Heritage of World Civilizations, The, Combined Volume

by Craig, Albert M.; Graham, William A.; Kagan, Donald; Ozment, Steven; Turner, Frank M.

• ISBN13: 9780131926233
• ISBN10: 0131926233
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

For undergraduate level World Civilization or World History courses. This comprehensive, accessible survey of world history has been extensively revised to provide an even more global and comparative perspective on the events and processes that have shaped our increasingly interdependent world. Written by leading scholars in their respective fields, Heritage of World Civilizations, 7/e, combines unusually strong and thorough coverage of the unique heritage of Asian, African, Islamic, Western, and American civilizations, while highlighting the role of the world's great religious and philosophical traditions.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxv
About the Author	xxxi
PART 1 THE BIRTH OF CIVILIZATION	2	(78)
The Birth of Civilization	7	(40)
Global Perspective: Civilizations	8	(1)
Early Humans and Their Culture	9	(3)
The Paleolithic Age	9	(1)
The Neolithic Age	10	(2)
The Bronze Age and the Birth of Civilization	12	(1)
Early Civilizations to About 1000 B.C.E.	12	(14)
Mesopotamia Civilization	13	(5)
Egyptian Civilization	18	(8)
Ancient Near Eastern Empires	26	(2)
The Hittites	26	(1)
The Kassites	27	(1)
The Mitannians	27	(1)
The Assyrians	27	(1)
The Second Assyrian Empire	27	(1)
The Neo-Babylonians	28	(1)
Early Indian Civilization	28	(7)
The Indus Civilization	30	(2)
The Vedic Aryan Civilization	32	(3)
Early Chinese Civilization	35	(6)
Neolithic Origins in the Yellow River Valley	35	(1)
Early Bronze Age: The Shang	35	(3)
Late Bronze Age: The Western Zhou	38	(1)
Iron Age: The Eastern Zhou	39	(2)
The Rise of Civilization in the Americas	41	(3)
Summary	44	(1)
Review Questions	45	(1)
Key Terms	45	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	45	(2)
Four Great Revolutions in Thought and Religion	47	(33)
Global Perspective: Philosophy and Religion	48	(1)
Comparing the Four Great Revolutions	49	(1)
Philosophy in China	50	(6)
Confucianism	51	(2)
Daoism	53	(1)
Legalism	54	(2)
Religion in India	56	(6)
``Hindu'' and ``Indian''	56	(1)
Historical Background	56	(1)
The Upanishadic Worldview	56	(3)
Mahavira and the Jain Tradition	59	(2)
The Buddha's Middle Path	61	(1)
The Religion of the Israelites	62	(5)
From Hebrew Nomads to the Israelite Nation	62	(2)
The Monotheistic Revolution	64	(3)
Greek Philosophy	67	(9)
Reason and the Scientific Spirit	69	(2)
Political and Moral Philosophy	71	(5)
Summary	76	(1)
Review Questions	77	(1)
Key Terms	77	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	77	(1)
Religions of the World: Judaism	78	(2)
PART 2 EMPIRES AND CULTURES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD	80	(144)
Greek and Hellenistic Civilization	85	(40)
Global Perspective: The Achievement of Greek and Hellenistic Civilization	86	(1)
Bronze Age on Crete and on the Mainland to ca. 750 B.C.E.	87	(2)
The Minoans	87	(2)
The Mycenaeans	89	(1)
Greek ``Middle Age'' to ca. 750 B.C.E.	89	(2)
Age of Homer	90	(1)
The Polis	91	(2)
Development of the Polis	92	(1)
The Hoplite Phalanx	92	(1)
Expansion of the Greek World	93	(2)
Greek Colonies	93	(1)
The Tyrants (ca. 700--500 B.C.E.)	93	(2)
Life in Archaic Greece	95	(3)
Society	95	(1)
Religion	96	(2)
Poetry	98	(1)
Major City-States	98	(4)
Sparta	98	(2)
Athens	100	(2)
The Persian Wars	102	(1)
Ionian Rebellion	102	(1)
The War in Greece	102	(1)
Classical Greece	103	(11)
The Delian League	103	(1)
The First Peloponnesian War	104	(1)
The Athenian Empire	105	(1)
Athenian Democracy	105	(1)
Women of Athens	106	(2)
The Great Peloponnesian War	108	(1)
Struggle for Greek Leadership	109	(3)
Fifth Century B.C.E.	112	(2)
