Greenspan's Basic & Clinical Endocrinology: Eighth Edition

by Gardner, David G., M.D.; Shoback, Dolores M.

• ISBN13: 9780071440110
• ISBN10: 0071440119
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-01-19
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Medical

Summary

Endocrinology's #1 single-source reference updated to reflect the latest diagnostic testing and important new approaches to medical managementA Doody's Core Title ESSENTIAL PURCHASE!5 STAR DOODY'S REVIEW! "This book, one of the best endocrine textbooks, manages to be comprehensive but not overwhelming. Since various aspects of clinical endocrinology have changed in recent years, a new edition is certainly warranted. I would recommend this book to anyone with an interest in endocrinology."--Doody's Review ServiceBasic & Clinical Endocrinology,8e is a concise, single-source reference for the entire field of clinical endocrinology and the underlying basic science. Richly illustrated with 330 illustrations, this trusted guide is written by clinicians and researchers drawn largely from the University of California, San Francisco, one of the nation's most respected endocrine divisions.

Author Biography

David G. Gardner, MD, Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine and Metabolic Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco.

Dolores Shoback, MD, Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.

Table of Contents

Authors	p. x
Preface	p. xiv
Introduction to Endocrinology	p. 1
The Endocrine System	p. 2
Hormones: Endocrine, Paracrine, Autocrine, Juxtacrine, & Intracrine Actions	p. 3
Endocrine Organs	p. 3
Target Organs	p. 3
Hormone Receptors	p. 3
Chemical Composition of Hormones	p. 3
Relationships between Hormones & Other Signaling Molecules	p. 4
Neurotransmitters & Hormones	p. 4
Vitamins & Hormones	p. 5
Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins & Related Compounds	p. 5
Metabolites	p. 6
Oncogenes & Hormones	p. 6
The Immune System & Hormones	p. 6
Modulation of Hormone Levels	p. 6
Regulation of Hormone Production	p. 6
Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Hormone Release	p. 7
Hormone Transport in the Circulation	p. 9
Transport of Hormones across the Membrane	p. 10
Metabolism & Elimination of Hormones	p. 10
Mechanisms of Hormone Action	p. 12
Hormone Receptors	p. 12
Hormone Binding	p. 14
Hormone Effects on Receptor Activity	p. 14
Classes of Hormone Action	p. 14
Classification of Hormone Action by Receptor Type	p. 14
Classification of Hormone Action by Ligand Type	p. 15
Regulation of Hormone Responsiveness	p. 16
Regulation of Receptor Levels & Activities	p. 16
Hormone Responsiveness Is Regulated by Postreceptor Influences	p. 17
Combinatorial Interactions Influence Hormone Signaling in Different Ways	p. 17
Selective Modulation	p. 17
Evolution of the Endocrine System	p. 18
The Origins of Regulatory Chemicals & the Metabolic Code	p. 18
Evolution of Hormones & Receptors	p. 19
Evolution of Multiple Hormone Response Systems	p. 19
Evolution of Endocrine Glands	p. 19
Integrative Networks	p. 20
Endocrine & Nervous System Relationships: Neuroendocrinology	p. 20
Actions of Hormones	p. 21
Fetal Development	p. 21
Cell Growth & Cancer	p. 21
Intermediary Metabolism	p. 21
Mineral & Water Metabolism	p. 21
Cardiovascular & Renal Function	p. 22
Skeletal Function	p. 22
Reproductive Function	p. 22
Immune System	p. 22
Central Nervous System	p. 23
Recent Advances in Technology & Endocrinology	p. 23
Sequencing the Human Genome	p. 23
Genomics & Patterns of Transcription	p. 23
Proteomics	p. 23
Manipulating the Genome	p. 24
RNA Interference (RNAi)	p. 24
Stem Cells	p. 24
Molecular Basis of Genetic Endocrine Disease	p. 25
