Greenfield's Neuropathology

by Graham, David I.; Lantos, Peter L.

• ISBN13: 9780340742310
• ISBN10: 0340742313
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-07-18
• Publisher: Hodder Education Publishers

Summary

Announcing the new edition of the world's leading neuropathology reference. Building on the many changes introduced in the acclaimed 6th edition, the two-volume 7th edition of Greenfield's Neuropathology will continue to provide THE definitive account of neuropathology -encompassing all aspects from prenatal and developmental, through the major diseases including tumors, to degeneration and dementia. Coverage of the subject combines descriptive morphology with molecular biology, genetics, protein chemistry, and pathophysiology. Over 2000 high quality color and black and white illustrations complement the text throughout. Substantial changes have been made to this new edition, including a brand new chapter on Metabolic and Neurodegenerative Diseases of Childhood, and a completely new review of the neuropathology of psychiatric disorders. Many new contributors provide new insights and expertise -over 25% of the chapters have been written by a completely new author team, and 70% of chapters feature at least one new author. In addition to this, 40% of the illustrations are new to this edition.

Table of Contents

Contents of Volume I	v
Contents of Volume II	xii
List of contributors	xix
Foreword	xxiii
Preface	xxvii
Abbreviations	xxix
The central neuron	1	(74)
Constantino Sotelo
Antoine Triller
Introduction	1	(1)
Life history of the neuron: the origin of the neuron and its maturation	1	(12)
Neuronal proliferation during development	1	(1)
Neuronal proliferation in adult nervous system: the neural stem cells	2	(1)
Neuronal cell migration	3	(9)
Neuronal cell migration and neuropathology	12	(1)
The neuron as a polarized cell	13	(17)
Soma, dendrite and axon: the three neuronal compartments	13	(7)
Biochemical polarization of the neuron	20	(7)
Axonal transport	27	(3)
The synapse: historical background	30	(1)
Chemical synapses	31	(32)
The presynaptic element	31	(3)
The synaptic cleft	34	(1)
The postsynaptic element	34	(3)
Synaptic taxonomy	37	(2)
Synaptic release	39	(5)
Synaptic receptors	44	(12)
Paracrine signalling: volume transmission	56	(1)
Coexistence of neuroactive substances in neurons	56	(1)
Electrical synapses	57	(6)
References	63	(12)
Structure and function of glia in the central nervous system	75	(48)
Martin Berry
Arthur M. Butt
Graham Wilkin
V. Hugh Perry
Introduction	75	(1)
Macroglia	75	(29)
Oligodendrocytes	75	(11)
NG-2 glia	86	(3)
Astrocytes	89	(13)
Ependymal cells	102	(2)
Microglia	104	(7)
References	111	(12)
Cellular pathology of the central nervous system	123	(70)
Manuel B. Graeber
William F. Blakemore
Georg W. Kreutzberg
The neuron	123	(14)
Neuronal cell death	123	(3)
Regenerative response of motor neurons	126	(6)
Pathology of dendrites	132	(2)
Pathology of axons	134	(1)
Neuronal vacuolation	135	(1)
Physiological changes in neurons associated with ageing	136	(1)
Molecular genetic basis of neuronal and glial pathology	136	(1)
Reaction and responses of oligodendrocytes to injury	137	(14)
Morphological changes associated with oligodendrocyte and myelin pathology	137	(4)
oligodendrocyte pathology	141	(2)
Common myelin artefacts	143	(1)
The genesis of myelin pathology	144	(4)
Schwann cell myelination of CNS axons	148	(2)
The relationship of oligodendrocytes to other cells	150	(1)
Astrocytes	151	(6)
Basic cell biological parameters of reactive astrocytes	151	(1)
Pathophysiology of astrocytes	151	(6)
Ependyma	157	(1)
Microglia	158	(13)
The resting microglial cell	158	(1)
Microglial turnover	158	(1)
The general activation concept	159	(8)
Microglial involvement in CNS diseases	167	(4)
Perivascular cells and other brain macrophages	171	(1)
Effects of irradiation on the nervous system	172	(1)
Artefacts	173	(1)
References	174	(19)
Raised intracranial pressure, oedema and hydrocephalus	193	(40)
James W. Ironside
John D. Pickard
Introduction	193	(2)
Raised intracranial pressure	195	(1)
ICP in the steady state	195	(1)
Effects of changes in cerebral blood volume and CSF pressure	196	(1)
Intracranial pressure-volume relationships	197	(3)
Cerebral perfusion pressure	198	(1)
The 'split brain'	198	(1)
Waves of ICP	198	(2)
Intracranial gradients of pressure	200	(1)
The blood-brain barrier	200	(3)
Brain swelling and oedema	203	(6)
Congestive brain swelling	204	(1)
Cerebral oedema	205	(1)
Vasogenic oedema	205	(1)
Cytotoxic or cellular oedema	206	(1)
Hydrostatic oedema	206	(1)
Interstitial oedema	207	(1)
Hypo-osmotic oedema	207	(1)
Spread and resolution of cerebral oedema	208	(1)
Effects of cerebral oedema on neuronal function	208	(1)
Papilloedema	209	(1)
The pathology of intracranial expanding lesions	209	(7)
Supratentorial expanding lesions	210	(1)
Supracallosal subfalcine (or cingulate) hernia	211	(1)
Tentorial (uncal or lateral transtentorial) hernia	211	(2)
Central transtentorial herniation	213	(1)
Haemorrhage and infarction of the midbrain and pons	213	(1)
Tonsillar hernia (foraminal impaction, cerebellar cone)	214	(1)
Diffuse brain swelling	215	(1)
Infratentorial expanding lesions	215	(1)
External cerebral herniae	215	(1)
Other cranial effects of raised ICP	216	(1)
Bony changes	216	(1)
Clinical symptoms and signs of raised ICP and herniation	216	(1)
