his venture as an author, he has been a professor for over 40 years. He is a retired professor with the Eastern Florida State College Science & Health Department.
Nicholas G. Avgeropoulos, MD, is the co-director of the brain and spine tumor program at Orlando Health / UF Health Cancer Center. His specialties are in neuro-oncology and cancer neurology.
Craig Badolato, MD, is a medical oncologist at U.S. Oncology in Melbourne, Florida. He is board-certified in Internal Medicine, Hematology, and Medical Oncology.
About the Authors xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Part I Introduction 1
1 Pathogenesis of Cancer 3
The Origin of Cancer 3
Cancer Biology 7
Genetics and Cancer 9
Cell Division 11
Cell Cycle 12
Carcinogenesis 14
Mutation and Cancer 16
Metastasis 17
Key Terms 20
Bibliography 20
2 Global Epidemiology of Cancer 23
Incidence 23
Prevalence 24
Survival 26
Distribution of Cancer by Gender, Race, and Age 28
Global Burden of Cancer 29
Global Trends in Cancer 31
Global Prevalence of Cancer 32
Global Incidence and Mortality 32
Mortality due to Cancer in the United States 33
Risk Factors for Cancer Development 34
Years of Life Lost 36
Disability-Adjusted Life Years 36
Global Cancer Prevention 36
Key Terms 38
Bibliography 38
Part II Cancers of the Body Systems 41
3 Brain and Spine Tumors 43
Benign / Low Grade Tumors 43
Meningioma 44
Hemangioma 48
Neurofibroma 51
Schwannoma 53
Astrocytoma 55
Pituitary Adenoma 59
Malignant Tumors 62
Pituitary Carcinoma 63
Pineoblastoma 65
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma 67
Anaplastic Ependymoma 69
Anaplastic Astrocytoma 70
Embryonal Carcinoma 73
Choriocarcinoma 74
Teratoma 75
Metastatic Tumors 77
Key Terms 80
Bibliography 81
4 Endocrine Tumors 85
Thyroid Adenoma 85
Thyroid Cancers 87
Papillary Carcinoma 87
Follicular Carcinoma 91
Medullary Carcinoma 93
Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma 96
Parathyroid Tumors 98
Adenoma 98
Carcinoma 100
Thymus Tumors 102
Thymoma 102
Thymolipoma 105
Thymoliposarcoma 106
Adrenal Tumors 108
Adenoma of the Cortex 108
Carcinoma of the Cortex 110
Pheochromocytoma 114
Neuroblastoma 116
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 119
Key Terms 124
Bibliography 124
5 Respiratory Tumors 127
Nasopharyngeal Tumors 127
Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma 127
Nasopharyngeal Hemangioma 128
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma 128
Laryngeal Cancer 131
Lung Cancer 135
Bronchial Carcinoma 148
Carcinoid Tumors 151
Mesothelioma 155
Key Terms 161
Bibliography 161
6 Digestive Tumors 165
Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer 165
Esophageal Cancer 171
Stomach Cancer 176
Small-Bowel Tumors 180
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis 183
Colorectal Tumors 186
Anorectal Cancer 191
Pancreatic Cancer 194
Liver and Biliary Tract Cancers 198
Hepatocellular Carcinoma 198
Liver Metastases 201
Gallbladder Cancer 204
Key Terms 208
Bibliography 208
7 Lymphatic and Blood Cancer 211
Lymphomas 211
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma 211
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma 216
Multiple Myeloma 222
Leukemias 225
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia 226
Acute Myeloid Leukemia 230
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia 234
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia 237
Key Terms 239
Bibliography 240
8 Male Reproductive Tumors 243
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 243
Prostate Cancer 248
Testicular Cancer 256
Penile Cancer 261
Key Terms 264
Bibliography 265
9 Female Reproductive Tumors 269
Benign Breast Tumors 269
Breast Cancer 272
Benign Ovarian Masses 286
Ovarian Cancer 290
Uterine Fibroids 296
Endometrial Cancer 300
Uterine Sarcoma 306
Choriocarcinoma 309
Cervical Polyps 311
Cervical Cancer 312
Vaginal and Vulvar Cancer 318
Key Terms 321
Bibliography 322
10 Skin Tumors 327
Moles 327
Dermatofibromas 331
Infantile Hemangiomas 332
Lipoma and Liposarcoma 335
Keloids 337
Melanoma 338
Basal Cell Carcinoma 343
Squamous Cell Carcinoma 347
Bowen Disease 350
Merkel Cell Skin Cancer 353
Kaposi Sarcoma 355
Key Terms 359
Bibliography 359
11 Bone Tumors 363
Benign Bone Tumors 363
Multiple Myeloma 368
Osteosarcoma 368
Chondrosarcoma 373
Ewing Sarcoma 376
Giant Cell Tumor of Bone 379
Metastatic Bone Tumors 383
Key Terms 386
