Grammar For Teachers

by Decapua, Andrea

• ISBN13: 9780387763316
• ISBN10: 0387763317
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-01-25
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

The purpose of this book is to encourage readers to develop a solid understanding of the use and function of grammatical structures in American English. Avoiding jargon, the book approaches grammar from a descriptive rather than a prescriptive approach.

Table of Contents

What is Grammar?	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Grammar as a Set of Rules	p. 1
	p. 2
Language and Change	p. 4
	p. 5
Linguists and Grammar	p. 6
Language is Rule-Governed	p. 7
Language as a Set of Rules versus Language as Rule-Governed	p. 9
Prescriptive versus Descriptive Grammar	p. 10
Prescriptive Grammar	p. 10
Descriptive Grammar	p. 13
	p. 14
	p. 14
Summary	p. 15
Practice Activities	p. 16
Answer Key: Chapter 1 Discovery Activities	p. 18
Morphology	p. 21
Introduction	p. 21
Word Classes	p. 21
	p. 22
Context and Function	p. 23
Word Plays and Context: An Additional Illustration	p. 24
	p. 24
	p. 25
Parts of Speech or Lexical Categories	p. 27
Open Word Classes	p. 27
	p. 28
Closed Word Classes	p. 29
	p. 30
Overview: Major Parts of Speech	p. 31
Nouns	p. 31
Adjectives	p. 32
Verbs	p. 33
Adverbs	p. 33
Morphology	p. 34
	p. 35
Bound and Free Morphemes	p. 35
Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes	p. 36
Derivational Morphemes	p. 37
Inflectional Morphemes	p. 38
Redundancy in Language	p. 39
	p. 39
Summary	p. 41
Practice Activities	p. 43
The Noun Phrase	p. 45
Introduction	p. 45
Identifying Nouns	p. 45
Context and Function	p. 45
Semantic Clues	p. 46
Structural Clues	p. 47
Derivational Clues	p. 48
Morphological Clues	p. 48
Different Types of Nouns	p. 50
Count and Noncount Nouns	p. 50
	p. 51
	p. 52
	p. 53
Crossover Nouns	p. 55
	p. 56
Structure Words that Signal Nouns	p. 57
	p. 58
	p. 59
Demonstratives	p. 61
	p. 62
	p. 63
Quantifiers	p. 64
	p. 65
	p. 66
Pronouns	p. 67
Discovery Activity 11	p. 67
Types of Pronouns by Function	p. 68
Subject Pronouns	p. 68
Object Pronouns	p. 69
Possessive Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives	p. 70
	p. 71
Reflexive Pronouns	p. 73
Indefinite Pronouns	p. 74
Summary	p. 75
Practice Activities	p. 77
Answer Key: Chapter 3 Discovery Activities	p. 81
Adjectives and Adverbs	p. 83
Introduction	p. 83
Adjectives	p. 83
Identification of Adjectives	p. 83
Semantic Clues	p. 84
	p. 84
Morphological Clues	p. 85
Derivational	p. 85
	p. 85
Inflectional	p. 87
	p. 90
Structural Clues	p. 91
	p. 92
Identifying Adjectives	p. 93
Order of Adjectives	p. 94
Adjective Types	p. 95
	p. 96
Special Types of Adjectives	p. 97
Nouns Functioning as Adjectives	p. 97
	p. 97
Participial Adjectives	p. 98
	p. 100
Adverbs	p. 102
	p. 104
Different Subclasses of Adverbs	p. 105
Frequency Adverbs	p. 105
	p. 106
Time and Place Adverbs	p. 106
The ""Other"" Adverbs	p. 107
	p. 108
	p. 109
Summary	p. 111
Practice Activities	p. 112
Answer Key: Chapter 4 Discovery Activities	p. 118
Introduction to Verbs and Verb Phrases	p. 121
Introduction	p. 121
Identifying Verbs	p. 121
Semantic Clues	p. 121
Morphological Clues	p. 122
Derivational	p. 122
Inflectional	p. 122
Structural Clues	p. 123
Main Verbs versus Auxiliary Verbs	p. 124
	p. 124
The Primary Auxiliary Verbs Have, Be, Do	p. 125
	p. 125
	p. 127
Do as a Verb Helper	p. 128
	p. 130
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs	p. 133
Transitive Verbs	p. 133
Intransitive Verbs	p. 134
	p. 134