Systemic sequelae of raised ICP	217	(1)
Hydrocephalus	217	(8)
Definitions	217	(1)
Functional anatomy and physiology of the CSF pathway	218	(1)
The meninges	218	(2)
Distribution, formation and absorption of CSF	220	(1)
Pathogenesis of ventricular enlargement and cortical atrophy	221	(1)
Causes of hydrocephalus in man	222	(1)
Normal-pressure hydrocephalus	222	(2)
Benign intracranial hypertension (idiopathic, intracranial hypertension; pseudotumour, cerebri)	224	(1)
References	225	(8)
Hypoxia and related conditions	233	(48)
Roland N. Auer
Garnette R. Sutherland
Introduction	233	(1)
Oxygen delivery and metabolism	234	(5)
Ventialtion	234	(2)
Circulation	236	(1)
Respiration	237	(2)
Classification of hypoxia	239	(10)
Hypoxaemia	240	(1)
High-altitude hypoxia and brain damage	240	(1)
Severe hypoxia other than at altitude	241	(1)
Anaemia	241	(1)
Stagnant hypoxia (cardiac arrest encephalopathy; transient global ischaemia)	242	(1)
Transient global ischaemia: density and distribution of damage	242	(2)
Hypoxia and ischaemia compared	244	(3)
Non-perfused brain (respirator brain; permanent global ischaemia)	247	(1)
Histotoxic hypoxia	248	(1)
Carbon monoxide poisoning	249	(1)
Mechanisms of brain damage in CO poisoning	249	(1)
White-matter damage in CO poisoning	250	(1)
Brain appearance in CO poisoning	250	(1)
Air embolism and decompression sickness	250	(1)
Selective neuronal necrosis	251	(7)
Neurons and glia compared	251	(1)
Excitotoxicity	252	(1)
Molecular chaperone and heat-shock proteins	253	(1)
Ischaemic preconditioning	253	(1)
Nitric oxide	254	(1)
Morphology of selective neuronal necrosis and infarction	254	(1)
Dark neurons	255	(1)
Delayed neuronal death	256	(1)
Ischaemic apoptosis, caspases and neuronal cell suicide	257	(1)
Relationship of selective neuronal necrosis to infaction	258	(1)
Ischaemic neuroprotection	258	(2)
Excitatory amino acid antagonism	258	(1)
Hypothermia	258	(1)
Insulin	259	(1)
Hyperoxia	259	(1)
Other measures protecting against ischaemia	259	(1)
Hypoglycaemic brain damage	260	(2)
History of hypoglucaemic brain damage	260	(1)
Biochemical basis of hypoglycaemic brain damage	261	(1)
Pharmacology of hypoglycaemic brain damage	261	(1)
Morphology of hypoglycaemic brain damage	261	(1)
Selective vulnerability	262	(2)
Theories attempting to explain selective vulnerability	263	(1)
References	264	(17)
Vascular diseases	281	(76)
Hannu Kalimo
Markku Kaste
Matti Haltia
Introduction	281	(1)
Development and anatomy	281	(5)
Development of cerebral vasculature	281	(1)
Arterial blood supply	282	(2)
Venous drainage	284	(2)
Physiology of the cerebral circulation	286	(1)
Definitions and epidemiology of vascular disorders of the central nervous system	286	(2)
Stroke in general	286	(1)
Stroke incidence rates	287	(1)
Stroke mortality rates	287	(1)
Risk factors for stroke	288	(1)
Diseases affecting the blood vessels	288	(29)
Atherosclerosis	288	(4)
Hypertensive angiopathy	292	(4)
Inflammatory diseases	296	(6)
Aneurysms	302	(6)
Vascular malformations	308	(2)
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy	310	(2)
CADASIL	312	(3)
Miscellaneous diseases of blood vessels	315	(2)
Haematological disorders	317	(4)
Thrombosis and antithrombosis	318	(1)
Thrombophilia	318	(1)
Antiphospholipid antibodies	319	(1)
Polycythaemia and hyperviscosity	320	(1)
Anaemias	320	(1)
Platelet abnormalities	320	(1)
Consequences of cerebrovascular disorders	321	(21)
Cerebral ischaemia	321	(13)
Intracranial haemorrhages	334	(5)
Subarachnoid haemorrhage	339	(3)
References	342	(15)
Malformations	357	(128)
Brian N. Harding
Andrew J. Copp
Introduction	357	(1)
Principles of nervous system development	357	(17)
Aetiology	358	(8)
Pathogenesis	366	(8)
A guide to interpreting the pathogenesis of malformations	374	(2)
Pathology of malformations	376	(85)
Neural tube defects: dysraphic disorders	376	(6)
Chiari malformations	382	(4)
disorders of forebrain induction	386	(10)
Neuronal migration disorders	396	(21)
Encephaloclastic defects	417	(4)
Microcephaly	421	(3)
Environmental factors	424	(2)
Megalencephaly	426	(1)
Hemimegalencephaly	426	(1)
Anomalies of the wall of the lateral ventricles	427	(1)
Malformations of the cerebellum	427	(11)
Brainstem malformations	438	(5)
Malformations of the spinal cord	443	(2)
Syringobulbia	445	(2)
Vascular malformations	447	(4)
Arachnoid cysts	451	(1)
Phakomatosis	452	(5)
Hydrocephalus	457	(4)
References	461	(24)
Metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases of childhood	485	(34)
Brian N. Harding
Robert Surtees
Introduction	485	(1)
Grey-matter disorders	485	(16)
Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome (progressive neuronal degeneration of childhood with liver disease)	485	(4)
Rett's syndrome	489	(1)
Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD)	489	(1)
Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome (neuroaxonal dystrophy with iron deposition or neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type I)	489	(2)
Leukoencephalopathy	491	(1)
Alexander's disease	491	(3)
spongy leukodystrophy (Canavan's or van Bogaert-Bertrand disease)	494	(1)
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease	495	(1)
Cockayne's syndrome	495	(2)
Aicardi-Goutiers leukoencephalopathy	497	(2)
Megalencephalic systic leukoencephalopathy	499	(1)
Childhood ataxia with central hypomyelination (CACH) syndrome /vanishing white-matter disease	499	(2)