Disorders of the Endocrine System	p. 25
Endocrine Hypofunction	p. 26
Endocrine Hyperfunction	p. 27
Defects in Sensitivity to Hormones	p. 27
Syndromes of Hormone Excess Due to Exogenous Hormone	p. 29
Nonendocrine Problems Associated with Endocrine Disease	p. 29
Approach to the Patient with Endocrine Disease	p. 29
History & Physical Examination	p. 29
Laboratory Studies	p. 29
Screening for Endocrine Diseases	p. 32
Treatment of Endocrine Diseases	p. 32
Uses of Hormones & Selective Modulators in Therapy of Nonendocrine Disease	p. 33
Mechanisms of Hormone Action	p. 35
Receptors	p. 36
Neurotransmitter & Peptide Hormone Receptors	p. 37
G Protein-Coupled Receptors	p. 37
G Protein Transducers	p. 39
Effectors	p. 39
Disorders of G Proteins and G Protein-Coupled Receptors	p. 41
Growth Factor Receptors	p. 44
Cytokine Receptors	p. 47
Guanylyl Cyclase-Linked Receptors	p. 47
Nuclear Action of Peptide Hormones	p. 49
Nuclear Receptors	p. 49
Steroid Receptor Family	p. 49
Thyroid Receptor Family	p. 52
Nongenomic Effects of the Steroid Hormones	p. 56
Steroid & Thyroid Hormone Receptor Resistance Syndromes	p. 57
Endocrine Autoimmunity	p. 59
Basic Immune Components & Mechanisms	p. 60
Immune Recognition & Response	p. 61
Tolerance	p. 64
Autoimmunity Is Multifactorial	p. 69
Genetic Factors in Autoimmunity	p. 69
Environmental Factors in Autoimmunity	p. 70
Single Gland Autoimmune Syndromes	p. 70
Autoimmune Aspects of Thyroid Disease	p. 71
Autoimmune Aspects of Type 1 Diabetes	p. 73
Autoimmune Aspects of Other Endocrinopathies	p. 75
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes	p. 76
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome I (APS-I)	p. 77
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome II (APS-II)	p. 78
Management of Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes	p. 78
Poems Syndrome (Osteosclerotic Myeloma)	p. 79
Evidence-Based Endocrinology & Clinical Epidemiology	p. 80
Clinical Epidemiology	p. 80
Diagnostic Testing: Test Characteristics	p. 80
An Approach to Diagnosis in Practice	p. 86
Clinical Epidemiologic Principles Applied to Treatment Decisions	p. 88
Decision Analysis	p. 89
Other Aspects of Clinical Epidemiology	p. 93
Evidence-Based Endocrinology	p. 93
Translation of the Clinical Problem into Answerable Questions	p. 93
Finding the Best Evidence	p. 96
Appraising the Evidence for Its Validity & Usefulness	p. 96
Applying the Results in Practice & Evaluating Performance	p. 97
Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland	p. 101
Hypothalamic Hormones	p. 106
Anterior Pituitary Hormones	p. 113
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone & Related Peptides	p. 113
Growth Hormone	p. 114
Prolactin	p. 118
Thyrotropin	p. 120
Gonadotropins: Luteinizing Hormone & Follicle-Stimulating Hormone	p. 121
Endocrinologic Evaluation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis	p. 123
Evaluation of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)	p. 123
Evaluation of Growth Hormone (GH)	p. 127
Evaluation of Prolactin (PRL)	p. 127
Evaluation of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)	p. 127
Evaluation of LH & FSH	p. 127
Problems in Evaluation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis	p. 128
Effects of Pharmacologic Agents on Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function	p. 128
Endocrine Tests of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function	p. 129
Neuroradiologic Evaluation	p. 129
Pituitary & Hypothalamic Disorders	p. 131
Empty Sella Syndrome	p. 132
Hypothalamic Dysfunction	p. 133
Hypopituitarism	p. 134
Pituitary Adenomas	p. 140
Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)	p. 157
Review of Normal Anatomy & Physiology	p. 157
