Health Psychology : A Textbook

by Ogden, Jane

• ISBN13: 9780335205967
• ISBN10: 0335205968
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-07-01
• Publisher: Open University Press

Summary

"The market leading textbook in the field, Health Psychology by Jane Ogden, is essential reading for all students and researchers of health psychology. It is also invaluable to students of medicine, nursing and allied health. Retaining the breadth of coverage, clarity and relevance that has made it a favourite with students and lecturers, this fourth edition has been thoroughly revised and updated."--BOOK JACKET.

Author Biography

Jane Ogden studied for a PhD in eating behaviour at the Institute of Psychiatry, London. She then became a lecturer in health psychology at Middlesex University where she set up a health psychology course. Jane is Reader in Health Psychology at Guy's, King's and St. Thomas's School of Medicine, University of London, where she carries out research into health related behaviours and teaches health psychology to both medical and psychology students.

Table of Contents

List of figures and tables	xvi
Preface to the second edition	xviii
An introduction to health psychology	1	(11)
Chapter overview	1	(1)
The background to health psychology	2	(1)
What is the biomedical model?	2	(1)
The twentieth century	3	(3)
Psychosomatic medicine	3	(1)
Behavioural health	3	(1)
Behavioural medicine	3	(1)
Health psychology	4	(2)
What are the aims of health psychology?	6	(1)
What is the future of health psychology?	7	(1)
The clinical health psychologist	7	(1)
A professional health psychologist	7	(1)
What are the aims of this book?	8	(1)
The contents of this book	8	(1)
The structure of this book	9	(3)
Questions	10	(1)
For discussion	10	(1)
Further reading	10	(2)
Health beliefs	12	(30)
Chapter overview	12	(1)
What are health behaviours?	13	(1)
Why study health behaviours?	13	(4)
McKeown's thesis	13	(4)
What factors predict health behaviours?	17	(6)
Attribution theory	17	(2)
Health locus of control	19	(1)
Unrealistic optimism	20	(1)
The stages of change model	21	(2)
Integrating these different health beliefs: developing models	23	(1)
Cognition models	23	(5)
The health belief model	23	(3)
The protection motivation theory	26	(2)
Focus on research 2.1: Testing a theory--Predicting sexual behaviour	28	(2)
Social cognition models	30	(5)
The theory of planned behaviour	30	(3)
The health action process approach	33	(2)
New developments	35	(3)
Predicting intentions: the need to incorporate new cognitions	35	(1)
Predicting behaviour: exploring the intention-behaviour gap	36	(2)
Lay theories about health	38	(1)
To conclude	39	(3)
Questions	40	(1)
For discussion	40	(1)
Assumptions in health psychology	40	(1)
Further reading	41	(1)
Illness cognitions	42	(26)
Chapter overview	42	(1)
What does it mean to be healthy?	43	(1)
What does it mean to be ill?	44	(1)
What are illness cognitions?	44	(3)
Evidence for these dimensions of illness cognitions	45	(1)
Measuring illness cognitions	46	(1)
Leventhal's self-regulatory model of illness cognitions	47	(2)
Interpretation	48	(1)
Coping	49	(1)
Appraisal	49	(1)
Why is the model called self-regulatory?	49	(1)
Problems with assessment	50	(1)
Interpretation	50	(1)
Symptom perception	50	(1)
Focus on research 3.1: Testing a theory--Illness representations and coping	51	(4)
Social messages	55	(1)
Coping	55	(9)
Coping with a diagnosis	56	(1)
Coping with the crisis of illness	56	(5)
Adjustment to physical illness and the theory of cognitive adaptation	61	(2)
The role of illusions	63	(1)
Implications for the outcome of the coping process	64	(1)
Using the self-regulatory model to predict recovery	64	(1)
Predicting recovery from stroke	64	(1)
Predicting recovery from MI	65	(1)
To conclude	65	(3)
Questions	66	(1)
For discussion	66	(1)
Assumptions in health psychology	66	(1)
Further reading	67	(1)
Doctor-patient communication and the role of health professionals' health beliefs	68	(22)
Chapter overview	68	(1)
What is compliance?	69	(1)
Predicting whether patients are compliant: the work of Ley	69	(2)