Di-transitive Verbs	p. 136
	p. 138
	p. 138
Intransitive Verbs and Complements	p. 139
	p. 140
Verbs that are Both Transitive and Intransitive	p. 141
	p. 141
Verbs Followed by Infinitives and Gerunds	p. 142
	p. 143
	p. 144
Verb/Gerund Variations	p. 145
	p. 145
Phrasal Verbs	p. 146
Phrasal Verbs versus Verb + Preposition/Adverb	p. 147
Testing for Phrasal Verbs	p. 148
	p. 149
Types of Phrasal Verbs	p. 150
Intransitive Inseparable	p. 151
Transitive Inseparable	p. 151
Transitive Separable	p. 151
Transitive Inseparable with 2 Prepositions/Adverbs	p. 152
	p. 153
Summary	p. 154
Practice Activities	p. 156
Answer Key: Chapter 5 Discovery Activities	p. 160
Time, Tense, and Aspect of Verbs	p. 165
Introduction	p. 165
Verbs and Inflections	p. 165
Time, Tense, and Aspect	p. 166
	p. 167
	p. 167
	p. 168
Present	p. 168
Simple Present	p. 168
Present Progressive	p. 170
	p. 171
	p. 172
	p. 174
Past	p. 174
Simple Past	p. 174
	p. 176
Past Progressive	p. 177
	p. 179
Future	p. 179
Will4	p. 180
Be Going To	p. 181
Discovery Activity	p. 182
Present Progressive for the Future	p. 184
Future Progressive	p. 184
Perfect	p. 186
Present Perfect	p. 186
	p. 187
Past Perfect	p. 189
	p. 190
Future Perfect	p. 191
	p. 191
Present Perfect Progressive, Past Perfect Progressive, Future Perfect Progressive	p. 192
	p. 193
Summary	p. 195
First Auxiliary Rule for Negative Statements and Questions	p. 195
Practice Activities	p. 196
Answer Key: Chapter 6 Discovery Activities	p. 202
Modal Auxiliary Verbs and Related Structures	p. 211
Introduction	p. 211
The ""Pure"" Modals	p. 211
Modal Auxiliaries versus Primary Auxiliaries	p. 212
The Modal Auxiliaries	p. 213
Modal Meaning: Ability	p. 213
	p. 214
Modal Meaning: Permission and Polite Requests	p. 215
Modal Meaning: Possibility or Probability	p. 216
	p. 218
Modal and Related Structures Meaning: Necessity or Obligation	p. 220
Modal Meaning: Prohibition	p. 223
	p. 224
Modal and Related Structure Meaning: Advice or Suggestion	p. 225
	p. 226
Modal Meaning: Expectation	p. 227
Modal Meaning: Unfulfilled Expectation, Mistake	p. 228
	p. 228
Would and the Conditional	p. 229
The Many Uses of Would	p. 229
	p. 231
Modals and ESL/EFL Learners	p. 232
Summary	p. 234
Practice Activities	p. 237
Answer Key: Chapter 7 Discovery Activities	p. 241
Basic Sentence Patterns and Major Variations	p. 245
Introduction	p. 245
Types of Sentence Constituents	p. 246
Noun Phrases and Prepositional Phrases	p. 246
Verb Phrases	p. 247
	p. 247
Adjective and Adverb Phrases	p. 248
Questions	p. 249
Yes/No Questions	p. 249
	p. 249
Wh-Questions	p. 251
	p. 251
Discovery Activity 4	p. 254
Passive	p. 256
The ""by-phrase""	p. 256
The Passive and Tense	p. 257
The Passive versus the Active	p. 257
	p. 258
Explaining Passive Formation	p. 260
	p. 260
Understanding Passive Use	p. 261
Get	p. 262
Substitution	p. 262
Do	p. 262
Substitution and First Auxiliary Rule	p. 263
Substitution and Inversion	p. 263
	p. 265
	p. 267
Summary	p. 267
Practice Activities	p. 270
Optional Follow Up	p. 271
Answer Key: Chapter 8 Discovery Activities	p. 276
Discussion: Sentence Problem	p. 276
Compound Sentences and Introduction to Complex Sentences: Adverbial Clauses	p. 281
Introduction	p. 281
Clauses versus Phrases	p. 281
Compound Sentences	p. 282
Coordinators	p. 282
	p. 283
Transition Words or Phrases	p. 285
	p. 287
Complex Sentences	p. 288
Complex Sentences and Multiple Subordinate Clauses	p. 289
Subordinate Clauses and Word Order	p. 290
GLUE	p. 290
Types of Complex Clauses	p. 291