Fourth Century B.C.E.	114	(1)
Emergence of the Hellenistic World	114	(4)
Macedonian Conquest	114	(1)
Alexander the Great and His Successors	115	(2)
Death of Alexander	117	(1)
Alexander's Successors	118	(1)
Hellenistic Culture	118	(4)
Literature	119	(1)
Architecture and Sculpture	119	(1)
Mathematics and Science	120	(2)
Summary	122	(1)
Review Questions	123	(1)
Key Terms	123	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	123	(2)
Iran, India, and Inner Asia to 200 C.E.	125	(22)
Global Perspective: The Indo-Iranian World in Antiquity	126	(1)
Iran	127	(1)
Ancient History	127	(2)
The Elamites	127	(1)
The Iranians	128	(1)
Ancient Iranian Religion	128	(1)
Zoroaster and the Zoroastrian Tradition	128	(1)
The First Iranian Empire (550--330 B.C.E.)	129	(4)
The Achaemenids	129	(2)
The Achaemenid State	131	(1)
The Achaemenid Economy	132	(1)
India	133	(1)
The First Indian Empire (321--185 B.C.E.)	134	(3)
Political Background	134	(1)
The Mauryans	134	(3)
Consolidation of Indian Civilization (ca. 200 B.C.E.--300 C.E.)	137	(2)
The Economic Base	137	(1)
High Culture	137	(1)
Religion and Society	138	(1)
Greek and Asian Dynasties	139	(4)
Seleucids	139	(1)
Indo-Greeks	140	(1)
Steppe Peoples	140	(3)
Summary	143	(1)
Review Questions	143	(1)
Key Terms	143	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	143	(1)
Religions of the World: Hinduism	144	(3)
Africa: Early History to 1000 C.E.	147	(24)
Global Perspective: The Early History of Africa	148	(1)
Problems of Interpretation and Sources	149	(1)
The Question of ``Civilization''	149	(1)
The Source Problem	149	(1)
Physical Description of the Continent	150	(2)
African Peoples	152	(2)
Africa and Early Human Culture	152	(1)
Diffusion of Languages and Peoples	153	(1)
Racial Distinctions	154	(1)
The Sahara and the Sudan to the Beginning of the Common Era	154	(2)
Early Saharan Cultures	154	(1)
Neolithic Sudanic Cultures	155	(1)
The Early Iron Age and the Nok Culture	155	(1)
Nilotic Africa and the Ethiopian Highlands	156	(7)
The Kingdom of Kush	156	(2)
The Napatan Empire	158	(1)
The Meroitic Empire	158	(2)
The Aksumite Empire	160	(3)
Isolation of Christian Ethiopia	163	(1)
The Western and Central Sudan	163	(3)
Agriculture, Trade, and the Rise of Urban Centers	163	(2)
Formation of Sudanic Kingdoms in the First Millennium	165	(1)
Central, Southern, and East Africa	166	(3)
The Khoisan Peoples	166	(1)
Bantu Expansion and Diffusion	166	(1)
East Africa	167	(2)
Summary	169	(1)
Review Questions	169	(1)
Key Terms	169	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	169	(2)
Republican and Imperial Rome	171	(36)
Global Perspective: Republican and Imperial Rome	172	(1)
Prehistoric Italy	173	(1)
The Etruscans	173	(1)
Royal Rome	174	(1)
Government	174	(1)
Family	174	(1)
Clientage	174	(1)
Patricians and Plebeians	175	(1)
The Republic	175	(4)
Constitution	175	(1)
Conquest of Italy	176	(1)
Rome and Carthage	177	(2)
The Republic's Conquest of the Hellenistic World	179	(1)
Civilization in the Early Roman Republic: Greek Influence	179	(2)
Religion	179	(1)
Education	180	(1)
Roman Imperialism	181	(3)
Aftermath of Conquest	181	(1)
The Gracchi	182	(1)
Marius and Sulla	183	(1)
War Against the Italian Allies (90--88 B.C.E.)	183	(1)
Sulla's Dictatorship	184	(1)
The Fall of the Republic	184	(2)
Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar	184	(1)
First Triumvirate	185	(1)
Dictatorship of Julius Caesar	185	(1)
Second Triumvirate and the Emergence of Octavian	185	(1)
The Augustan Principate	186	(1)
Administration	186	(1)
The Army and Defense	186	(1)
Religion and Morality	187	(1)
Civilization of the Ciceronian and Augustan Ages	187	(7)
The Late Republic	187	(1)
The Age of Augustus	187	(2)
Peace and Prosperity: Imperial Rome (14--180 C.E.)	189	(2)
Administration of the Empire	191	(1)