Patient satisfaction	69	(1)
Patient understanding	70	(1)
Focus on research 4.1: Testing a theory--Patient satisfaction	71	(3)
Patient's recall	73	(1)
How can compliance be improved?	74	(1)
The role of information	74	(1)
Recommendations for improving compliance	74	(1)
The wider role of information in illness	75	(1)
Information and recovery from surgery	75	(1)
Using information to improve recovery	75	(1)
The role of knowledge in doctor-patient communication	76	(2)
Problems with the traditional approach to doctor-patient communication	77	(1)
The adherence model of communication	77	(1)
The problem of doctor variability	78	(9)
Explaining variability--clinical decision-making as problem-solving	78	(4)
Explaining variability--the role of health professionals' health beliefs	82	(2)
Communicating beliefs to patients	84	(1)
Explaining variability--an interaction between health professional and patient	85	(2)
To conclude	87	(3)
Questions	87	(1)
For discussion	88	(1)
Assumptions in health psychology	88	(1)
Further reading	89	(1)
Smoking and alcohol use	90	(35)
Chapter overview	90	(1)
Who smokes?	91	(1)
Who drinks?	92	(1)
Health implications of smoking and alcohol use	92	(2)
Is smoking bad for health?	92	(1)
Is alcohol consumption bad for health?	93	(1)
What is an addiction?	94	(1)
Historical changes in attitude and theoretical approach	95	(2)
The seventeenth century and the moral model of addictions	95	(1)
The nineteenth century and the 1st disease concept	96	(1)
The twentieth century and the 2nd disease concept	96	(1)
The 1970s and onwards--social learning theory	97	(1)
What is the 2nd disease concept?	97	(2)
A pre-existing physical abnormality	97	(1)
A pre-existing psychological abnormality	98	(1)
Acquired dependency	98	(1)
Problems with a disease model of addiction	99	(1)
What is the social learning perspective?	99	(2)
The processes involved in learning an addictive behaviour	100	(1)
The stages of substance use	101	(1)
Stages 1 and 2: Initiating and maintaining an addictive behaviour	102	(2)
Smoking initiation and maintenance	102	(1)
Alcohol initiation and maintenance	103	(1)
The cessation of an addictive behaviour	104	(2)
The process of cessation	104	(2)
Focus on research 5.1: Testing a theory--Stages of smoking cessation	106	(8)
Interventions to promote cessation	108	(6)
Focus on research 5.2: Putting theory into practice--Worksite smoking ban	114	(3)
Methodological problems evaluating clinical and public health interventions	116	(1)
Relapse in smoking and drinking	117	(3)
Baseline state	118	(1)
Pre-lapse state	118	(1)
No lapse or lapse?	119	(1)
The abstinence violation effect	119	(1)
A cross-addictive behaviour perspective	120	(2)
Smoking and eating behaviour	120	(2)
To conclude	122	(3)
Questions	122	(1)
For discussion	123	(1)
Assumptions in health psychology	123	(1)
Further reading	124	(1)
Obesity and eating behaviour	125	(40)
Chapter overview	125	(1)
What is obesity?	126	(1)
How common is obesity?	127	(1)
What are the problems with obesity?	127	(2)
Physical problems	127	(1)
Psychological problems	127	(2)
Beliefs about obesity	129	(1)
What causes obesity?	129	(12)
Physiological theories	129	(3)
Behavioural theories	132	(7)
What does all this research mean?	139	(1)
Problems with obesity research	139	(2)
Restraint theory: an alternative approach to overeating	141	(1)
Attempting to eat less: the problem of dieting	141	(1)
What is body dissatisfaction?	141	(6)
Where does body dissatisfaction come from?	142	(5)
Body dissatisfaction and dieting	147	(4)
The role of restrained eating in under- and overeating	148	(3)
Focus on research 6.1: Testing a theory--Overeating as a rebellion	151	(5)
Problems with restraint theory	156	(1)
The implications of restraint theory for obesity treatment	156	(4)
Traditional treatment approaches	156	(1)
Multidimensional behavioural programmes	157	(1)
The role of restraint in treating obesity	158	(1)
Restraint, obesity and health	159	(1)
Should obesity be treated at all?	160	(2)
The benefits of treatment	160	(1)
The treatment alternatives	160	(1)
Obesity and the role of personal responsibility	161	(1)