Adverbial Clauses of Time	p. 292
When and While	p. 292
Whenever	p. 292
Until	p. 292
	p. 294
Adverbial Clauses of Contrast	p. 295
Unexpected Result	p. 295
Direct Opposition	p. 295
Adverbial Clauses of Place	p. 296
Adverbial Clauses of Cause	p. 296
	p. 297
Adverbial Clauses of Result	p. 298
Adverbial Clause of Purpose	p. 300
	p. 301
Adverbial Clauses of Condition	p. 302
Real Conditions	p. 302
Present Unreal Conditions	p. 303
Past Unreal Conditions	p. 303
Conditional Sentences Without ""If""	p. 303
	p. 304
Mixed Time	p. 305
Adverbial Clauses of Manner	p. 306
	p. 307
Reduced Adverbial Clauses	p. 307
Summary	p. 310
Practice Activities	p. 310
Answer Key: Chapter 9 Discovery Activities	p. 315
Complex Sentences Continued Relative Clauses	p. 319
Introduction	p. 319
The Relative Pronouns	p. 319
Two Types of Relative Clauses: Essential and Nonessential	p. 320
Which versus That	p. 321
	p. 322
Whose	p. 323
Relative Pronouns as Subjects and Objects	p. 324
	p. 325
Who versus whom	p. 326
	p. 326
Omission of Relative Pronouns	p. 327
	p. 328
	p. 328
	p. 330
	p. 331
Relative Adverbs	p. 332
	p. 334
	p. 336
Reduced Relative Clauses	p. 337
	p. 338
	p. 339
Summary	p. 341
Practice Activities	p. 342
Answer Key: Chapter 10 Discovery Activities	p. 347
Complex Sentences Continued: Noun Clauses	p. 353
Introduction	p. 353
Noun Clauses	p. 353
That Noun Clauses	p. 354
Verb + That Noun Clause	p. 354
Different Verb + Noun Clause Patterns	p. 354
Other Noun Clause Patterns	p. 355
Omission of That	p. 356
	p. 357
The Use of the Simpleor Base Verb in That Noun Clauses	p. 358
The Different Functions of That	p. 359
Distinguishing Relative Clauses and Noun Clauses with That	p. 360
	p. 361
Noun Clauses Derived from Questions	p. 362
Wh-Question Words	p. 362
Yes/No Questions and Noun Clauses	p. 363
	p. 363
Reported Speech	p. 365
Statements	p. 365
Questions	p. 365
Other Patterns in Reported Speech	p. 366
Imperatives	p. 366
Exclamations	p. 366
Formal Sequencing of Verb Tenses	p. 367
Pronoun and Other Changes	p. 368
Say versus Tell	p. 369
Reported Speech as Impression	p. 370
	p. 371
Summary	p. 374
Practice Activities	p. 375
Answer Key: Chapter 11 Discovery Activities	p. 379
Verbal Constructions	p. 383
Introduction	p. 383
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases	p. 384
Negation and Gerunds	p. 385
	p. 385
	p. 386
Possessive Gerunds	p. 387
Participial Phrases	p. 387
Types of Participles	p. 388
	p. 391
	p. 392
Past Participles (-ed) in Participial Phrases	p. 393
Distinguishing the Different -ed Participles	p. 393
	p. 393
	p. 394
Time	p. 395
Passive Participial Phrases	p. 396
Infinitives	p. 397
Function	p. 397
Infinitives as Direct Objects of Verbs	p. 398
Other Patterns	p. 399
Infinitives as Subjects	p. 400
Infinitives After Be + Certain Adjectives	p. 401
Other Structures with Infinitives	p. 402
Base Verbs or ""Bare Infinitives""	p. 402
Causative Verbs	p. 403
Time	p. 403
Basic Infinitive	p. 404
Perfect Infinitive	p. 404
	p. 404
Summary	p. 406
Practice Activities	p. 407
Answer Key: Chapter 12 Discovery Activities	p. 411
Glossary	p. 417
Appendices	p. 425
Irregular English Verbs in Alphabetical List1	p. 425
Some Patterns of Common Irregular Verbs	p. 428
Essential Spelling Rules	p. 430
Gerunds and Infinitives After Verbs	p. 432
Common Adverbial Subordinator	p. 433
The Eight Inflectional Morphemes of English	p. 433
The Minor Categories, The Structure Words	p. 434
Summary of Major Learner Difficulties	p. 434
Index	p. 439
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