Pigmentary type of orthochromatic leukodystrophy	501	(1)
Inborn errors of intermediary metabolism	501	(10)
The hyperphenylalaninaemic syndromes	501	(1)
Phenylketonuria (phenylalanine 4-mono-oxygenase deficiency)	501	(2)
Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiencies	503	(1)
Non-ketotic hyperglycinaemia	503	(1)
The homocystinurias	504	(1)
Cystathionine β-synthase deficiency	504	(1)
Remethylation defects	504	(1)
Organic acid disorders	505	(1)
Propionic acidaemias	506	(1)
Methylmalonic acidaemias	506	(1)
Maple syrup urine disease (branched chain oxo-acid dehydrogenase complex deficiency)	506	(1)
Glutaric acidurial type 1	507	(1)
Urea cycle disorders	507	(2)
Congenital disorders of glycosylation	509	(1)
CDG-la (phosphomannomutase deficiency)	509	(1)
CDG-lla (N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II deficiency)	509	(2)
References	511	(8)
Perinatal neuropathology	519	(88)
Hannah C. Kinney
Dawan Duncan Armstrong
Introduction	519	(1)
Brain growth	520	(1)
Cellular reactions in the developing human CNS	521	(14)
Neurons	521	(8)
Astrocytes	529	(1)
Oligodendrocytes and CNS myelination	530	(3)
Microglia	533	(2)
The ependyma	535	(1)
Toxic and metabolic damage	535	(1)
Hypoxia-ischaemia	535	(1)
Grey-matter lesions	536	(7)
Hypoxic-ischaemic neuronal cell injury	536	(7)
White-matter lesions	543	(8)
Periventricular leukomalacia	543	(8)
Combined grey-and white-matter Lesions	551	(3)
Parasagittal cerebral injury	551	(1)
Neonatal 'stroke'	551	(1)
Porencephaly	551	(1)
Multicystic encephalopathy	551	(1)
Prenatal exposure to maternal cocaine and intrauterine brain lesions	552	(1)
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and vascular-related lesions	552	(1)
Congenital heart disease and vascular-related lesions	553	(1)
Kernicterus	554	(3)
Cerebral haemorrhages	557	(3)
Intraventricular haemorrhage	557	(3)
Infection	560	(3)
Neonatal meningitis	560	(2)
Meningitis in the infant	562	(1)
Fungal infections	562	(1)
TORCH infections	562	(1)
Trauma	563	(4)
Birth trauma	563	(3)
Nerve injury	566	(1)
Spinal cord injury	567	(1)
Child abuse	567	(3)
Neoplasia	570	(3)
Musculoskeletal disorders	573	(7)
Congenital myopathies	575	(1)
Myasthenic syndromes	576	(1)
Metabolic myopathies	576	(1)
Muscular dystrophies	576	(3)
Inflammatory myopathies	579	(1)
Spinal muscular and neurogenic atrophies	580	(1)
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita	581	(2)
Sudden infant death syndrome	583	(3)
Neuropathology of the stillborn	586	(4)
References	590	(17)
Nutritional and metabolic disorders	607	(46)
Clive Harper
Roger Butterworth
Malnutrition	607	(2)
Vitamin deficiencies	609	(23)
Thiamine	610	(16)
Niacin	626	(2)
Vitamin B12	628	(2)
Folic acid	630	(1)
Pyridoxine	631	(1)
Riboflavin	632	(1)
Systemic disorders	632	(5)
Hepatic encephalopathy	632	(5)
Uraemic encephalopathy	637	(1)
Inherited metabolic defects	637	(4)
Disorder of amino acid metabolism	637	(3)
Prophyria	640	(1)
References	641	(12)
Lysosomal diseases	653	(84)
Kinuko Suzuki
Kunihiko Suzuki
Introduction	653	(1)
Sphingolipidoses	653	(30)
Gangliosidoses	654	(10)
Niemann-Pick disease types A and B	664	(2)
Niemann-Pick disease types C and D	666	(4)
Gaucher's disease	670	(3)
Farber's disease	673	(1)
Fabry's disease	673	(2)
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) and multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD)	675	(5)
Krabbe's disease (globoid cell leukodystrophy, GLD)	680	(3)
Sphingolipid activator protein (SAP) deficiencies	683	(1)
Mucopolysaccharidoses	683	(10)
Mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I, Hurler-Scheie)	684	(1)
Mucopolysaccharidosis II (MPS II, Hunter)	685	(4)
Mucopolysaccharidosis III (MPS III, Sanfilippo)	689	(2)
Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA, Morquio A)	691	(1)
Mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI, Maroteaux-Lamy)	692	(1)
Mucopolysaccharidosis VII (MPS VII, Sly)	692	(1)
Glycoprotein disorders	693	(7)
Sialidase (neuraminidase) deficiency (sialidosis, mucolipidosis)	693	(1)
α-Mannosidosis and β-mannosidosis	694	(2)
Fucosidosis	696	(1)
Aspartylglycosaminuria (aspartylglucosaminuria)	697	(1)
Schindler's disease (α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase deficiency)	697	(2)
Galactosialidosis	699	(1)
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL, Batten's disease)	700	(8)
Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL, Haltia-Santavuori disease)	701	(2)
Late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL, Jansky-Bielschowsky disease)	703	(3)
Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinolsis (JNCL, Spielmeyer-Vogt-Sjogren-Batten disease)	706	(1)
Adult neuronal ceroid lipofuscionsis ``(ANCL, Kufs' disease)	707	(1)
Other variant types of NCL	708	(1)
Miscellaneous lysosomal disorders	708	(7)
I-Cell disease and pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy (mucolipidosis II and III)	708	(1)
Mucolipidosis IV (ML IV)	709	(2)
Disorders of lysosomal transporters	711	(2)
Sialuria	713	(1)
Glycogen storage disease type II: acid α-glucosidase (acid maltase) deficiency (Pompe's disease)	713	(1)
Acid lipase deficiency (Wolman's disease, cholesteryl ester storage disease)	714	(1)
References	715	(22)
Peroxisonal and mitochondrial disorders	737	(62)
James M. Powers
Darryl C. De Vivo
Introduction	737	(1)
Peroxisomes and peroxisomal disorders	738	(20)
