Graphics Technology

by Earle, James H.

• ISBN13: 9780131476431
• ISBN10: 0131476432
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Providing content for today's course that will fit tomorrow's needs, this new edition of Graphics Technology illustrates and presents fundamental concepts in an understandable format, reducing the amount of classroom tutoring needed. Major content areas covered are: Design and Creativity-New design examples from industry, examples of worksheets, and assignments make the process fun and encourage creativity and intuition. Computer Graphics-An introduction to AutoCAD 2005 provides step-by-step instruction for two-dimensional and three-dimensional computer graphics by AutoCAD. Engineering Drawing-Illustrations separated into multiple steps present the concepts as clearly and simply as possible, utilizing a second color to emphasize sequential steps, key points, and explanations. Descriptive Geometry-Three-dimensional spatial analysis principles are covered to enable the student to apply them to industrial applications at the end of these chapters. Problem Solving-Over 600 problems are offered to aid the student in mastering the principles of graphics and design. Graphics Technology will continue to serve as a permanent reference for the engineer, technologist, or technician.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Engineering and Technology	2	(4)
1.1 Introduction	2	(1)
1.2 Engineering Graphics	2	(1)
1.3 Technological Milestones	3	(1)
1.4 The Technological Team	4	(2)
Chapter 2 The Design Process	6	(20)
2.1 Introduction	6	(1)
2.2 Types of Design Problems	7	(2)
2.3 The Design Process	9	(2)
2.4 Graphics and Design	11	(1)
2.5 Application of the Design Process	12	(6)
2.6 Design Problems	18	(1)
2.7 Short Design Problems	18	(4)
2.8 Systems Design Problems	22	(1)
2.9 Product Design Problems	23	(3)
Chapter 3 Drawing Instruments	26	(16)
3.1 Introduction	26	(1)
3.2 Drawing Media	26	(2)
3.3 Drawing Equipment	28	(4)
3.4 Lines	32	(1)
3.5 Measurements	33	(5)
3.6 Presentation of Drawing	38	(1)
Problems	38	(4)
Chapter 4 Lettering	42	(6)
4.1 Introduction	42	(1)
4.2 Lettering Tools	42	(1)
4.3 Guidelines	43	(1)
4.4 Gothic Lettering	44	(3)
Problems	47	(1)
Chapter 5 Geometric Construction	48	(20)
5.1 Introduction	48	(1)
5.2 Polygons	48	(1)
5.3 Circles	49	(1)
5.4 Geometric Solids	49	(1)
5.5 Constructing Polygons	50	(2)
5.6 Bisecting Lines and Angles	52	(1)
5.7 Division of Lines	52	(1)
5.8 An Arc Through Three Points	53	(1)
5.9 Parallel Lines	53	(1)
5.10 Tangents	54	(4)
5.11 Conic Sections	58	(3)
5.12 Spirals	61	(1)
5.13 Helixes	61	(1)
Problems	62	(6)
Chapter 6 Orthographic Sketching	68	(18)
6.1 Introduction	68	(1)
6.2 Shape Description	69	(1)
6.3 Sketching Techniques	70	(1)
6.4 Six-View Sketching	71	(1)
6.5 Three-View Sketching	71	(4)
6.6 Circular Features	75	(1)
6.7 Pictorial Sketching: Obliques	76	(2)
6.8 Pictorial Sketching: Isometrics	78	(2)
Problems	80	(6)
Chapter 7 Orthographic Projection with Instruments	86	(26)
7.1 Introduction	86	(1)
7.2 Orthographic Projection	86	(2)
7.3 Alphabet of Lines	88	(1)
7.4 Six-View Drawings	88	(1)
7.5 Three-View Drawings	89	(1)
7.6 Arrangements of Views	89	(1)
7.7 Selection of Views	90	(1)
7.8 Line Techniques	91	(1)
7.9 Point Numbering	92	(1)
7.10 Drawing with Triangles	93	(1)
7.11 Views by Subtraction	93	(1)
7.12 Three-View Drawing Layout	93	(1)
7.13 Two-View Drawings	94	(1)
7.14 One-View Drawings	95	(1)
7.15 Simplified and Removed Views	96	(1)
7.16 Partial Views	96	(1)
7.17 Curve Plotting	96	(1)
7.18 Conventional Practices	97	(1)
7.19 Conventional Intersections	98	(1)
7.20 Fillets and Rounds	99	(3)
7.21 First-Angle Projection	102	(1)
7.22 Summary	103	(1)
Problems	103	(9)
Chapter 8 Primary Auxiliary Views	112	(18)
8.1 Introduction	112	(1)
8.2 Folding-Line Principles	113	(1)
8.3 Auxiliaries from the Top View	113	(2)
8.4 Auxiliaries from the Top: Application	115	(1)