To conclude	162	(3)
Questions	162	(1)
For discussion	163	(1)
Assumptions in health psychology	163	(1)
Further reading	164	(1)
Exercise	165	(17)
Chapter overview	165	(1)
Developing the contemporary concern with exercise behaviour	166	(1)
What is exercise?	166	(1)
Who exercises?	167	(1)
Why exercise?	167	(4)
The physical benefits of exercise	168	(1)
The psychological benefits of exercise	169	(2)
Focus on research 7.1: Testing a theory--Exercise and mood	171	(1)
What factors predict exercise?	172	(5)
Social/political predictors of exercise	172	(2)
Individual predictors of exercise	174	(1)
The role of attitudes and beliefs	175	(1)
Exercise relapse	176	(1)
Focus on research 7.2: Testing a theory--Predicting exercise	177	(2)
To conclude	179	(3)
Questions	180	(1)
For discussion	180	(1)
Assumptions in health psychology	180	(1)
Further reading	181	(1)
Sex	182	(28)
Chapter overview	182	(1)
Developing the contemporary research perspectives on sex	183	(2)
Sex as biological, for reproduction	183	(1)
Sex as biological, for pleasure	183	(2)
Sex as a risk to health	185	(1)
Sex as interaction	185	(1)
Sex as a risk and pregnancy avoidance	186	(8)
What is contraceptive use?	186	(1)
Who uses contraception?	186	(1)
Developmental models	187	(2)
Decision-making models	189	(2)
Integrating developmental and decision-making approaches to contraception use	191	(3)
Sex as a risk in the context of STDs/HIV and AIDS	194	(7)
Do people use condoms?	194	(2)
Predicting condom use	196	(1)
Social cognition models	196	(3)
Perceptions of susceptibility--are you at risk?	199	(1)
Sex as an interaction between individuals	200	(1)
Focus on research 8.1: Testing a theory--The situation and condom use	201	(6)
The broader social context	204	(3)
To conclude	207	(3)
Questions	208	(1)
For discussion	208	(1)
Assumptions in health psychology	208	(1)
Further reading	209	(1)
Screening	210	(21)
Chapter overview	210	(1)
What is screening?	211	(1)
The history of the screening ethos	211	(1)
Early screening programmes	211	(1)
Recent screening programmes	212	(1)
Screening as a useful tool	212	(1)
Guidelines for screening	213	(1)
Psychological predictors of the uptake of screening	213	(2)
Patient factors	214	(1)
Health professional factors	214	(1)
Focus on research 9.1: Testing a theory--Predicting screening	215	(3)
Organizational factors	218	(1)
Screening as problematic	218	(10)
Is screening ethical?	219	(3)
Is screening cost-effective?	222	(3)
The effects of screening on the psychological state of the individual	225	(3)
Why has this backlash happened?	228	(1)
To conclude	228	(3)
Questions	229	(1)
For discussion	229	(1)
Assumptions in health psychology	229	(1)
Further reading	230	(1)
Stress	231	(24)
Chapter overview	231	(1)
What is stress?	232	(1)
The development of stress models	232	(4)
Cannon's fight or flight model	232	(1)
Selye's general adaptation syndrome	232	(1)
Life events theory	233	(3)
A role for psychological factors in stress	236	(2)
The transactional model of stress	236	(1)
Does appraisal influence the stress response?	237	(1)
Stress as psychophysiological changes	238	(1)
Self-control and stress	238	(1)
Does stress cause illness?	239	(5)
Stress and changes in behaviour	239	(2)
Stress and changes in physiology	241	(1)
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)	242	(2)
Which factors mediate the stress-illness link?	244	(3)
Social support	245	(2)
Focus on research 10.1: Testing a theory--Social support and health	247	(5)
Control	249	(3)
Control and social support in stress and illness	252	(1)
To conclude	253	(2)
Questions	253	(1)
For discussion	253	(1)
Assumptions in health psychology	253	(1)
Further reading	254	(1)
Pain	255	(16)
Chapter overview	255	(1)
Early pain theories--pain as a sensation	256	(1)
Including psychology in theories of pain	256	(1)
The gate control theory of pain	257	(2)
Input to the gate	257	(1)
Output from the gate	258	(1)
How does the GCT differ from earlier models of pain?	258	(1)
What opens the gate?	259	(1)
What closes the gate?	259	(1)
Problems with the GCT	259	(1)
The role of psychosocial factors in pain perception	259	(3)