Bibliography 386
12 Kidney and Urinary Bladder Tumors 391
Adenoma 391
Angiomyolipoma 393
Renal Cell Carcinoma 395
Renal Sarcoma 400
Wilms’ Tumor 402
Metastatic Tumors 406
Urinary Bladder Cancer 408
Transitional Cell Carcinoma 408
Squamous Cell Carcinoma 411
Adenocarcinoma 413
Key Terms 415
Bibliography 415
13 Diagnostic Procedures 421
Traditional X-rays 421
Computed Tomography 424
Positron Emission Tomography 428
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 431
Doppler and Duplex Doppler Ultrasonography 434
Transrectal Ultrasonography 436
Mammography 436
Nuclear Medicine 439
Endoscopy 441
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography 444
Biopsy 444
Lumbar Puncture 445
Hematology Tests 447
Urinalysis 448
Genetic Testing 450
Key Terms 451
Bibliography 452
Part III Treatment of Cancers 455
14 Surgical Oncology 457
Biopsy Techniques 457
Fine-Needle Aspiration 457
Core-Needle Biopsy 459
Open Biopsy 461
Endoscopic Biopsies 462
Cardiopulmonary Factors 462
Hematologic Factors 463
Gastrointestinal Factors 464
Geriatric Factors 464
Medications Affecting Surgery 467
Anesthesia 468
Resection 469
Tumor Margins 469
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy 470
Minimally Invasive Procedures 470
Emergent Surgery 472
Key Terms 472
Bibliography 473
15 Radiation Therapy 475
The Purpose of Radiation Therapy 476
Radiobiology 476
Cellular Response to Radiation 476
The Cell Cycle and Radiosensitivity 477
Cell Death 478
Factors Affecting the Biology of Cancers 479
Oxygen Effect 479
Dose Rate 480
Relative Biologic Effectiveness 480
Radiosensitivity 480
Apoptosis 480
Linear Energy Transfer 481
Fractionation 481
Types of Radiation Therapy 483
External Beam Radiation Therapy 483
Stereotactic Radiosurgery 485
Adaptive Planning 486
Charged Particle External Beam Radiation Therapy 487
Heavy Charged Particle External Beam Radiation Therapy 487
Brachytherapy 487
Radionuclide Therapy 489
Intraoperative Radiotherapy 489
Combined-Modality Therapy 489
Hyperthermia 490
Accidental Radiation Exposure 492
Acute Radiation Syndrome 493
Cutaneous Syndrome 493
Gastrointestinal Syndrome 493
Hematopoietic Syndrome 493
Cerebrovascular Syndrome 493
Radiation on the Embryo and Fetus 494
Radiation and Malignancies 494
Special Populations 495
Pregnant Women 495
Children 495
Elderly 495
Key Terms 495
Bibliography 495
16 Chemotherapy 499
Pharmacology of Chemotherapeutic Drugs 500
Principles of Pharmacokinetics 500
Pharmacogenomics 502
Drug Interactions with Chemotherapy 503
Antineoplastic Drugs 503
Classic Alkylating Agents 505
Platinum Analogs 507
Miscellaneous Alkylating Agents 508
Anthracycline Antibiotics 508
Miscellaneous Antitumor Antibiotics 510
Folate Antagonists 510
Purine Analogs 512
Pyrimidine Analogs 513
Vinca Alkaloids 514
Taxanes 515
Hormonal Therapies 517
Chemotherapy-Induced Adverse Effects 520
Bone Marrow Suppression 520
Anemia 520
Insomnia 521
Cognitive Dysfunction 522
Fatigue 522
Thrombocytopenia 522
Neutropenia 523
Tumor Lysis Syndrome 525
Gastrointestinal Tract Toxicity 526
Integumentary Toxicity 528
Cardiotoxicity 529
Neurotoxicity 531
Pulmonary Toxicity 536
Nephrotoxicity 538
Hepatotoxicity 540
Key Terms 542
Bibliography 542
17 Immunotherapy 545
Immunology Overview 545
Innate Immunity 545
Adaptive Immunity 546
Cytokines 546
Antigen Presentation Cell 546
Tumor Escape Mechanisms 547
Interleukin-2 548
Biological Activity 548
Indications of Interleukin-2 549
Interferons 550
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin 551
Cancer Vaccines 551
Major Histocompatibility Complex 552
Immunoadjuvants 553
Human Papillomavirus 553
Prostate Cancer 554
Clinical Studies of New Vaccines 554
Key Terms 556
Bibliography 556
18 Gene Therapy 559
Gene Therapy Regulation 559
Cancer Gene Therapy 560
Cancer Gene Therapy Protocols 560
Tumor-Directed Gene Therapy Protocols 560
Suicide Gene Therapy 560
Tumor-Suppressor Gene Therapy 561
Antisense Oligonucleotides 561
Oncolytic Viral Gene Therapy 562
Active Immunotherapy 562
Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes 562
Cytokine Genes 563
DNA Vaccines 563
Adoptive Immunotherapy 563
Chimeric Receptors 564
Tumor-Specific T Cells 565
Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics 565
Ethical, Social and Legal Issues 566
Key Terms 569
Bibliography 569
Glossary 571
Index 593
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