Culture of the Early Empire	191	(2)
Life in Imperial Rome: The Apartment House	193	(1)
The Rise of Christianity	194	(3)
Jesus of Nazareth	194	(1)
Paul of Tarsus	194	(1)
Organization	195	(1)
Persecution of Christians	196	(1)
Emergence of Catholicism	196	(1)
Rome as a Center of the Early Church	197	(1)
The Crisis of the Third Century	197	(1)
Barbarian Invasions	197	(1)
Economic Difficulties	197	(1)
The Social Order	197	(1)
Civil Disorder	197	(1)
The Late Empire	198	(3)
The Fourth Century and Imperial Reorganization	198	(1)
Triumph of Christianity	199	(2)
Arts and Letters in the Late Empire	201	(2)
Preservation of Classical Culture	202	(1)
Christian Writers	202	(1)
The Problem of the Decline and Fall of the Empire in the West	203	(1)
Summary	204	(1)
Review Questions	205	(1)
Key Terms	205	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	205	(2)
China's First Empire 221 B.C.E.--589 C.E.	207	(17)
Global Perspective: China's First Empire	208	(1)
Qin Unification of China	209	(2)
Former Han Dynasty (206 B.C.E.--8 C.E.)	211	(5)
The Dynastic Cycle	211	(1)
Early Years of the Former Han Dynasty	211	(1)
Han Wudi	211	(1)
The Xiongnu	212	(1)
Government During the Former Han	212	(2)
The Silk Road	214	(1)
Decline and Usurpation	215	(1)
Later Han (25--220 C.E.) and Its Aftermath	216	(2)
First Century	216	(1)
Decline During the Second Century	216	(1)
Aftermath of Empire	216	(2)
Han Thought and Religion	218	(5)
Han Confucianism	218	(1)
History	219	(1)
Neo-Daoism	220	(1)
Buddhism	220	(3)
Summary	223	(1)
Review Questions	223	(1)
Key Terms	223	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	223	(1)
PART 3 CONSOLIDATION AND INTERACTION OF WORLD CIVILIZATIONS	224	(208)
Imperial China 589--1368	229	(28)
Global Perspective: Imperial China	230	(1)
Re-establishment of Empire: Sui (589--618) and Tang (618--907) Dynasties	231	(9)
The Sui Dynasty	231	(1)
The Tang Dynasty	231	(9)
Transition to Late Imperial China: The Song Dynasty (960--1279)	240	(8)
Agricultural Revolution of the Song: From Serfs to Free Farmers	240	(2)
Commercial Revolution of the Song	242	(1)
Government: From Aristocracy to Autocracy	243	(1)
Song Culture	244	(4)
China in the Mongol World Empire: The Yuan Dynasty (1279--1368)	248	(6)
Rise of the Mongol Empire	248	(1)
Mongol Rule in China	249	(2)
Foreign Contacts and Chinese Culture	251	(2)
Last Years of the Yuan	253	(1)
Summary	254	(1)
Review Questions	254	(1)
Key Terms	254	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	255	(2)
Japan Early History to 1467	257	(28)
Global Perspective: Early Japanese History	258	(1)
Japanese Origins and the Yayoi Revolution	259	(3)
Tomb Culture, the Yamato State, and Korea	260	(1)
Religion in Early Japan	261	(1)
Nara and Heian Japan	262	(4)
Court Government	262	(3)
Land and Taxes	265	(1)
Rise of the Samurai	266	(1)
Aristocratic Culture and Buddhism	266	(5)
Chinese Tradition in Japan	267	(1)
Birth of Japanese Literature	268	(1)
Nara and Heian Buddhism	269	(2)
Japan's Early Feudal Age	271	(6)
The Kamakura Era	271	(3)
The Question of Feudalism	274	(1)
The Ashikaga Era	275	(1)
Women in Warrior Society	276	(1)
Agriculture, Commerce, and Medieval Guilds	276	(1)
Buddhism and Medieval Culture	277	(3)
Japanese Pietism: Pure Land and Nichiren Buddhism	277	(1)
Zen Buddhism	278	(1)
No Plays	279	(1)
Summary	280	(1)
Review Questions	281	(1)
Key Terms	281	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	281	(1)
Religions of the World: Buddhism	282	(3)
Iran and India Before Islam	285	(16)
Global Perspective: Pre-Islamic Iran and India	286	(1)
Iran	287	(1)
The Parthians	287	(1)
The Sasanid Empire (224--651 C.E.)	288	(2)
Society and Economy	288	(1)
Religion	289	(1)
Later Sasanid Developments	290	(1)
India	290	(1)
Golden Age of the Guptas	290	(3)
Gupta Rule	290	(2)
