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9781563673689

Going Global

by
  • ISBN13:

    9781563673689

  • ISBN10:

    1563673681

  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2006-07-30
  • Publisher: Fairchild Books
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Summary

Today, textiles and apparel are produced in over 200 countries. Over the past 100 years, trade in textiles and apparel has progressed from independent markets within local communities to a complex global distribution system. No other forms of commerce can claim to be as pervasive throughout the globe as the production and distribution of textile and apparel products. Not only is this business found in all parts of the globe, but textiles and apparel provides employment for more people than any other industry, directly providing a livelihood for many millions of people, including employment of 37 million individuals in India alone! Going Global provides a coherent framework for understanding globalization in the field of textile and apparel from the perspective of not only business, but all major constituencies affected by world trade. Topics that will be selectively addressed include: economic/business, social/labor, political/government, trade associations, social activists, consumers, developed countries, newly developed countries, and developing countries.

Table of Contents

Preface xi
Part 1---Embarking on a Global Adventure
1(84)
Introduction to Globalization
3(32)
Perspectives for Consideration of Globalization
3(2)
Global Lexicon
4(1)
Levels of Trade
5(6)
International Trade
7(1)
Global Trade
7(1)
Controlling Levels of Trade
8(1)
Measuring Levels of Trade
9(2)
Measuring Levels of Development
11(5)
Newly Developing Countries
12(2)
Developing Countries
14(1)
Developed Countries
15(1)
The Most Powerful Economies by Purchasing Power
16(1)
The Nature of Firms in the Textile Complex
16(15)
Organization of the Apparel Component of the Textile Complex
19(12)
Summary
31(1)
References
32(3)
Textile and Apparel Supply Matrix
35(28)
Classification of Products
35(14)
Textile Mills (NAICS 313)
37(5)
Textile Product Mills (NAICS 314)
42(1)
Apparel Manufacturing (NAICS 315)
43(6)
Technology Development and the Low-Cost Labor Paradox
49(6)
Technology Development
49(4)
Low-Cost Labor
53(2)
Trade Issues in Textiles and Apparel
55(5)
Trends in Trade and Production
56(1)
Penetration of Imports
57(3)
Summary
60(1)
References
60(3)
Consumption and Well-Being
63(22)
Nature of Apparel Choices
63(8)
Fashion and Basic Goods
65(1)
Levels and Standards
66(4)
Definitions of Income
70(1)
Definitions of Poverty
71(1)
Basic Theories of Income-Consumption Relationships
71(4)
Income and Price Elasticity of Demand for Clothing
74(1)
The Meaning of Consumption Expenditure Data
75(4)
Expenditure Patterns in China
75(2)
Expenditure Patterns in the United States
77(2)
Clothing Consumption Process
79(3)
Summary
82(1)
References
82(3)
Part 2---World Trade and Regulation
85(78)
Trade Barriers and Regulation
87(24)
The Evolution of Trade
87(4)
Protected Trade
91(11)
Customs Services
91(1)
Monitor Imports and Exports
92(1)
Tariffs and Duties
92(4)
Free Trade Zones
96(2)
Nontariff Trade Barriers
98(4)
Trade Agreements
102(6)
Implementation of Tariffs in the United States
102(1)
General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (GATT) (1947--1994)
102(1)
Multifiber Arrangement (MFA) (1974--1994)
103(2)
World Trade Organization (WTO) (Began in 1994)
105(1)
WTO Agreement on Textiles & Clothing (1995--2004)
105(3)
Summary
108(2)
References
110(1)
Illegal and Unethical Trade Activity
111(26)
Customs Compliance
111(4)
Illegal Transshipment
113(1)
Undocumented Immigrant Workers
114(1)
Intellectual Property Law
115(10)
Licensing Contracts
118(1)
Counterfeiting
119(3)
Counterfeiting in Textiles and Apparel
122(2)
Anti-Counterfeiting in Textiles and Apparel
124(1)
Social Responsibility
125(4)
Codes of Conduct
125(4)
Effectiveness of Codes of Conduct
129(1)
Making Trade Fairer
129(4)
Fair Trade
129(4)
Summary
133(1)
References
133(4)
