Ground Water Contamination : Transport and Remediation

by Bedient, Philip B.; Rifai, Hanadi S.; Newell, Charles J.

• ISBN13: 9780133625929
• ISBN10: 0133625923
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

For engineers specializing in groundwater hydrology and contamination with a focus on remediation (clean-up). Unlike other volumes on the subject which focus on the geology of groundwater this text/reference takes an engineering approach.

Author Biography

Dr. Philip B. Bedient is Professor and Chair of the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX. He is author and co-author of over 100 articles and five textbooks related to surface and ground water hydrology and containment transport. Bedient has directed over 40 research projects, including the BIOPLUME II program for modeling aerobic biodegradation of organic contaminants in ground water. He also helped direct the extensive remediation studies at HUAFD. Dr. Hanadi S. Rifai is Assistant Professor in Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Houston. She teaches courses in hydrology, fluid mechanics, engineering design, risk assessment, and geographic information systems, has co-authored two textbooks, and is principal author of the BIOPLUME II and III models. Dr. Charles J. Newell is Vice President of Groundwater Services, Inc. and Adjunct Professor of Environmental Science and Engineering at, Rice University, Houston, TX. He was Principal Investigator for the multiplesite natural attenuation project at the Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xiii
Introduction to Ground Water Contamination	p. 1
The Hydrologic Cycle	p. 1
Ground Water Hydrology	p. 3
Ground Water Contamination and Transport	p. 6
Evolution of Ground Water Information	p. 11
Ground Water Remediation	p. 12
Ground Water Hydrology	p. 15
Introduction	p. 15
Properties of Ground Water	p. 16
Ground Water Movement	p. 23
General Flow Equations	p. 34
Dupuit Equations	p. 37
Streamlines and Equipotential Lines	p. 41
Unsaturated Flow and the Water Table	p. 45
Ground Water Flow and Well Mechanics	p. 49
Steady-State Well Hydraulics	p. 49
Steady One-Dimensional Flow	p. 50
Steady Radial Flow to a Well--Confined	p. 50
Steady Radial Flow to a Well--Unconfined	p. 52
Well in a Uniform Flow Field	p. 54
Multiple-Well System	p. 55
Unsteady Well Hydraulics	p. 58
Sources and Types of Groundwater Contamination	p. 75
Introduction	p. 75
Underground Storage Tanks	p. 83
Landfills	p. 85
Surface Impoundments	p. 87
Waste Disposal Injection Wells	p. 88
Septic Systems	p. 90
Agricultural Wastes	p. 92
Land Application and Mining	p. 93
Radioactive Contaminants	p. 94
Military Sources of Contamination	p. 97
Classification of Organic Compounds	p. 98
Inorganic Compounds in Groundwater	p. 107
A Typical Industrial Waste Site	p. 108
Hydrogeologic Site Investigations	p. 113
Introduction	p. 113
Development of Conceptual Site Model	p. 114
Strategy for Hydrogeologic Site Investigations	p. 115
Development of a Detailed Site Investigation Workplan	p. 122
Data Collection Methods	p. 125
Geologic Data Acquisition	p. 126
Hydrologic Data Acquisition	p. 142
Acquisition of Soil and Groundwater Quality Data	p. 148
Data Evaluation Procedures	p. 152
Contaminant Transport Mechanisms	p. 159
Introduction	p. 159
Advection Process	p. 161
Diffusion and Dispersion Processes	p. 162
Mass Transport Equations	p. 165
One-Dimensional Models	p. 170
Governing Flow and Transport Equations	p. 175
Analytical Methods	p. 177
Multidimensional Methods	p. 181
Tests for Dispersivity	p. 185
Natural Gradient Field Tests for Dispersion	p. 190
Contaminant Fate Processes	p. 203
Introduction	p. 203
Sorption and Desorption	p. 204
Abiotic Fate Processes	p. 215
Volatilization	p. 218
Biodegradation	p. 219
Evaluation of Fate Processes	p. 231
Modeling Biodegradation and Natural Attenuation	p. 237
Kinetics and Rates of Biodegradation	p. 237
Modeling Biodegradation	p. 244
Biodegradation Models	p. 246
Analytical Natural Attenuation Models	p. 258
Numerical Natural Attenuation Models	p. 266
Field Site Applications	p. 274
Flow and Transport in the Unsaturated Zone	p. 289
Capillary Action	p. 289
Soil-Water Characteristic Curves	p. 291
Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity	p. 294
Governing Equation for Unsaturated Flow	p. 295
Measurement of Soil Properties	p. 297
Infiltration Models	p. 298
Transport Processes in the Unsaturated Zone	p. 303
Governing Equations for Vapor Transport	p. 308
Vadose Zone Flow and Transport Models	p. 315
Numberical Modeling of Contaminant Transport	p. 335
Introduction	p. 335
Numerical Methods	p. 345
Finite Difference Methods	p. 353
Finite Element Methods	p. 364
Method of Characteristics (MOC)	p. 365
Numerical Flow Models	p. 367
Contaminant Transport Models	p. 371
Modeling With Graphical Pre-Processors	p. 375
Applying Numerical Models to Field Sites	p. 381
Nonaqueous Phase Liquids	p. 391
Introduction	p. 391
Types of NAPLs	p. 397
NAPL Transport -- General Processes	p. 401
NAPL Transport -- Computational Methods	p. 414
Fate of NAPLs in the Subsurface	p. 422
Characterizing NAPLs at Remediation Sites	p. 429
Natural Attenuation and Risk Based Corrective Action	p. 441
Introduction	p. 441
General Principles Behind Natural Attenuation	p. 448
Natural Attenuation Protocols and Guidance	p. 451
Demonstrating Natural Attenuation	p. 456
Risk-Based Corrective Action (RBCA)	p. 471
Ground Water Remediation Alternatives	p. 479
Introduction to Remediation Methods	p. 479
Remedial Alternatives	p. 481
Containment Methods for Source Control	p. 483
Hydraulic Controls and Pump and Treat Systems	p. 488
Bioremediation	p. 497
Soil Vapor Extraction Systems	p. 501
Remediating NAPL Sites	p. 507
Emerging Remediation Technologies	p. 512
Case Studies of Remediation	p. 521
Legal Protection of Ground Water	p. 545
The Process of Ground Water Protection	p. 546
The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974	p. 547
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976	p. 550
The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendment of 1984 (HSWA)	p. 558
CERCLA	p. 562
Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA)	p. 573
Homework	p. 577
Index	p. 597
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