Vasopressin Insufficiency: Diabetes Insipidus	p. 160
Excess Vasopressin: Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)	p. 165
Oxytocin	p. 169
Parturition	p. 169
Lactation	p. 169
Growth	p. 171
Normal Growth	p. 171
Intrauterine Growth	p. 171
The Placenta	p. 172
Classic Hormones of Growth & Fetal Growth	p. 172
Growth Factors & Oncogenes in Fetal Growth	p. 172
Insulin-Like Growth Factors, Receptors, & Binding Proteins	p. 172
Insulin	p. 172
Epidermal Growth Factor	p. 173
Fetal Origins of Adult Disease	p. 174
Postnatal Growth	p. 174
Measurement of Growth	p. 183
Skeletal (Bone) Age	p. 186
Disorders of Growth	p. 186
Short Stature Due to Nonendocrine Causes	p. 186
Short Stature Due to Endocrine Disorders	p. 193
Diagnosis of Short Stature	p. 204
Tall Stature Due to Nonendocrine Causes	p. 205
Tall Stature Due to Endocrine Disorders	p. 206
The Thyroid Gland	p. 209
Embryology, Anatomy, & Histology	p. 210
Physiology	p. 210
Structure & Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones	p. 210
Iodine Metabolism	p. 212
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis & Secretion	p. 212
Abnormalities in Thyroid Hormone Synthesis & Release	p. 216
Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones	p. 219
Control of Thyroid Function & Hormone Action	p. 221
Physiologic Changes in Thyroid Function	p. 229
Thyroid Autoimmunity	p. 231
Tests of Thyroid Function	p. 232
Tests of Thyroid Hormones in Blood	p. 232
Assessment of Thyroid Iodine Metabolism & Biosynthetic Activity	p. 236
Thyroid Imaging	p. 237
Thyroid Ultrasonography & Other Imaging Techniques	p. 238
Thyroid Biopsy	p. 238
Test of Peripheral Thyroid Hormone Actions	p. 239
Measurement of Thyroid Autoantibodies	p. 239
Disorders of the Thyroid	p. 239
Hypothyroidism	p. 240
Hyperthyroidism & Thyrotoxicosis	p. 248
Thyroid Hormone Resistance Syndromes	p. 260
Nontoxic Goiter	p. 260
Thyroiditis	p. 263
Effects of Ionizing Radiation on the Thyroid Gland	p. 266
Thyroid Nodules & Thyroid Cancer	p. 267
Metabolic Bone Disease	p. 281
Cellular & Extracellular Calcium Metabolism	p. 281
Parathyroid Hormone	p. 282
Calcitonin	p. 288
Vitamin D	p. 288
How Vitamin D & PTH Control Mineral Homeostasis	p. 297
Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid (MCT)	p. 297
Hypercalcemia	p. 299
Disorders Causing Hypercalcemia	p. 300
Treatment of Hypercalcemia	p. 310
Hypocalcemia	p. 310
Causes of Hypocalcemia	p. 312
Treatment of Hypocalcemia	p. 316
Bone Anatomy & Remodeling	p. 317
Functions of Bone	p. 317
Structure of Bone	p. 317
Bone Remodeling	p. 319
Osteoporosis	p. 320
Treatment of Osteoporosis	p. 325
Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis	p. 330
Osteomalacia & Rickets	p. 331
Nephrotic Syndrome	p. 334
Hepatic Osteodystrophy	p. 335
Drug-Induced Osteomalacia	p. 335
Hypophosphatemic Disorders	p. 335
Calcium Deficiency	p. 337
Primary Disorders of the Bone Matrix	p. 337
Inhibitors of Mineralization	p. 338
Paget's Disease of Bone (Osteitis Deformans)	p. 338
Renal Osteodystrophy	p. 342
Glucocorticoids & Adrenal Androgens	p. 346
Embryology & Anatomy	p. 346
Biosynthesis of Cortisol & Adrenal Androgens	p. 348
Circulation of Cortisol & Adrenal Androgens	p. 354
Metabolism of Cortisol & Adrenal Androgens	p. 354
Biologic Effects of Adrenal Steroids	p. 356
Glucocorticoids	p. 356
Adrenal Androgens	p. 363
Laboratory Evaluation	p. 363
Disorders of Adrenocortical Insufficiency	p. 367
Primary Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Addison's Disease)	p. 367
Secondary Adrenocortical Insufficiency	p. 372
Diagnosis of Adrenocortical Insufficiency	p. 373
Treatment of Adrenocortical Insufficiency	p. 375
Prognosis of Adrenocortical Insufficiency	p. 378