Gupta Culture	292	(1)
The Development of ``Classical'' Traditions in Indian Civilization (ca. 300--1000 C.E.)	293	(5)
Society	294	(1)
Religion	295	(3)
Summary	298	(1)
Review Questions	299	(1)
Key Terms	299	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	299	(2)
The Formation of Islamic Civilization, 622--945	301	(22)
Global Perspective: The Early Islamic World	302	(1)
Origins and Early Development	303	(2)
The Setting	303	(1)
Muhammad and the Qur'an	303	(2)
Women in Early Islamic Society	305	(1)
Early Islamic Conquests	306	(4)
Course of Conquest	306	(1)
Factors of Success	307	(3)
The New Islamic Order	310	(3)
The Caliphate	310	(1)
The Ulama	311	(1)
The Umma	311	(2)
The High Caliphate	313	(2)
The Abbasid State	314	(1)
Society	314	(1)
Decline	314	(1)
``Classical'' Islamic Culture	315	(5)
Intellectual Traditions	315	(2)
Language and Literature	317	(1)
Art and Architecture	318	(2)
Summary	320	(1)
Review Questions	320	(1)
Key Terms	321	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	321	(2)
The Byzantine Empire and Western Europe to 1000	323	(26)
Global Perspective: The Early Middle Ages	324	(2)
The End of the Western Roman Empire	326	(6)
The Byzantine Empire	326	(1)
The Reign of Justinian	327	(5)
The Impact of Islam on East and West	332	(1)
The Western Debt to Islam	333	(1)
The Developing Roman Church	333	(3)
Monastic Culture	333	(1)
The Doctrine of Papal Primacy	334	(1)
Division of Christendom	335	(1)
The Kingdom of the Franks	336	(7)
Merovingians and Carolingians: From Clovis to Charlemagne	336	(1)
Reign of Charlemagne (768--814)	337	(4)
Breakup of the Carolingian Kingdom	341	(2)
Feudal Society	343	(2)
Origins	343	(1)
Vassalage and the Fief	344	(1)
Fragmentation and Divided Loyalty	344	(1)
Summary	345	(1)
Review Questions	346	(1)
Key Terms	347	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	347	(2)
Islam in the Heartlands and Beyond, 1000--1600	349	(24)
Global Perspective: The Expansion of Islam, 1000--1600	350	(2)
Religion and Society	352	(2)
Consolidation of Sunni Orthopraxy	352	(1)
Sufi Piety and Organization	353	(1)
Consolidation of Shi'ite Traditions	353	(1)
Regional Developments	354	(10)
The Islamic West: Spain and North Africa	354	(1)
The Islamic West: Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean World	355	(4)
The Islamic East: Before the Mongol Conquests	359	(1)
The Islamic East: The Mongol Age	360	(4)
The Spread of Islam Beyond the Heartlands	364	(1)
The Spread of Islam to South Asia	364	(1)
Muslim-Hindu Encounter	364	(2)
Islamic States and Dynasties	366	(1)
Southeast Asia	367	(1)
Religious and Cultural Accommodation	368	(1)
Hindu and Other Indian Traditions	369	(1)
Summary	370	(1)
Review Questions	371	(1)
Key Terms	371	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	371	(2)
Ancient Civilizations of the Americas	373	(28)
Global Perspective: Ancient Civilizations of the Americas	374	(1)
Problems in Reconstructing the History of Native American Civilization	375	(1)
Mesoamerica	376	(1)
The Formative Period and the Emergence of Mesoamerican Civilization	377	(2)
The Olmec	377	(2)
The Valley of Oaxaca and the Rise of Monte Alban	379	(1)
The Emergence of Writing and the Mesoamerican Calendar	379	(1)
The Classic Period in Mesoamerica	379	(6)
Teotihuacan	380	(1)
The Maya	381	(4)
The Post-Classic Period	385	(6)
The Toltecs	385	(1)
The Aztecs	386	(5)
Andean South America	391	(1)
The Preceramic and the Initial Period	391	(1)
Chavin de Huantar and the Early Horizon	392	(1)
The Early Intermediate Period	393	(1)
Nazca	393	(1)
Moche	393	(1)
The Middle Horizon Through the Late Intermediate Period	394	(1)
Tiwanaku and Huari	394	(1)
The Chimu Empire	395	(1)
The Inca Empire	395	(3)
Summary	398	(1)
Review Questions	398	(1)
Key Terms	399	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	399	(2)