Diagnosis	741	(1)
General pathology and neuropathological overview of peroxisomal disorders	742	(16)
Mitochondria and mitochondrial disorders	758	(28)
Inheritance patterns	762	(1)
Diagnosis	763	(2)
General pathology and neuropathological overview of mitochondrial disorders	765	(21)
References	786	(13)
Neurotoxicology	799	(24)
Doyle Graham
Thomas J. Montine
Introduction	799	(1)
Neurotoxicants	799	(2)
Catalogue of human neurotoxicants	800	(1)
Neurotoxins	801	(9)
Free radicals	801	(1)
Excitatory amino acids	801	(7)
Trace elements	808	(1)
Lipid peroxidation products	808	(1)
Advanced glycation endproducts	809	(1)
Catechol metabolites	810	(1)
Biochemical mechanisms of selected neurotoxicants	810	(4)
Histotoxicants	811	(1)
Neuronal cytotoxicants	812	(1)
Axonotoxicants	813	(1)
Toxicants as risk factors for neurological disease	814	(1)
References	815	(8)
Trauma	823	(76)
David I. Graham
Tom A. Gennarelli
Tracy K. Mclntosh
Introduction	823	(1)
Blunt head injury	824	(58)
The genesis of blunt head injuries	824	(1)
Experimental models of human blunt TBI	825	(2)
The important models	827	(1)
Current concepts of the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury	828	(2)
Cellular and molecular consequences of TBI	830	(6)
Investigation of head-injury patients	836	(1)
Pathology of head injury	837	(39)
Head injury in infancy and childhood	876	(1)
Outcome after blunt head injury	877	(3)
Missile head injury	880	(2)
References	882	(17)
Epilepsy	899	(44)
Mrinalini Honavar
Brian S. Meldrum
Introduction	899	(1)
Classification	899	(1)
Epidemiology	900	(1)
Death in epilepsy	901	(1)
Genetics	902	(2)
Symptomatic epilepsy	904	(8)
Cerebral malformations	904	(1)
Cortical dysplasia	905	(3)
Vascular malformations	908	(1)
Infections	909	(1)
Parasitic infections	909	(1)
Rasmussen's syndrome	909	(2)
Trauma	911	(1)
Tumours	911	(1)
Changes secondary to epilepsy	912	(10)
Epileptic brain damage	913	(1)
Status epilepticus	914	(4)
Febrile convulsions	918	(1)
Mesial temporal sclerosis and complex partial seizures	919	(1)
Epileptic focus studied by immunocytochemistry and molecular probes	920	(2)
Pathogenesis and physiology of epilepsy	922	(1)
Myoclonus epilepsy	922	(2)
Neurosurgery and neurosurgical pathology	924	(7)
Temporal lobectomy	925	(3)
Cortical resection	928	(1)
Neuroimaging	929	(2)
References	931	(12)
Ophthalmic neuropathology	943	(40)
Philip J. Luthert
Susan Lightman
Introduction	943	(1)
Practical issues	943	(1)
Developmental abnormalities	944	(5)
Normal development	944	(1)
Malformations of the retina	945	(1)
Malformations of the optic nerve	946	(1)
Malformations of the orbit	946	(1)
Vascular malformations	947	(2)
Trauma	949	(6)
Non-accidental injury	949	(2)
Neoplasia	951	(1)
Retinoblastoma	951	(1)
Tumours of the optic nerve and nerve sheath	952	(1)
Lymphoma	953	(2)
Vascular disease	955	(4)
Retinal ischaemia and neovascularization	955	(3)
Retinal haemorrhages	958	(1)
Cystoid macular oedema	958	(1)
Ischaemic optic neuropathy and papilloedema	958	(1)
Inflammatory and immune disease	959	(4)
Infective retinitis	959	(2)
Sarcoid	961	(1)
Behcet's disease	961	(1)
Optic neuritis and demyelination	962	(1)
Vasculitis	962	(1)
Paraneoplastic disease	962	(1)
Degenerative disease	963	(12)
Glaucoma	963	(2)
Non-glaucomatous optic neuropathies	965	(1)
Primary photoreceptor cell degeneration	966	(4)
Acquired retinal degenerations	970	(2)
Age-related macular degeneration	972	(2)
Miscellaneous retinal and vitreo-retinal degenerations	974	(1)
References	975	(8)
Hypothalamus and pituitary	983	(80)
Eva Horvath
Bernd W. Scheithauer
Kalman Kovacs
Ricardo V. Lloyd
Introduction	983	(1)
Morphology and hormones of the normal hypothalamus and pituitary	983	(19)
Embryology	983	(3)
Regional anatomy	986	(7)
Normal morphological variations	993	(1)
Age-related changes in the pituitary and hypothalamus	994	(1)
Functional cytomorphology of the normal adenohypophysis	995	(5)
Hypothalamic hormones and their release	1000	(1)
Hypothalamic posterior lobe-associated hormones	1000	(1)
Anterior pituitary hormones	1001	(1)
Pathology of the hypothalamus and pituitary	1002	(49)
Disorders of hypothalamic and posterior pituitary hyperfunction	1002	(1)
Hypothalamic and posterior pituitary hypofunction	1003	(3)
Malformations and hamartomas of the pituitary and hypothalamus	1006	(3)
Neoplasms and related lesions of the hypothalamus, posterior pituitary and sellar region	1009	(5)
Inflammatory lesions	1014	(5)
Infectious disease	1019	(1)
Metabolic disorders	1020	(2)
Haemochromatosis	1022	(1)
Degenerative diseases	1022	(1)
Vascular diseases	1022	(2)
Physical injury	1024	(3)
Pituitary adenomas	1027	(15)
Clinically non-functioning adenomas	1042	(1)
Plurihormonality in pituitary adenomas	1043	(3)
Pituitary carcinomas	1046	(3)
Pituitary hyperplasia	1049	(2)
References	1051	(12)
Regional neuropathology: diseases of the spinal cord and vertebral column	1063	(40)
Umberto De Girolami
Matthew P. Frosch
Charles H. Tator
Vascular disease of the spinal cord	1063	(10)
Normal anatomy of the blood supply of the spinal cord	1063	(1)
Occlusive vascular disease: ischaemic myelopathy	1064	(9)
Compression of the spinal cord	1073	(1)
Diseases of the vertebral column affecting the spinal cord	1074	(8)
Intervertebral disc disease and spondylosis	1074	(5)
Bony abnormalities of the region of the foramen magnum	1079	(1)
Rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis	1079	(1)
Other diseases of bone with spinal cord involvement	1080	(1)
Infectious and other disease of the spine with spinal cord involvement	1081	(1)
Trauma	1082	(11)
General remarks, epidemiology and clinical manifestations of spinal cord trauma	1082	(1)
Pathophysiology of experimental and human acute spinal cord injury	1083	(9)
Chronic adhesive spinal arachnoiditis	1092	(1)
Additional diseases of the spinal cord discussed elsewhere	1093	(1)
References	1093	(10)
Index	1103
Contents of Volume I	v
Contents of Volume II	xii
List of contributors	xix
Foreword	xxiii
Preface	xxvii
Abbreviations	xxix
Viral diseases	1	(106)
Seth Love
Clayton A. Wiley
Introduction	1	(1)
General principles	1	(9)
Viral taxonomy	2	(1)
Biochemical and biophysical properties	2	(1)
General strategies of viral replication	2	(5)
General pathological features of viral infections of the CNS	7	(3)
Acute viral infections	10	(40)
Aseptic meningitis	10	(1)
Poliomyelitis and polioencephalitis	10	(6)
Post-polio syndrome	16	(1)
Herpes viruses	16	(2)
Herpes simplex virus	18	(7)
Varicella-zoster virus	25	(4)
Epstein-Barr virus	29	(2)
Cytomegalovirus	31	(3)
Herpesvirus	34	(2)
Adenovirus	36	(1)
Paramyxoviruses	36	(2)
Rubella	38	(2)
Rabies	40	(3)
Arboviruses	43	(7)
Subacute and chronic viral infections	50	(1)
Chronic enteroviral encephalomyelitis	50	(1)
Subacute measles encephalitides	51	(19)
Measles inclusion body encephalitis	51	(1)
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis	52	(3)
Progressive rubella panencephalitis	55	(1)
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy	55	(2)
Retroviruses	57	(9)
Encephalitis lethargica and postencephalitic parkinsonism	66	(2)
Borna	68	(2)
References	70	(37)
Parasitic and fungal diseases	107	(44)
Gareth Turner
Francesco Scaravilli
Introduction	107	(1)
Protozoal infections	107	(14)
Section 1: Amoebiasis	108	(2)
Section 2: Cerebral malaria	110	(4)
Section 3: Toxoplasmosis	114	(5)
Section 4: Trypanosomiasis	119	(2)
Metazoal infections	121	(11)
Cestodes	122	(4)
Trematode infections	126	(3)
Nematodes	129	(3)
Infections by fungi	132	(9)
Aspergillosis	133	(1)
Blastomycosis	134	(1)
Candidiasis	135	(1)
Chromoblastomycosis	135	(1)
Coccidioidomycosis	136	(1)
Cryptococcosis	137	(2)
Histoplasmosis	139	(1)
Pseudoallescheriosis	140	(1)
Zygomycosis	140	(1)
Other mycoses	141	(1)
References	141	(10)
Bacterial infections of the central nervous system	151	(44)
Francoise Gray
Jean-Michel Alonso
Introduction	151	(1)
Anatomy	151	(1)
Pathogenesis of bacterial infection	152	(4)
Primary versus opportunistic bacterial infections	152	(1)
Virulence and pathogenicity	153	(1)
Extracellular and intracellular bacterial pathogens	154	(1)
Pathophysiology of bacterial infections of the CNS	155	(1)
Predisposing factors to bacterial infections	156	(1)
Pyogenic infections	156	(15)
Purulent leptomeningitis or acute bacterial meningitis	156	(9)
Subdural abscess or empyema	165	(1)
Epidural abscess	166	(1)
Brain abscess	167	(4)
Septic embolism	171	(1)
Suppurative intracranial phlebitis	171	(1)
Actinomycetal infections	171	(7)
Tuberculous infection	171	(4)
Atypical mycobacteriosis	175	(1)
Whipple's disease	176	(1)
Actinomycosis	177	(1)
Nocardiosis	178	(1)
Spirochaetal infections	178	(7)
Neurosyphilis	178	(6)
Borreliosis	184	(1)
Leptospirosis	184	(1)
Brucellosis	185	(1)
Mycoplasma infections	185	(1)
Sarcoidosis	186	(1)
Toxin-induced neurological disease	187	(2)
Diphtheria	187	(1)
Infection by bacteria of the genus Clostridium: tetanus and botulism	187	(1)
Shigellosis	188	(1)
Miscellaneous	188	(1)
References	189	(6)
Ageing and dementia	195	(78)
Suzanne S. Mirra
Bradley T. Hyman
Ageing of the brain	195	(3)
Gross changes, cortical atrophy and white-matter changes	196	(1)
Microscopic changes in old age	196	(2)
Dementia	198	(2)
Definition of dementia	198	(1)
Epidemiological factors	198	(1)
Ageing and AD	199	(1)
Alzheimer's disease	200	(26)
Biomarkers	200	(1)
Neurotransmitters and neurotropic factors	200	(1)
Gross or external changes in Alzheimer's disease	201	(2)
Histology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy	203	(15)
Early pathology in AD and clinical correlates	218	(1)
Neuropathological diagnosis of AD	218	(3)
Effect of coexisting pathologies	221	(1)
Pathogenic considerations	221	(1)
Genetic factors	221	(5)
Tau-associated disorders (tauopathies)	226	(7)
Tau	226	(1)
Pick's disease	227	(3)
Progressive supranuclear palsy	230	(1)
Corticobasal degeneration	231	(1)
Frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17	232	(1)
Other frontotemporal dementias	233	(2)
Hereditary dysphasic dementia	233	(1)
Primary progressive aphasia	233	(1)
Frontal lobe dementia	234	(1)
Motor neuron disease with dementia	234	(1)
Dementia lacking distinctive histology	234	(1)
Progressive subcortical gliosis	234	(1)
Hippocampal sclerosis	235	(1)
Argyrophilic grain disease (dementia with grains)	235	(1)
Disorders with Lewy bodies	235	(4)
Nosological considerations	235	(1)
DLB and overlap with AD	235	(1)
Parkinson's disease (PD) with dementia	236	(1)
Lewy bodies	237	(1)
α-Synuclein	238	(1)
Lewy neurites	239	(1)
ALS-parkinsonism-dementia complex	239	(1)
Familial dementia associated with neuroserpin mutations	240	(1)
Thalamic dementia	241	(1)
Vascular dementia	241	(4)
Confounding factors	241	(1)
Epidemiological considerations	241	(1)