Cushing's Syndrome	p. 378
Hirsutism & Virilism	p. 390
Incidental Adrenal Mass	p. 390
Glucocorticoid Therapy for Nonendocrine Disorders	p. 391
Endocrine Hypertension	p. 396
Hypertension of Adrenal Origin	p. 396
Synthesis, Metabolism, & Action of Mineralocorticoid Hormones	p. 396
Pathogenesis of Mineralocorticoid Hypertension	p. 398
Aldosterone & the Heart	p. 398
Primary Aldosteronism	p. 399
Syndromes Due to Excess Deoxycorticosterone Production	p. 404
Cushing's Syndrome	p. 406
Pseudohyperaldosteronism	p. 406
Type II Pseudohypoaldosteronism (Arnold-Healy-Gordon Syndrome)	p. 409
Hypertension of Renal Origin	p. 410
The Renin-Angiotensin System	p. 410
The Renin-Angiotensin System & Hypertension	p. 413
Other Hormone Systems & Hypertension	p. 417
Insulin	p. 417
Natriuretic Peptides	p. 418
Nitric Oxide	p. 418
Endothelin	p. 419
Kallikrein-Kinin System	p. 419
Other Hormones & Autacoids	p. 419
Sympathetic Nervous System	p. 419
Adrenal Medulla & Paraganglia	p. 421
History	p. 422
Anatomy	p. 423
Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla	p. 424
Catecholamines	p. 424
Other Hormones Secreted by the Adrenal Medulla	p. 435
Disorders of Adrenal Medullary Function	p. 435
Adrenal Medullary Hypofunction (Epinephrine Deficiency)	p. 435
Adrenal Medullary Hyperfunction	p. 437
Pheochromocytoma	p. 437
Testes	p. 470
Anatomy & Structure-Function Relationships	p. 470
Testes	p. 470
Accessory Structures	p. 472
Physiology of the Male Reproductive System	p. 472
Gonadal Steroids	p. 472
Control of Testicular Function	p. 475
Evaluation of Male Gonadal Function	p. 476
Clinical Evaluation	p. 476
Laboratory Tests of Testicular Function	p. 477
Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Male Gonadal Disorders	p. 479
Androgens	p. 479
Gonadotropins	p. 481
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone	p. 481
Clinical Male Gonadal Disorders	p. 481
Klinefelter's Syndrome (XXY Seminiferous Tubule Dysgenesis)	p. 482
Bilateral Anorchia (Vanishing Testes Syndrome)	p. 484
Leydig Cell Aplasia	p. 485
Cryptorchidism	p. 485
Noonan's Syndrome (Male Turner's Syndrome)	p. 487
Myotonic Dystrophy	p. 488
Adult Seminiferous Tubule Failure	p. 488
Adult Leydig Cell Failure (Andropause)	p. 490
Male Infertility	p. 490
Erectile Dysfunction (Impotence)	p. 493
Gynecomastia	p. 495
Testicular Tumors	p. 497
Female Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility	p. 502
Embryology & Anatomy	p. 502
Ovarian Steroidogenesis	p. 505
Physiology of Folliculogenesis & the Menstrual Cycle	p. 508
Menstrual Disturbances	p. 517
Amenorrhea	p. 517
Hypothalamic Amenorrhea	p. 520
Pituitary Amenorrhea	p. 522
Ovarian Amenorrhea	p. 524
Anovulation	p. 527
Obesity	p. 534
Outflow Tract Disorders	p. 536
Menopause	p. 537
Oocyte Depletion	p. 538
Endocrine System Changes with Aging	p. 539
Menopausal Consequences	p. 540
Infertility	p. 543
Diagnosis of Infertility	p. 543
Management of the Infertile Couple	p. 545
Contraception	p. 546
Oral Contraceptives	p. 546
Contraception: Long-Acting Contraceptives	p. 552
Emergency Contraception	p. 559
Disorders of Sexual Determination & Differentiation	p. 562
Normal Sex Differentiation	p. 562
Testicular & Ovarian Differentiation	p. 568
Psychosexual Differentiation	p. 574
Atypical Sex Differentiation	p. 574
Klinefelter's Syndrome and Its Variants: Seminiferous Tubule Dysgenesis	p. 574
Syndrome of Gonadal Dysgenesis: Turner's Syndrome & Its Variants	p. 577
Individuals with Both Ovarian and Testicular Tissue (True Hermaphroditism)	p. 583
Female Pseudohermaphroditism	p. 584
P450 Aromatase Deficiency	p. 590
Maternal Androgens & Progestogens	p. 591
Male Pseudohermaphroditism	p. 591
Unclassified Forms of Abnormal Sexual Development in Males	p. 602