8.5 Rules of Auxiliary Construction	116	(1)
8.6 Auxiliaries from the Front View	117	(2)
8.7 Auxiliaries from the Profile View	119	(2)
8.8 Curved Shapes	121	(1)
8.9 Partial Views	122	(1)
8.10 Auxiliary Sections	122	(1)
8.11 Secondary Auxiliary Views	123	(1)
8.12 Elliptical Features	124	(1)
8.13 Summary	124	(1)
Problems	124	(6)
Chapter 9 Sections	130	(18)
9.1 Introduction	130	(1)
9.2 Basics of Sectioning	130	(2)
9.3 Sectioning Symbols	132	(1)
9.4 Sectioning Assemblies of Parts	132	(1)
9.5 Full Sections	132	(3)
9.6 Partial Views	135	(1)
9.7 Half Sections	136	(1)
9.8 Offset Sections	137	(1)
9.9 Broken-Out Sections	137	(1)
9.10 Revolved Sections	137	(1)
9.11 Removed Sections	138	(2)
9.12 Conventional Revolutions	140	(2)
9.13 Conventional Breaks	142	(1)
9.14 Phantom (Ghost) Sections	143	(1)
9.15 Auxiliary Sections	143	(1)
9.16 Summary	143	(1)
Problems	144	(4)
Chapter 10 Screws, Fasteners, and Springs	148	(26)
10.1 Introduction	148	(1)
10.2 Thread Terminology	149	(1)
10.3 English System Specifications	150	(1)
10.4 English Thread Notes	151	(1)
10.5 Metric Thread Notes	152	(1)
10.6 Drawing Threads	153	(1)
10.7 Detailed Symbols	153	(3)
10.8 Schematic Symbols	156	(1)
10.9 Simplified Symbols	157	(1)
10.10 Nuts and Bolts	158	(2)
10.11 Drawing Square Heads	160	(1)
10.12 Drawing Hexagon Heads	161	(1)
10.13 Types of Screws	162	(2)
10.14 Other Threaded Fasteners	164	(1)
10.15 Tapping a Hole	165	(1)
10.16 Washers and Pins	166	(1)
10.17 Pipe Threads and Sittings	166	(2)
10.18 Keys	168	(1)
10.19 Rivets	168	(1)
10.20 Springs	169	(2)
10.21 Drawing Springs	171	(1)
Problems	171	(3)
Chapter 11 Materials and Processes	174	(16)
11.1 Introduction	174	(1)
11.2 Commonly Used Metals	174	(3)
11.3 Properties of Metals	177	(1)
11.4 Forming Metal Shapes	178	(5)
11.5 Machining Operations	183	(5)
11.6 Surface Finishing	188	(1)
11.7 Plastics and Other Materials	189	(1)
Chapter 12 Dimensioning	190	(24)
12.1 Introduction	190	(1)
12.2 Terminology	190	(1)
12.3 Units of Measurement	191	(1)
12.4 English/Metric Conversions	192	(1)
12.5 Dual Dimensioning	192	(1)
12.6 Metric Units	192	(1)
12.7 Numerals and Symbols	193	(1)
12.8 Dimensioning Rules	194	(7)
12.9 Curved and Symmetrical Parts	201	(1)
12.10 Finished Surfaces	202	(1)
12.11 Location Dimensions	203	(2)
12.12 Outline Dimensioning	205	(1)
12.13 Machined Holes	206	(2)
12.14 Chamfers	208	(1)
12.15 Keyseats	208	(1)
12.16 Knurling	208	(1)
12.17 Necks and Undercuts	209	(1)
12.18 Tapers	210	(1)
12.19 Miscellaneous Notes	210	(1)
Problems	211	(3)
Chapter 13 Tolerances	214	(28)
13.1 Introduction	214	(1)
13.2 Tolerance Dimensions	214	(1)
13.3 Mating Parts	215	(1)
13.4 Tolerancing Terms: English Units	216	(1)
13.5 Basic Hole System	217	(1)
13.6 Basic Shaft System	217	(1)
13.7 Cylindrical Fits	218	(1)
13.8 Tolerancing: Metric Units	219	(3)
13.9 Chain versus Datum Dimensions	222	(1)
13.10 Tolerance Notes	223	(1)
13.11 General Tolerances: Metric	223	(2)
13.12 Geometric Tolerances	225	(1)
13.13 Rules for Tolerancing	226	(2)
13.14 Cylindrical Datum Features	228	(1)
13.15 Location Tolerancing	229	(2)
13.16 Form Tolerancing	231	(1)
13.17 Profile Tolerancing	232	(1)
13.18 Orientation Tolerancing	233	(1)
13.19 Runout Tolerancing	234	(1)
13.20 Surface Texture	235	(3)
Problems	238	(4)
Chapter 14 Welding	242	(10)
14.1 Introduction	242	(1)
14.2 Welding Processes	242	(2)
14.3 Weld Joints and Welds	244	(1)
14.4 Welding Symbols	245	(1)
14.5 Application of Symbols	245	(4)
14.6 Surface Contouring	249	(1)
14.7 Brazing 25O
14.8 Soldering	250	(1)
Problems	251	(1)
Chapter 15 Working Drawings	252	(42)
15.1 Introduction	252	(1)
15.2 Working Drawing as Legal Document	252	(1)
15.3 Dimensions and Units	253	(6)
15.4 Laying Out a Detail Drawing	259	(1)
15.5 Notes and Other Information	260	(2)
15.6 Drafter's Log	262	(1)
15.7 Assembly Drawings	262	(1)
15.8 Freehand Working Drawings	263	(1)
15.9 Forged Parts and Castings	263	(2)
Problems	265	(29)
