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9780195419047

Good Reasoning Matters! A Constructive Approach to Critical Thinking

by ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780195419047

  • ISBN10:

    0195419049

  • Edition: 3rd
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2004-03-25
  • Publisher: Oxford University Press
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Summary

Offering an innovative approach to critical thinking, Good Reasoning Matters! identifies the essential structure of good arguments in a variety of contexts and also provides guidelines to help students construct their own effective arguments. In addition to examining the most common features of faulty reasoning--slanting, bias, propaganda, vagueness, ambiguity, and a common failure to consider opposing points of view--the book introduces a variety of argument schemes and rhetorical techniques. This edition adds material on visual arguments and more exercises.

Table of Contents

Introduction xi
Acknowledgements xvii
1 GETTING STARTED: Looking for an Argument
1(32)
1. Arguments
2(1)
2. An Example
3(2)
Exercise 1A
4(1)
3. Arguers, Audiences, and Opponents
5(4)
4. Simple and Extended Arguments
9(4)
Exercise 1B
11(2)
5. Distinguishing Arguments from Non-arguments
13(7)
Exercise 1C
18(2)
6. Arguments and Explanations
20(4)
7. Argument Narratives
24(9)
Exercise 1D
25(2)
Major Exercise 1M
27(6)
2 ARGUMENT DIAGRAMS: Pointing the Way
33(18)
1. Argument Diagrams
33(5)
2. Linked and Convergent Premises
38(4)
3. Supplemented Diagrams
42(4)
Exercise 2A
44(2)
4. Diagramming Your Own Arguments
46(5)
Exercise 2B
47(1)
Major Exercise 2M
48(3)
3 IMPLICIT ARGUMENT COMPONENTS: Filling in the Blanks
51(32)
1. Speech Acts and the Principles of Communication
52(4)
Exercise 3A
56(1)
2. Abbreviated Arguments
56(9)
Exercise 3B
64(1)
3. Non-verbal Elements in Argument
65(12)
Exercise 3C
77(1)
4. A Note on Argument Construction
77(6)
Exercise 3D
78(6)
Major Exercise 3M
78(5)
4 DEFINITIONS: Saying What You Mean
83(26)
1. Using Words Precisely
84(3)
Exercise 4A
86(1)
2. Vagueness and Ambiguity
87(6)
Exercise 4B
91(2)
3. Formulating Definitions
93(4)
4. Rules for Good Definitions
97(6)
Exercise 4C
100(3)
5. Expressing Your Intended Meaning
103(6)
Major Exercise 4M
104(5)
5 BIAS: Reading Between the Lines
109(24)
1. Bias and Perspective
109(7)
Exercise 5A
116(1)
2. Detecting Illegitimate Biases
116(17)
Exercise 5B
126(1)
Major Exercise 5M
127(6)
6 STRONG AND WEAK ARGUMENTS: Preparing for Evaluations
133(23)
1. Strong Arguments
134(3)
2. Argument Criticism
137(1)
3. Acceptability
138(1)
4. Valid and Invalid Arguments
139(5)
Exercise 6A
142(2)
5. Argument Schemes
144(3)
6. Invalid Arguments
147(9)
Major Exercise 6M
150(6)
7 SYLLOGISMS I: Classifying Arguments
156(29)
1. Categorical Statements
157(5)
Exercise 7A
161(1)
2. Immediate Inferences
162(4)
Exercise 7B
166(1)
3. Categorical Syllogisms
166(4)
Exercise 7C
169(1)
4. Venn Diagrams
170(15)
Major Exercise 7M
180(5)
8 SYLLOGISMS II: Testing Classes
185(10)
1. Full Schematization
185(2)
2. Rules of Validity
187(1)
3. Applying the Rules
188(2)
4. Procedural Points
190(5)
Major Exercise 8M
192(3)
9 PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC I: Some Ifs, Ands, and Buts
195(31)
1. Simple and Complex Propositions
196(8)
Exercise 9A
203(1)
2. Translation
204(6)
Exercise 9B
208(2)
3. Propositional Schemes and Proofs
210(16)
Exercise 9C
219(3)
Major Exercise 9M
222(4)
10 PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC II: Conditionals, Dilemmas, and Reductios 226(21)
1. Conditional Proofs
226(3)
Exercise 10A
229(1)
2. Reductio ad Absurdum
229(3)
Exercise 10B
232(1)
3. Dilemmas
232(5)
Exercise 10C
236(1)
4. De Morgan's Laws
237(1)
Exercise 10D
238(1)
5. Summary: Rules of Inference
238(10)
Major Exercise 10M
239(8)
11 ORDINARY REASONING: Assessing the Basics 247(39)
1. Ordinary Reasoning
248(2)
2. Acceptability
250(15)
Exercise 11A
263(2)
3. Relevance
265(9)
Exercise 11B
272(2)
4. Sufficiency
274(4)
Exercise 11C
277(1)
5. Applying the Criteria
278(9)
Major Exercise 11M
281(5)
12 EMPIRICAL SCHEMES OF ARGUMENT: Nothing but the Facts 286(43)
1. Generalizations
287(7)
Exercise 12A
293(1)
2. Polling
294(8)
Exercise 12B
300(2)
3. Causal Reasoning
302(11)
Exercise 12C
311(2)
4. Appeals to Ignorance
313(2)
Exercise 12D
315(1)
5. The Methods of Science
315(15)
Exercise 12E
321(1)
Major Exercise 12M
322(7)
13 MORAL AND POLITICAL REASONING: Schemes of Value 329(30)
1. Slippery-Slope Arguments
330(5)
Exercise 13A
334(1)
2. Arguments from Analogy
335(7)
Exercise 13B
340(2)
3. Appeals to Precedent
342(3)
Exercise 13C
344(1)
4. Two-Wrongs Reasoning
345(15)
Exercise 13D
353(1)
Major Exercise 13M
354(5)
14 ETHOTIC SCHEMES: Judging Character 359(28)
1. Pro Homine
360(2)
Exercise 14A
362(1)
2. Ad Populum Arguments
362(2)
Exercise 14B
363(1)
3. Arguments from Authority
364(5)
Exercise 14C
369(1)
4. Ad Hominem
369(3)
Exercise 14D
372(1)
5. Arguments against Authority
372(2)
Exercise 14E
374(1)
6. Guilt (and Honour) by Association
374(4)
Exercise 14E
377(1)
7. Other Cases
378(10)
Exercise 14G
380(1)
Major Exercise 14M
380(7)
15 ARGUMENTATIVE WRITING: Essaying an Argument 387(24)
1. The Good Evaluative Critique
388(7)
Exercise 15A
391(4)
2. The Good Argumentative Essay
395(5)
Exercise 15B
399(1)
3. A Student's Paper
400(9)
4. Conclusion
409(2)
Major Exercise 15M
410(1)
Selected Answers 411(56)
Index 467

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