Europe to the Early 1500s	401	(31)
Global Perspective: The High Middle Ages in Western Europe	402	(1)
Revival of Empire, Church, and Towns	403	(9)
Otto I and the Revival of the Empire	403	(1)
The Reviving Catholic Church	404	(1)
The Crusades	405	(3)
Towns and Townspeople	408	(4)
Society	412	(3)
The Order of Life	412	(1)
Medieval Women	413	(2)
Growth of National Monarchies	415	(3)
England and France: Hastings (1066) to Bouvines (1214)	415	(1)
France in the Thirteenth Century: Reign of Louis IX	416	(1)
The Hohenstaufen Empire (1152--1272)	417	(1)
Political and Social Breakdown	418	(4)
Hundred Years' War	418	(1)
The Black Death	419	(2)
New Conflicts and Opportunities	421	(1)
Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church	422	(1)
Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair	422	(1)
The Great Schism (1378--1417) and the Conciliar Movement to 1449	422	(1)
The Renaissance in Italy (1375--1527)	422	(5)
The Italian City-State: Social Conflict and Despotism	423	(1)
Humanism	423	(1)
Renaissance Art	424	(2)
Italy's Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494--1527)	426	(1)
Niccolo Machiavelli	427	(1)
Revival of Monarchy: Nation Building in the Fifteenth Century	427	(3)
Medieval Russia	428	(1)
France	429	(1)
Spain	429	(1)
England	430	(1)
Summary	430
Review Questions	429	(2)
Key Terms	431	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	431	(1)
PART 4 THE WORLD IN TRANSITION	432	(200)
Europe 1500-1650: Expansion, Reformation, and Religious Wars	437	(40)
Global Perspective: European Expansion	438	(1)
The Discovery of a New World	439	(5)
The Reformation	444	(13)
The Northern Renaissance	444	(1)
Martin Luther and German Reformation to 1525	445	(4)
Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation	449	(1)
Anabaptists and Radical Protestants	450	(1)
John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation	451	(1)
Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation	452	(1)
The English Reformation to 1553	453	(2)
Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation	455	(2)
The Reformation's Achievements	457	(2)
Family Life in Early Modern Europe	457	(2)
The Wars of Religion	459	(7)
French Wars of Religion (1562--1598)	459	(2)
Imperial Spain and the Reign of Philip II (1556--1598)	461	(2)
England and Spain (1558--1603)	463	(1)
The Thirty Years' War (1618--1648)	464	(2)
Superstition and Enlightenment: The Battle Within	466	(6)
Witch Hunts and Panic	466	(3)
Writers and Philosophers	469	(3)
Summary	472	(1)
Review Questions	473	(1)
Key Terms	473	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	473	(1)
Religions of the World: Christianity	474	(3)
Africa ca. 1000-1800	477	(24)
Global Perspective: Africa, 1000--1800	478	(1)
North Africa and Egypt	479	(1)
The Spread of Islam South of the Sahara	479	(1)
Sahelian Empires of the Western and Central Sudan	480	(8)
Ghana	480	(3)
Mali	483	(2)
Songhai	485	(1)
Kanem and Kanem-Bornu	486	(2)
The Eastern Sudan	488	(1)
The Forestlands---Coastal West and Central Africa	488	(3)
West African Forest Kingdoms: The Example of Benin	488	(1)
European Arrivals on the Coastlands	489	(1)
Central Africa	490	(1)
East Africa	491	(3)
Swahili Culture and Commerce	491	(2)
The Portuguese and the Omanis of Zanzibar	493	(1)
Southern Africa	494	(4)
Southeastern Africa: ``Great Zimbabwe''	494	(2)
The Portuguese in Southeastern Africa	496	(1)
South Africa: The Cape Colony	496	(2)
Summary	498	(1)
Review Questions	498	(1)
Key Terms	499	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	499	(2)
Conquest and Exploitation: The Development of the Transatlantic Economy	501	(28)
Global Perspective: The Atlantic World	502	(1)
Periods of European Overseas Expansion	503	(1)
Mercantilist Theory of Economic Exploitation	504	(2)