Chapter 16 Reproduction of Drawings	294	(6)
16.1 Introduction	294	(1)
16.2 Computer Reproduction	294	(1)
16.3 Types of Reproduction	295	(2)
16.4 Assembling Drawing Sets	297	(1)
16.5 Transmittal of Drawings	298	(2)
Chapter 17 Three-Dimensional Pictorials	300	(20)
17.1 Introduction	300	(1)
17.2 Oblique Drawings	301	(5)
17.3 Isometric Pictorials	306	(2)
17.4 Isometric Drawings	308	(6)
17.5 Technical Illustration	314	(2)
17.6 Axonometric Projection	316	(1)
17.7 Three-Dimensional Modeling	317	(1)
Problems	318	(2)
Chapter 18 Points, Lines, and Planes	320	(14)
18.1 Introduction	320	(1)
18.2 Projection of Points	321	(1)
18.3 Lines	322	(2)
18.4 Visibility	324	(1)
18.5 Planes	325	(2)
18.6 Parallelism	327	(2)
18.7 Perpendicularity	329	(2)
Problems	331	(3)
Chapter 19 Primary Auxiliary Views in Descriptive Geometry	334	(26)
19.1 Introduction	334	(1)
19.2 True-Length Lines by Primary Auxiliary Views	334	(2)
19.3 Angles Between Lines and Principal Planes	336	(1)
19.4 Sloping Lines	337	(1)
19.5 Bearings and Azimuths	338	(2)
19.6 Application: Plot Plans	340	(1)
19.7 Contour Maps and Profiles	340	(2)
19.8 Plan-Profile Drawings	342	(1)
19.9 Edge Views of Planes	343	(1)
19.10 Planes and Lines	344	(2)
19.11 Sloping Planes	346	(4)
19.12 Ore-Vein Applications	350	(2)
19.13 Intersections Between Planes	352	(1)
Problems	353	(7)
Chapter 20 Successive Auxiliary Views	360	(16)
20.1 Introduction	360	(1)
20.2 Point View of a Line	361	(1)
20.3 Dihedral Angles	361	(1)
20.4 True Size of a Plane	362	(2)
20.5 Shortest Distance from a Point to a Line: Line Method	364	(1)
20.6 Shortest Distance Between Skewed Lines: Line Method	365	(1)
20.7 Shortest Distance Between Skewed Lines: Plane Method	366	(1)
20.8 Shortest Level Distance Between Skewed Lines: Plane Method	367	(1)
20.9 Shortest Grade Distance Between Skewed Lines: Plane Method	368	(1)
20.10 Angular Distance to a Line	369	(1)
20.11 Angle Between a Line and a Plane: Plane Method	369	(1)
20.12 Angle Between a Line and a Plane: Line Method	370	(1)
Problems	370	(6)
Chapter 21 Revolution	376	(12)
21.1 Introduction	376	(1)
21.2 True-Length Lines	376	(3)
21.3 True Size of a Plane	379	(2)
21.4 Angle Between Planes	381	(1)
21.5 Determining Direction	382	(1)
21.6 Revolution: Point About an Axis	382	(3)
21.7 A Line at Specified Angles	385	(1)
Problems	386	(2)
Chapter 22 Vector Graphics	388	(14)
22.1 Introduction	388	(1)
22.2 Definitions	388	(1)
22.3 Coplanar, Concurrent Forces	389	(2)
22.4 Noncoplanar, Concurrent Forces	391	(1)
22.5 Forces in Equilibrium	391	(2)
22.6 Coplanar Truss Analysis	393	(2)
22.7 Noncoplanar Vectors: Special Case	395	(1)
22.8 Resultant of Parallel, Nonconcurrent Forces	396	(2)
Problems	398	(4)
Chapter 23 Intersections and Developments	402	(24)
23.1 Introduction	402	(1)
23.2 Intersections: Lines and Planes	402	(2)
23.3 Intersections: Prisms	404	(2)
23.4 Intersections: Planes and Cylinders	406	(1)
23.5 Intersections: Cylinders and Prisms	407	(1)
23.6 Intersections: Cylinders	408	(1)
23.7 Intersections: Planes and Cones	408	(2)
23.8 Intersections: Cones and Prisms	410	(2)
23.9 Intersections: Pyramids	412	(1)
23.10 Principles of Developments	413	(2)
23.11 Developments: Rectangular Prisms	415	(1)
23.12 Developments: Oblique Prisms	415	(2)
23.13 Developments: Cylinders	417	(1)
23.14 Developments: Oblique Cylinders	418	(1)
23.15 Developments: Pyramids	418	(2)
23.16 Developments: Cones	420	(1)
23.17 Developments: Transition Pieces	421	(2)
Problems	423	(3)
Chapter 24 Graphs	426	(12)
24.1 Introduction	426	(1)
24.2 Pie Graphs	427	(1)
24.3 Bar Graphs	428	(1)
24.4 Linear Coordinate Graphs	429	(3)
24.5 Semilogarithmic-Coordinate Graphs	432	(2)
Problems	434	(4)
Chapter 25 Introduction to AutoCAD® 2005	438	(48)
25.1 Introduction	438	(1)
25.2 Computer Graphics Overview	438	(1)
25.3 Hardware	439	(2)
25.4 Your First Session	441	(3)
25.5 AutoCAD Windows	444	(1)
25.6 Command Options	445	(1)
25.7 Dialog Boxes	445	(2)