Politics and Political Positioning
137(26)
Economic Systems of Government
137(2)
Political Manipulation of Trade Relationships
139(2)
Political Maneuvering Related to Trade Barriers
139(2)
Global Competition
141(5)
Subsidies and Price Support Programs
141(1)
Dumping
142(1)
Countervailing Duties
143(1)
Government Red Tape Trade Barriers
144(2)
Political Positioning by the Textile and Apparel Complex
146(9)
Vehicles for Political Positioning
146(3)
Political Orientation of Firms & Their Trade Associations
149(1)
The 1950s and 1960s
149(2)
The 1970s
151(2)
The 1980s
153(1)
The 1990s
154(1)
The 2000s
155(1)
The 2010s
155(1)
Regionalization of Global Markets
155(5)
Europe and the European Union
158(1)
The Americas and Caribbean Basin
158(1)
Asia and Oceania
158(1)
Middle East and Africa
159(1)
Summary
160(1)
References
161(2)
Part 3---Trading Partners
163(162)
Europe and the European Union
165(38)
Political and Economic Overview
165(9)
Efforts to Unify Europe
165(7)
Economic & Industrial Standing of Selected European Countries
172(2)
Role of European Union-25 (EU-25) in Textiles and Apparel
174(7)
Europe's Largest Companies, Trade Shows, & Their Locations
174(3)
Participation in Textile & Apparel Trade
177(4)
Participation of Individual Countries in Textiles and Apparel
181(17)
United Kingdom
182(5)
Germany
187(2)
Italy
189(3)
France
192(3)
Spain
195(1)
Poland
196(1)
Russia
197(1)
Romania
197(1)
Summary
198(2)
References
200(3)
The Americas and Caribbean Basin
203(44)
Political and Economic Overview
203(4)
Efforts to Unify the Americas
205(2)
Economic and Industrial Standing of Selected American Countries
207(4)
Role of North American (NAFTA) Countries in Textiles and Apparel
211(21)
United States
215(11)
Canada
226(3)
Mexico
229(3)
Caribbean Basin (CBERA) Countries
232(4)
Textiles and Apparel in the Caribbean Basin Countries
233(3)
South America
236(7)
ANDEAN Countries
239(1)
Southern South American and MERCOSUR Countries
240(3)
Summary
243(1)
References
244(3)
Asia and Oceania
247(40)
Political and Economic Overview
247(5)
Asian Regional Collaboration
248(1)
Economic and Industrial Standing of Countries in Regions of Asia
249(3)
Overview of Asian Textile and Apparel Trade
252(6)
Competition for Market Share of Textile and Apparel Trade
252(6)
Oceania
258(1)
Australia
259(1)
New Zealand
259(1)
East Asia
259(12)
Textile Producing Countries in East Asia
259(3)
Apparel Producing Countries in East Asia
262(2)
China
264(7)
Southeast Asian, Asean Countries
271(7)
Island Countries and Malaysia
274(3)
South China Peninsula Countries
277(1)
South Asia
278(6)
Sri Lanka
278(2)
India
280(3)
Pakistan
283(1)
Bangladesh
283(1)
Summary
284(1)
References
285(2)
The Middle East and Africa
287(38)
Political and Economic Overview
287(4)
Textile and Apparel Trade Activity
291(4)
World Bank
294(1)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
295(1)
The Middle East
295(11)
Developed Countries of the Middle East
297(1)
Developing Countries in the Middle East
298(8)
Africa
306(15)
North Africa
306(4)
Sub-Saharan Africa
310(11)
Summary
321(1)
References
322(3)
Part 4---Looking Forward
325(56)
Corporate Social Responsibility
327(26)
Concepts and Sources of Business Ethics
327(4)
Human Rights
331(11)
Labor Exploitation
331(11)
Human Rights Organizations
342(8)
Labor Unions
342(3)
Social Activists
345(2)
Trade Associations
347(3)
Summary
350(1)
References
351(2)
Into the New Millennium
353(28)
Economics Drives the Decisions
354(5)
Power of Retailers
355(1)
CMT to Full-Package Sourcing
356(3)
Quota Issues
359(4)
Employing Technology
363(5)
Logistics
363(1)
Security
364(3)
Computer Applications
367(1)
Innovations in Textiles and Apparel
368(5)
Major Textile Companies
369(1)
Innovations from Sports
369(2)
Protection
371(2)
Apparel Production Innovations
373(1)
Evolving Standards
373(5)
Performance Standards for Textile Testing
374(1)
Labeling Standards
374(1)
Tackling Sizing Issues
375(1)
Entrepreneurial Opportunities
376(2)
Summary
378(1)
References
378(3)
Glossary 381(12)
Index 393

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