Unclassified Forms of Abnormal Sexual Development in Females	p. 603
Management of Patients with Intersex Problems	p. 603
Puberty	p. 611
Physiology of Puberty	p. 611
Delayed Puberty or Absent Puberty (Sexual Infantilism)	p. 620
Precocious Puberty (Sexual Precocity)	p. 631
The Endocrinology of Pregnancy	p. 641
Conception & Implantation	p. 641
Fetal-Placental-Decidual Unit	p. 642
Polypeptide Hormones	p. 645
Steroid Hormones	p. 646
Maternal Adaptation to Pregnancy	p. 647
Fetal Endocrinology	p. 651
Endocrine Control of Parturition	p. 652
Endocrinology of the Puerperium	p. 653
Endocrine Disorders & Pregnancy Pituitary Disorders	p. 655
Pregnancy & Breast Cancer	p. 656
Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy	p. 657
Hyperthyroidism in Pregnancy	p. 658
Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy	p. 659
Pancreatic Hormones & Diabetes Mellitus	p. 661
The Endocrine Pancreas	p. 662
Anatomy & Histology	p. 662
Hormones of the Endocrine Pancreas	p. 662
Diabetes Mellitus	p. 672
Classification	p. 672
Diabetes Mellitus	p. 673
Diabetes	p. 675
Other Specific Types of Diabetes	p. 677
Clinical Features of Diabetes Mellitus	p. 680
Diabetes	p. 681
Diabetes	p. 681
Urinalysis	p. 682
Blood Glucose Testing	p. 683
Serum Ketone Determinations	p. 685
Glycated Hemoglobin Assays	p. 685
Lipoproteins in Diabetes	p. 686
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test	p. 687
Insulin Levels	p. 687
Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test	p. 687
Diet	p. 692
Agents for the Treatment of Hyperglycemia	p. 693
Insulin	p. 701
Steps in the Management of the Diabetic Patient	p. 707
Hypoglycemia	p. 713
Coma	p. 715
Specific Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus	p. 727
Diabetic Patients Regulated by Diet Alone	p. 734
Diabetic Patients Taking Oral Hypoglycemic Agents	p. 734
Diabetic Patients Taking Insulin	p. 734
Hypoglycemic Disorders	p. 748
Pathophysiology of the Counterregulatory Response to Neuroglycopenia	p. 748
Classification of Hypoglycemic Disorders	p. 753
Clinical Presentation of Hypoglycemia	p. 754
Specific Hypoglycemic Disorders	p. 755
Symptomatic Fasting Hypoglycemia with Hyperinsulinism	p. 755
Symptomatic Fasting Hypoglycemia without Hyperinsulinism	p. 762
Nonfasting Hypoglycemia (Reactive Hypoglycemia)	p. 763
Congenital Hyperinsulinism	p. 764
Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism	p. 770
Atherosclerosis	p. 770
Overview of Lipid Transport	p. 771
Differentiation of Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism	p. 775
Clinical Descriptions of Primary & Secondary Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism	p. 777
Primary Hypertriglyceridemia	p. 777
Secondary Hypertriglyceridemia	p. 781
Familial Hypercholesterolemia	p. 783
Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia	p. 784
Lp(a) Hyperlipoproteinemia	p. 784
Familial Ligand-Defective Apo B	p. 784
Cholesterol 7-[alpha]-Hydroxylase Deficiency	p. 784
Hypothyroidism	p. 784
Nephrosis	p. 784
Immunoglobulin Disorders	p. 785
Anorexia Nervosa	p. 785
Cholestasis	p. 785
Primary Hypolipidemia Due to Deficiency of High-Density Lipoproteins	p. 785
Primary Hypolipidemia Due to Deficiency of Apo B-Containing Lipoproteins	p. 787
The Lipodystrophies	p. 788
Rare Disorders	p. 788
Treatment of Hyperlipidemia	p. 789
Bile Acid Sequestrants	p. 791
Niacin (Nicotinic Acid)	p. 792
Fibric Acid Derivatives	p. 792
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors	p. 793
Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors	p. 793
Combined Drug Therapy	p. 794
Obesity & Overweight	p. 796
Clarification of Uncertainties Regarding the Pathogenesis of Obesity	p. 807
Survey of Treatment Approaches & Their Efficacy	p. 808