25.8 Drawing Aids	447	(1)
25.9 Help Commands	448	(1)
25.10 Drawing Layers	449	(3)
25.11 Toolbars	452	(1)
25.12 A New Drawing	452	(2)
25.13 Drawing Scale	454	(1)
25.14 Saving and Exiting	454	(1)
25.15 Plotting Parameters	455	(3)
25.16 Readying the Printer	458	(1)
25.17 Lines	458	(1)
25.18 Circles	459	(1)
25.19 Arcs	460	(1)
25.20 Polygons	460	(1)
25.21 Ellipses	460	(1)
25.22 Fillets	460	(1)
25.23 Chamfers	461	(1)
25.24 Trim	461	(1)
25.25 Extend	462	(1)
25.26 Zoom and Pan	462	(1)
25.27 Selecting Objects	463	(1)
25.28 Erase and Break	464	(1)
25.29 Move and Copy	465	(1)
25.30 Undo	465	(1)
25.31 Polyline	465	(1)
25.32 Pedit	466	(1)
25.33 Hatching	467	(1)
25.34 Text and Numerals	468	(1)
25.35 Text Style	469	(1)
25.36 Mirror	470	(1)
25.37 Osnap	470	(1)
25.38 Array	471	(1)
25.39 Scale	472	(1)
25.40 Stretch	472	(1)
25.41 Rotate	472	(1)
25.42 Offset	472	(1)
25.43 Blocks	472	(1)
25.44 Write Blocks (Wblocks)	473	(1)
25.45 Dimensioning	474	(1)
25.46 Dimension Style Variables	474	(2)
25.47 Linear Dimensions	476	(1)
25.48 Angular Dimensions	477	(1)
25.49 Diameter	477	(1)
25.50 Radius	478	(1)
25.51 Dimension Style Manager	478	(4)
25.52 Saving Dimension Styles	482	(1)
25.53 Editing Dimensions	483	(1)
25.54 Custom Border and Title Block	484	(1)
25.55 Oblique Pictorials	484	(1)
25.56 Isometric Pictorials	485	(1)
25.57 Summary	486	(1)
Problems	486	(1)
Appendices	487	(42)
Index	529

Excerpts

New and Better This second edition of Graphics Technologyis an improved version of the 1995 edition in all categories: content, format, readability, clarity; quality of illustrations, and economy. The challenge with each revision has always been, "How can the book be written and illustrated to make it easier for the student to learn and the teacher to teach?" Also asked is, "What should be the content for today''s course that will fit tomorrow''s needs?" Meeting this goal is difficult for an author in any discipline, but it is especially awesome in the area of engineering design graphics where 1500 illustrations, 620 problems, and a multitude of topics must be merged into a cohesive textbook as compactly as possible. Content must include fundamentals, design, computer graphics, industrial applications, and meaningful problems. We believe that we have met these goals. Classic Content Every paragraph and illustration has been revisited for evaluation, revision, improvement, or elimination so that all content makes a worthwhile contribution. No space has been squandered to make room for exotic illustrations of examples that are beyond the scope of a beginning freshman course. Instead, that valuable space has been used to better illustrate and present fundamental concepts in an understandable format to reduce the amount of classroom tutoring needed by the student. Major content areas covered in this text are: design and creativity, computer graphics, engineering drawing, descriptive geometry, and problem solving. Design and Creativity Chapter 2, which is devoted to the introduction of design and creativity, has been revised and improved. New design examples from industry, along with examples of worksheets applying the steps of design, guide the student through the process of design. Care has been taken to offer realistic design problems that are within the grasp of beginning students rather than overwhelming them with projects beyond their capabilities. Since the primary objective of design instruction is to introduce the process of design, meaningful design assignments are given to make the process fun and to encourage the application of creativity and intuition. A variety of design problems are given in Chapter 2 that can be used as quickie problems, short assignments, or semester-long design projects. Additional design exercises are included at the ends of the chapters throughout the book. Computer Graphics An introduction to AutOCAD 2005 is presented in a