Dementia associated with infarcts, multi-infarct dementia and ischaemic vascular dementia	241	(1)
Lacunes and etat lacunaire	242	(1)
Binswanger's disease	243	(1)
Overlap between vascular dementia and AD	243	(2)
Standardization of approach to neuropathological evaluation	245	(1)
Vascular dementia and minority elders	245	(1)
Familial disorders with CAA	245	(1)
Hereditary cerebral haemorrhage with amyloidosis, Duth type (HCHWA-D)	245	(1)
Hereditary cerebral haemorrhage with amyloidosis, Icelandic type (HCHWA-I)	246	(1)
Gelsolin-related amyloidosis (familial amyloidosis, Finnish type)	246	(1)
British dementia with amyloid angiopathy	246	(1)
Familial Danish dementia	246	(1)
Normal pressure hydrocephalus	246	(1)
References	247	(26)
Prior diseases	273	(52)
Stephen J. DeArmond
Hans A. Kretzschmar
Stanley B. Prusiner
Introduction and overview	273	(5)
Overview	273	(3)
Terminology	276	(1)
Categories of prion disease	277	(1)
Why do prion diseases occur?	277	(1)
Prion diseases in animals	278	(2)
Scrapie	278	(2)
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and related disorders	280	(1)
Prion diseases in man	280	(19)
Kuru	280	(2)
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease syndromes	282	(8)
Fatal insomnia syndromes	290	(2)
Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome	292	(7)
Molecular classification of CJD-like diseases: human prion strains	299	(2)
Physical characteristics of Prpsc: human prion strains	299	(1)
Molecular classification of sporadic CJD and FI	300	(1)
Definitive diagnosis of CJD and FI	301	(4)
Myopathies related to the prion protein	305	(1)
PrP overexpression myopathy in transgenic mice	305	(1)
Inclusion body myositis in man	305	(1)
Prion biology	306	(7)
The 'Prion' or 'Protein-only' hypothesis	306	(1)
Evolution of the prion hypothesis	306	(1)
The PrP amino-acid sequence can adopt one of two different conformations	306	(1)
PrPsc is derived from PrPc	307	(1)
PrP conformation and the existence of multiple prion strains	307	(3)
Differential targeting of neurons	310	(1)
Synthetic prions	311	(2)
Mechanisms of nerve cell dysfunction, degeneration and death	313	(3)
Neurodegeneration requires both conversion of PrPc to PrPsc and accumulation of PrPsc	313	(1)
A multistep hypothesis of neurodegeneration	313	(1)
PrPsc and plasma membrance dysfunction	314	(1)
Endosomal-lysosomal abnormalities and neuronal degeneration	315	(1)
Selective vulnerability of neurons in prion diseases	316	(1)
Neuronal dysfunction, degeneration and death occur as a multistep process	316	(1)
Risk of prion disease to health-care workers	316	(2)
Sites of PrPsc accumulation in the body	316	(1)
CJD is not an unusual risk to health-care workers	317	(1)
Precautions and decontamination procedures	317	(1)
References	318	(7)
Disorders of movement and system degenerations	325	(106)
James S. Lowe
Nigel Leigh
Introduction	325	(3)
Anatomy and function of basal ganglia	328	(1)
Trauma and movement disorders	329	(1)
Akinetic rigid movement disorders	329	(22)
Parkinsonism	329	(22)
Conditions characterized by abnormal stiffness	351	(1)
Hyperkinetic movement disorders	351	(8)
Chorea	351	(6)
Myoclonus	357	(1)
Hemiballismus and ballism	357	(1)
Dystonia	357	(2)
Tic disorders	359	(1)
Degenerative ataxic disorders	359	(13)
Classification of the spinocerebellar ataxias	359	(2)
Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias	361	(4)
Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia	365	(6)
X-linked ataxias	371	(1)
Sporadic degenerative ataxia	371	(1)
Motor neuron disorders	372	(16)
Motor neuron disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)	372	(11)
Postpolio syndrome	383	(1)
X-linked bulbospinal neuronopathy (Kennedy's disease)	383	(1)
Spinal muscular atrophy	384	(1)
Autosomal recessive SMA	384	(2)
Adult-onset SMA	386	(1)
Hereditary progressive bulbar palsy	386	(1)
Hereditary spastic paraparesis	387	(1)
Miscellaneous disorders affecting the basal ganglia	388	(6)
Thalamic lesions	388	(1)
Pallidal degenerations	389	(1)
Neuroaxonal dystrophy and related disorders	389	(2)
Secondary neuroaxonal dystrophy	391	(1)
Calcification of the basal ganglia	391	(2)
Striatal necrosis	393	(1)
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome	394	(1)
Abnormalities of central autonomic systems	394	(1)
Central autonomic failure	395	(1)
References	395	(36)
Neuropathology of psychiatric disorders	431	(40)
Margaret M. Esiri
Tim J. Crow
Introduction	431	(1)
Categories and dimensions: the kraepelinian dichotomy of psychosis and the significance of schneiderian symptoms	431	(1)
Schizophrenic psychoses	432	(21)
Epidemiology of schizophrenia	433	(1)
Natural history of schizophrenia	434	(1)
Aetiological and pathophysiological hypotheses	435	(1)
Language and the human brain	436	(2)
Brain structure in schizophrenia	438	(14)
Dyskinesias in schizophrenia	452	(1)
Animal models of schizophrenia	452	(1)
Interpretation of the brain changes in schizophrenia	452	(1)
Affective psychoses	453	(2)
Brain structure	453	(2)
Neurochemical changes in affective disorder	455	(1)
Depression in Alzheimer's disease	455	(1)
Other disorders	455	(3)
Autism	455	(1)
Dyslexia	456	(1)
Attention deficit disorder	457	(1)
Schizotypal personality disorder	457	(1)
Conclusions	458	(1)
References	458	(13)
Demyelinating diseases	471	(206)
John W. Prineas
W. Ian McDonald
Robin J.M. Franklin
Introduction	471	(1)