Subjective-affective-cognitive processes	260	(1)
Behavioural processes	261	(1)
Recent developments in theories of pain	262	(1)
Pain treatment--a role for psychology?	262	(1)
Multidisciplinary pain clinics	262	(1)
Focus on research 11.1: Putting theory into practice--Treating chronic pain	263	(4)
Placebos and pain reduction	267	(1)
Measuring pain	267	(1)
Self-reports	267	(1)
Observational assessment	268	(1)
Physiological measures	268	(1)
To conclude	268	(3)
Questions	269	(1)
For discussion	269	(1)
Assumptions in health psychology	269	(1)
Further reading	270	(1)
The interrelationship between beliefs, behaviour and health--the example of placebos	271	(21)
Chapter overview	271	(1)
What is a placebo?	272	(1)
A history of inert treatments	272	(2)
Modern-day placebos	273	(1)
Placebos--to be taken out of an understanding of health?	273	(1)
How do placebos work?	274	(4)
Non-interactive theories	274	(1)
Interactive theories	275	(3)
The central role of patient expectations	278	(2)
Focus on research 12.1: Testing a theory--`Doing as you're told' as a placebo	280	(3)
Cognitive dissonance theory	283	(4)
The effect of investment	283	(1)
Justification and changes in symptoms	283	(1)
Evidence for the role of justification	284	(1)
An example of Totman's theory	285	(1)
Support for cognitive dissonance theory	286	(1)
Problems with cognitive dissonance theory	286	(1)
The role of placebo effects in health psychology	287	(2)
Health beliefs	287	(1)
Illness cognitions	288	(1)
Health professionals' health beliefs	288	(1)
Health-related behaviours	288	(1)
Stress	289	(1)
Pain	289	(1)
Implications for dualism	289	(1)
To conclude	289	(3)
Questions	290	(1)
For discussion	290	(1)
Assumptions in health psychology	290	(1)
Further reading	291	(1)
Psychology throughout the course of illness: the examples of HIV, cancer and coronary heart disease	292	(29)
Chapter overview	292	(1)
HIV and AIDS	293	(7)
The history of HIV	293	(1)
What is HIV?	293	(1)
The progression from HIV to AIDS	294	(1)
The prevalence of HIV and AIDS	294	(1)
The role of psychology in the study of HIV	295	(5)
Focus on research 13.1: Testing a theory--Psychology and immune functioning	300	(3)
Cancer	303	(7)
What is cancer?	303	(1)
The prevalence of cancer	303	(1)
The role of psychology in cancer	304	(6)
Focus on research 13.2: Putting theory into practice--Treating cancer symptoms	310	(3)
Coronary heart disease (CHD)	313	(5)
What is CHD?	313	(1)
The prevalence of CHD	313	(1)
Risk factors for CHD	313	(1)
The role of psychology in CHD	314	(4)
To conclude	318	(3)
Questions	318	(1)
For discussion	319	(1)
Assumptions in health psychology	319	(1)
Further reading	319	(2)
Measuring health status	321	(14)
Chapter overview	321	(1)
Mortality rates	322	(1)
Morbidity rates	322	(1)
Measures of functioning	323	(1)
Subjective health status	323	(1)
What is quality of life?	323	(4)
Creating a conceptual framework	324	(1)
How should it be measured?	325	(2)
Focus on research 14.1: Putting theory into practice--Evaluating hip replacement surgery	327	(2)
A shift in perspective	329	(1)
Value	329	(1)
Subjectivity of the subject	329	(1)
Subjectivity of the researcher	330	(1)
Definition of health	330	(1)
Using quality of life in research	330	(3)
Quality of life as an outcome measure	331	(1)
Quality of life as a predictor of longevity	332	(1)
To conclude	333	(2)
Questions	333	(1)
For discussion	333	(1)
Assumptions in health psychology	333	(1)
Further reading	334	(1)
The assumptions of health psychology	335	(5)
Chapter overview	335	(1)
The assumptions of health psychology	336	(2)
The mind-body split	336	(1)
Dividing up the soup	336	(1)
The problem of progression	336	(1)
The problem of methodology	337	(1)
The problem of measurement	337	(1)
Integrating the individual with their social context	337	(1)
Data are collected in order to develop theories; these theories are not data	338	(1)
Theories concerning different areas of health psychology are distinct from each other	338	(1)
Studying a discipline	338	(1)
Further reading	339	(1)
Methodology glossary	340	(2)
References	342	(41)
Index	383