step-by-step format to aid the student in learning how to use this popular software, not just read about it in the abstract. Steps of each illustration show the reader what will be seen on the screen as the example is followed. Chapter 25 gives an introduction to two-dimensional computer graphics by AutoCAD. The main purpose of Graphics Technologyis to help students learn the fundamental principles of graphics, whether done on the drawing board or on the computer. This book can be used in courses where the entire course is taken on the computer, where part of the course is taken on the computer, or where none of the course is taken on the computer. Format: Make It Easy Much effort has been devoted to the creation of illustrations separated into multiple steps to present the concepts as clearly and simply as possible. A second color is applied as a functional means of emphasizing sequential steps, key points, and explanations, not simply as decoration. Explanatory information and text are closely associated with the steps of each example. Many three-dimensional pictorials have been drawn, modified, and refined that will aid the student in visualizing the example at hand. Photographs of actual industrial parts and products have been merged with explanatory examples of principles being covered. The illustrations in this book have been developed and drawn by the author, not by illustrators who have never had the experience of trying to explain a concept to a student. Only after years of classroom practice and trial-and-error testing is it possible to cover principles of graphics in a format that enables the student and teacher to cover the most content with fewest learning obstacles. The two-color, step-by-step format of presentation with conveniently located text has been classroom tested to validate its effectiveness over a number of years. Although substantially better than the conventional format used in other texts, this format required about twice as much effort by the author and twice as much expense by the publisher to produce. We hope you agree that the results justify the added effort and expense. Streamlined The content in all chapters has been compressed, but no material essential to the adequate coverage of a topic has been eliminated. Chapters on gears and cams, nomography, empirical equations, pipe drafting, and electronic graphics have been eliminated to save over 100 pages, thus providing this book at a lower cost for programs not covering this content. Many new problems and illustrations have been added and most of the existing figures have been edited and improved to make them more effective. No space in this book has been wasted. A Book to Keep Some material in this book may not be formally covered in the course for which it was adopted because of time limitations or variations in emphasis by different instructors. These briefly covered topics may be the ones that will be needed in later courses or in practice. Therefore, this book should be retained as permanent reference by the engineer, technologist, or technician. A Teaching System Graphics Technologyused in combination with the supplements listed below comprises a complete teaching system. Textbook problems:Approximately 620 problems are offered to aid the student in mastering the principles of graphics and design. Instructor''s solution manual:A manual containing the solutions to most of the problems in this book is available from Prentice Hall to assist the teacher with grading. Problem manuals:Nineteen problem books and teachers'' guides (with outlines, problem solutions, tests, and test solutions) that are keyed to this book are available from Creative Publishing. Fifteen of the problem books are designed to allow problem solution by computer, by sketching, or on the drawing board. A list of these manuals is given inside the back cover of this book.