Multiple sclerosis	472	(54)
Aetiology	473	(1)
Clinical features	473	(1)
Diagnosis	474	(1)
Pathology	475	(1)
Chronic multiple sclerosis	476	(20)
Acute multiple sclerosis (Marburg type)	496	(10)
Balo type (concentric sclerosis)	506	(3)
Schilder type	509	(1)
Devic type (neuromyelitis optica; neuropticomyelite)	509	(1)
Acute necrotic myelopathy	510	(1)
Multiple sclerosis diagnosed by biopsy	511	(1)
Clinicopathological correlation	511	(4)
Pathogenesis	515	(8)
Perivenous encephalomyelitis (acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, postinfectious encephalomyelitis, postvaccinal encephalomyelitis, acute perivascular myelinoclasis)	523	(1)
Pathology	524	(2)
Pathogenesis	526	(1)
Rabies postvaccinal encephalmyelitis	526	(1)
Acute haemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (Hurst's disease)	527	(3)
Pathology	527	(1)
Pathogenesis	528	(1)
Relationship between multiple sclerosis and perivenous encephalomyelitis	528	(2)
Experimental and naturally occurring demyelinating diseases in animals	530	(1)
Models of demyelination	531	(4)
Chemical models	531	(1)
Viral models	532	(1)
Genetic models	533	(1)
Physical injury models	534	(1)
References	535	(16)
Peripheral nerves
Peter J. Dyck
P. James B. Dyck
Caterina Giannini
Zarife Sahenk
Anthony J. Windebank
JaNean Engelstad
Normal structure of the peripheral nervous system	551	(10)
General organization	551	(1)
Cell bodies	552	(1)
Cell processes	553	(2)
Specialized nerve endings	555	(1)
Ultrastructure of peripheral nerve fibres	556	(1)
Myelinated fibre structure	556	(4)
Unmyelinated fibre structure	560	(1)
Neurobiology	561	(11)
Compound nerve action potentials of the sural nerve in vitro	561	(2)
Metabolic requirements, blood flow and microenvironmental differences	563	(2)
Axonal transport	565	(1)
Bidirectional fast transport	566	(2)
Slow transport	568	(1)
Morphological correlates of transport impairment	568	(3)
Growth and regulatory factors	571	(1)
Nerve biopsy	572	(1)
Teased fibres	573	(5)
Histological technique	573	(1)
Teasing technique	573	(1)
Sampling	573	(1)
Evaluation of teased fibres	573	(2)
Frequency of pathological abnormalities of teased fibres	575	(1)
Frequency of graded pathological abnormalities in control nerves	575	(1)
Typical patterns of teased nerve fibre abnormalities by disease process	575	(2)
Measurement of internode length and diameter	577	(1)
Morphometry and stereology of neurons	578	(2)
Inadequate histogical preparations and artefacts	580	(2)
Clinical anatomicopathological patterns of neuropathy helpful in differential diagnosis	582	(1)
Overview of the basis and classification of fibre alteration	582	(5)
Unique neurobiology influencing the interpretation of pathological reactions	582	(2)
Characterizing steps in the classification of pathological alterations	584	(2)
What type of Schwann cell (myelin) pathological alterations are occurring?	586	(1)
Axonal nerve fibre alterations	587	(15)
Wallerian degeneration	587	(2)
Degeneration of unmyelinated axons	589	(1)
Axonal regeneration	590	(1)
Axonal dystrophy	591	(4)
Axonal atrophy	595	(2)
Neural and axonal maldevelopment or atrophy	597	(1)
Axonal dystrophy and axonal atrophy with axonal degeneration	597	(2)
Retrograde axonal atrophy from permanent axotomy	599	(1)
Axonal atrophy from abnormality of Schwann cells	599	(3)
Schwann cell alterations	602	(1)
Primary demyelination: clinical, antibody, inflammatory cell, genetic and toxic	602	(1)
Secondary demyelination	602	(1)
Perineurial alterations	603	(2)
Epineurial alterations	605	(1)
Nerve injury and repair	605	(3)
Compression	607	(1)
Clean transection	608	(1)
Stretch and laceration injuries	608	(1)
Changes in basement membrance tubes in permanent nerve transection	608	(1)
Traumatic neuroma	608	(1)
Infection	608	(7)
Syphilis	610	(1)
Leprosy	610	(3)
Human immunodeficiency virus	613	(1)
Cytomegalovirus	614	(1)
Lyme borreliosis	614	(1)
Herpes simplex and zoster	615	(1)
Inflammation and altered immunity	615	(13)
Classification	615	(1)
Plasma autoantibodies	615	(1)
Inflammatory-immune neuropathies	615	(2)
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy	617	(2)
Atypical varieties of polyradiculoneuropathy simulating CIDP	619	(1)
IgG and IgA MGUS neuropathies IgM monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance (paraprotein neuropathies)	620	(1)
Multifocal motor neuropathy and conduction block	620	(1)
HIV and CIDP	620	(1)
Immune sensory or sensorimotor neuropathy and inflammatory polyganglionopathies	620	(1)
Inflammatory demyelinating sensory radiculopathy or polyneuropathy	621	(1)
Immune (idiopathic) sensory polyneuropathy	621	(1)
Granulomatous inflammation (sarcoidosis)	621	(7)
Inherited neuropathies	628	(11)
Classification	628	(1)
The system atrophies	629	(3)
Peroxisomal disorders	632	(1)
Lysosomal storage diseases	632	(5)
Lipoprotein abnormalities	637	(1)
Inherited amyloidosis with neuropathy	637	(2)
Glycogen storage diseases	639	(1)
Inherited tumours	639	(1)
Metabolic neuropathies	639	(7)
Diabetic neuropathies	639	(5)
Uraemic neuropathy	644	(1)
Hypothyroid neuropathy	644	(1)
Amyloidosis	644	(1)
Hepatic neuropathy	645	(1)
Porphyria	645	(1)
Toxic neuropathies	646	(7)
Cellular mechanisms of neurotoxic injury	646	(1)
Neurotoxicity induced by therapeutic agents	647	(3)
Neurotoxicity induced by industrial agents	650	(3)
Ischaemic and hypoxic injury of nerves	653	(5)