Diet & Exercise	p. 808
Exercise	p. 810
Surgical Treatment of Obesity	p. 810
Pharmacologic Therapies	p. 810
Other Conditions Affected by Treatment of Obesity or Overweight	p. 813
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	p. 813
Hyperlipidemia	p. 813
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome	p. 813
Hypertension	p. 813
Gallstones	p. 815
Sleep Apnea	p. 815
Osteoarthritis & Other Weight-Sensitive States	p. 815
A Systematic Approach to the Treatment of Obesity	p. 815
Humoral Manifestations of Malignancy	p. 817
Ectopic Hormone & Receptor Syndromes	p. 817
Hypercalcemia of Malignancy	p. 818
Ectopic Cushing's Syndrome	p. 821
Syndrome of Inappropriate Anridiuretic Hormone Secretion	p. 824
Non-Islet Cell Tumors & Hypoglycemia	p. 825
Other Hormones Secreted by Tumors	p. 826
Oncogenic Osteomalacia	p. 827
Gut Hormones	p. 828
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia	p. 831
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (Men 1)	p. 831
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 (Men 2)	p. 836
Other Disorders Characterized by Multiple Endocrine Organ Involvement	p. 841
Geriatric Endocrinology	p. 844
Thyroid Function & Disease	p. 844
Disorders of the Thyroid Gland	p. 845
Carbohydrate Intolerance & Diabetes Mellitus	p. 849
Aging & the Physiology of Carbohydrate Intolerance	p. 849
Diabetes Mellitus	p. 849
Nonketotic Hyperosmolar Coma	p. 852
Osteoporosis & Calcium Homeostasis	p. 853
Osteoporosis	p. 853
Hyperparathyroidism	p. 860
Changes in Water Balance	p. 861
Hypernatremia	p. 861
Hyponatremia	p. 861
Hyporeninemic Hypoaldosteronism	p. 862
Glucocorticoids & Stress	p. 862
Disorders of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis	p. 862
Changes in Reproductive Function in Men	p. 863
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia	p. 865
Endocrine Emergencies	p. 868
Myxedema Coma	p. 868
Thyroid Storm	p. 870
Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis	p. 871
Amiodarone-Induced Thyrotoxicosis	p. 872
Acute Adrenal Insufficiency	p. 873
Pituitary Apoplexy	p. 874
Diabetic Ketoacidosis	p. 875
Nonketotic Hyperosmolar Coma	p. 879
Hypercalcemic Crisis	p. 882
Acute Hypocalcemia	p. 884
Hyponatremia	p. 886
Diabetes Insipidus	p. 889
AIDS Endocrinopathies	p. 894
Thyroid Disorders	p. 894
Adrenal Disorders	p. 896
Bone & Mineral Disorders	p. 898
Gonadal Disorders	p. 900
Pituitary Disorders	p. 901
Lipid Disorders	p. 904
Conclusion	p. 908
Endocrine Surgery	p. 911
The Thyroid Gland	p. 911
Embryology & Anatomy	p. 911
Developmental Thyroid Abnormalities	p. 911
Hyperthyroidism	p. 912
Thyroiditis	p. 913
Goiter (Nontoxic)	p. 913
Thyroid Nodules	p. 913
Thyroid Cancer	p. 914
Conduct of Thyroidectomy	p. 916
The Parathyroid Gland	p. 917
Embryology & Anatomy	p. 917
Primary Hyperparathyroidism (PHPT)	p. 919
Persistent & Recurrent Primary Hyperparathyroidism	p. 922
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism	p. 922
Special Consideration: Familial Hyperparathyroidism	p. 923
Complications of Parathyroid Surgery	p. 923
The Adrenal (Suprarenal) Gland	p. 923
Embryology & Anatomy	p. 923
Primary Hyperaldosteronism	p. 924
Hypercortisolism	p. 924
Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma	p. 925
Sex Steroid Excess	p. 925
Pheochromocytoma	p. 925
Adrenal Incidentaloma	p. 926
Technique of Adrenalectomy	p. 927
The Endocrine Pancreas	p. 927
Embryology & Anatomy	p. 927
Insulinoma	p. 927
Gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome)	p. 929
VIPoma (Verner-Morrison) Syndrome	p. 930
Glucagonoma	p. 930
Somatostatinoma	p. 930
Nonfunctioning Pancreatic Tumors	p. 930
Normal Hormone Reference Ranges	p. 933
Index	p. 958
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