Pathological alterations from ischaemia are not the same as those from compression	653	(1)
Three-dimensional correlative studies of occluded blood vessels and fibre injury in human neuropathy	653	(1)
Experimental models of hypoxic-ischaemic injury	654	(2)
Histological hallmarks of ischaemic injury	656	(1)
Renaut's corpuscles are not nerve infarcts	656	(1)
Necrotizing vasculitis	657	(1)
Peripheral vascular disease of the nerves	658	(1)
Carcinoma, lymphocyte and plasma cell proliferative disease, leukaemia and paraneoplastic neuropathy	658	(2)
Paraneoplastic neuropathies	658	(1)
Osteosclerotic myeloma and POEMS	658	(1)
Castleman's disease and neuropathy	659	(1)
Multiple myeloma	659	(1)
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)	659	(1)
Lymphoma including Hodgkin's disease	659	(1)
Leukaemia	659	(1)
Cryoglobulinaemia	659	(1)
References	660	(17)
Diseases of muscle	677	(90)
Roy O. Weller
William J.K. Cumming
Mike Mahon
David W. Ellison
Introduction	677	(4)
Websites for muscle diseases	678	(3)
Normal muscle	681	(12)
Anatomy	681	(1)
Microscopic anatomy	682	(2)
Structure and function of muscle fibres	684	(4)
Histology, histochemistry and muscle fibre typing	688	(3)
Immunocytochemistry	691	(1)
Development of muscle	691	(1)
Age changes in muscle	692	(1)
General pathology of muscle disease	693	(8)
Denervation and reinnervation	693	(2)
Disorders of neuromuscular transmission	695	(1)
Muscle cell necrosis and regeneration	696	(2)
Histological indicators of past muscle damage	698	(2)
Cytoarchitectural changes and inclusions in muscle fibres	700	(1)
Clinical aspects of neuromuscular disease	701	(6)
Signs and symptoms	701	(3)
Investigation of a patient with neuromuscular disease	704	(3)
Pathology of specific muscle diseases Classification	707	(1)
Neurogenic muscle diseases	708	(7)
Disorders of motor neurons	708	(6)
Peripheral neuropathies	714	(1)
Disorders of neuromuscular transmission	715	(2)
Myasthenia gravis	715	(1)
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome	716	(1)
Acquired neuromyotonia (Isaac's syndrome)	717	(1)
Primary muscle diseases: myopathies	717	(39)
Destructive myopathies	717	(14)
Non-destructive myopathies	731	(25)
References	756	(11)
Tumours of the nervous system	767	(286)
Peter L. Lantos
David N. Louis
Marc K. Rosenblum
Paul Kleihues
Epidemiology and aetiology	767	(5)
Incidence and mortality	767	(1)
Survival of patients with brain tumours	768	(1)
Age and sex	768	(1)
Aetiology	769	(3)
Experimentally induced tumours	772	(7)
Chemical carcinogens	772	(2)
Oncogenic viruses and viral oncogenes	774	(3)
Transgenic mouse models with altered expression of transformation associated genes	777	(1)
Co-operation of oncogenes and interaction with chemical carcinogens	778	(1)
Significance of animal models for human neuro-oncogenesis	779	(1)
Classification and grading	779	(3)
Astrocytic tumours	780	(1)
Oligodendroglial, ependymal and choroid plexus tumours	780	(1)
Glial tumours of uncertain origin	780	(1)
Neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial tumours	781	(1)
Embryonal tumours	781	(1)
Tumours of the cranial and peripheral nerves	781	(1)
Meningiomas	781	(1)
Tumours of the neuroepithelial tissue	782	(115)
Astrocytic tumours	782	(28)
Oligodendroglial tumours	810	(11)
Oligoastrocytomas and other mixed gliomas	821	(3)
Ependymal tumours	824	(10)
Tumours of the choroid plexus	834	(5)
Glial tumours of uncertain origin	839	(4)
Neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial tumours	843	(25)
Tumours of the pineal region	868	(1)
Pineal parenchymal tumours	868	(5)
Non-neoplastic lesions	873	(1)
Embryonal tumours	873	(24)
Tumours of the peripheral nerves	897	(38)
Schwannomas (neurilemmoma; neurinoma)	899	(3)
Neurofibromas	902	(2)
Perineuriomas	904	(1)
Nerve sheath myxomas and neurothekeomas	905	(1)
Granular cell tumours	905	(1)
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours	906	(3)
Other peripheral nerve sheath tumours	909	(1)
Tumours of the meninges	909	(1)
Tumours of the meningothelial cells	909	(17)
Mesenchymal, non-meningothelial tumours	926	(5)
Primary melanocytic lesions	931	(2)
Tumours of uncertain histogenesis	933	(2)
Hereditary tumour syndromes	935	(9)
Neurofibromatosis	935	(5)
Von Hippel-Lindau disease	940	(1)
Tuberous sclerosis	941	(1)
Li-Fraumeni syndrome	942	(1)
Cowden's syndrome	943	(1)
Turcot's syndrome	943	(1)
Gorlin's syndrome	943	(1)
Other hereditary brain tumour syndromes	944	(1)
Germ-cell tumours	944	(6)
Germinomas	945	(2)
Teratomas	947	(1)
Yolk sac tumours	947	(2)
Embryonal carcinomas	949	(1)
Choriocarcinomas	949	(1)
Mixed germ-cell tumours	949	(1)
Lymphomas	950	(10)
Primary malignant lymphomas	950	(8)
Secondary lymphomas	958	(1)
Plasma cell tumours	959	(1)
Chordomas	960	(4)
Cysts and tumour-like conditions	964	(7)
Epidermoid cysts	964	(1)
Dermoid cysts	965	(1)
Colloid cysts	966	(2)
Neurenteric (enterogenous) cysts	968	(1)
Neuroepithelial cysts	969	(1)
Nasal glial heterotopia	970	(1)
Plasma cell granuloma	971	(1)
Metastatic tumours	971	(4)
General aspects of metastatic tumours	971	(3)
Meningeal carcinomatosis	974	(1)
Paraneoplastic syndromes	975	(5)
General and pathogenic issues	975	(1)
Paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy/encephalomyelitis	975	(3)
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration	978	(1)
Paraneoplastic opsoclonus/myoclonus	978	(2)
References	980	(73)
Index	1053