Establishment of the Spanish Empire in America	506	(2)
Conquest of the Aztecs and the Incas	506	(1)
The Roman Catholic Church in Spanish America	506	(2)
Economies of Exploitation in the Spanish Empire	508	(3)
Varieties of Economic Activity	509	(1)
The Decline of the Native American Population	510	(1)
Commercial Regulation and the Flota System	510	(1)
Colonial Brazil and Slavery	511	(3)
French and British Colonies in North America	514	(2)
Slavery in the Americas	516	(1)
Establishment of Slavery	516	(1)
The Plantation Economy and Transatlantic Trade	516	(1)
Slavery on the Plantations	517	(1)
Africa and the Transatlantic Slave Trade	517	(9)
The Background of Slavery	518	(1)
Slavery and Slaving in Africa	519	(2)
The African Side of the Transatlantic Trade	521	(1)
The Extent of the Slave Trade	521	(2)
Consequences of the Slave Trade for Africa	523	(3)
Summary	526	(1)
Review Questions	527	(1)
Key Terms	527	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	527	(2)
East Asia in the Late Traditional Era	529	(42)
Global Perspective: East Asia in the Late Traditional Era	530	(1)
Late Imperial China	531	(1)
Ming (1368--1644) and Qing (1644--1911) Dynasties	531	(14)
Land and People	531	(1)
China's Third Commercial Revolution	532	(2)
Political System	534	(5)
Ming-Qing Foreign Relations	539	(4)
Ming-Qing Culture	543	(2)
Japan	545	(1)
Warring States Era (1467--1600)	545	(4)
War of All Against All	545	(1)
Foot Soldier Revolution	546	(1)
Foreign Relations and Trade	547	(2)
Tokugawa Era (1600--1868)	549	(12)
Political Engineering and Economic Growth During the Seventeenth Century	549	(4)
Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries	553	(3)
Tokugawa Culture	556	(5)
Korea and Vietnam	561	(1)
Korea	562	(2)
Early History	562	(1)
The Choson Era: Late Traditional Korea	563	(1)
Vietnam	564	(3)
Early Vietnam	564	(1)
The Second Millennium: Politics and Society	565	(2)
Southeast Asia	567	(1)
Summary	568	(1)
Review Questions	568	(1)
Key Terms	569	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	569	(2)
State Building and Society in Early Modern Europe	571	(38)
Global Perspective: State Building and Society in Early Modern Europe	572	(1)
European Political Consolidation	573	(9)
Two Models of European Political Development	573	(1)
Toward Parliamentary Government in England	573	(2)
The ``Glorious Revolution''	575	(1)
Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XIV	576	(1)
Years of Personal Rule	577	(1)
Russia Enters the European Political Arena	577	(1)
Birth of the Romanov Dynasty	578	(1)
Peter the Great	578	(2)
The Habsburg Empire and the Pragmatic Sanction	580	(1)
The Rise of Prussia	581	(1)
European Warfare: From Continental to World Conflict	582	(6)
The Wars of Louis XIV	583	(2)
The Eighteenth-Century Colonial Arena	585	(1)
War of Jenkins's Ear	586	(1)
The War of the Austrian Succession (1740--1748)	586	(1)
The Seven Years' War (1756--1763)	586	(2)
The Old Regime	588	(6)
Maintenance of Tradition	589	(1)
Hierarchy and Privilege	589	(1)
Aristocracy	589	(1)
The Land and its Tillers	589	(1)
Peasants and Serfs	589	(2)
Family Structures and the Family Economy	591	(1)
The Family Economy	591	(1)
Women and the Family Economy	592	(2)
The Revolution in Agriculture	594	(3)
Population Expansion	596	(1)
The Eighteenth-Century Industrial Revolution	597	(4)
An Event in World History	597	(1)
Industrial Leadership of Great Britain	598	(3)
European Cities	601	(3)
Patterns of Preindustrial Urbanization	601	(1)
Urban Classes	601	(1)
The Jewish Population: Age of the Ghetto	602	(2)
Summary	604	(2)
Review Questions	606	(1)
Key Terms	607	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	607	(2)
The Last Great Islamic Empires 1500--1800	609	(23)
Global Perspective: The Last Great Islamic Empires	610	(2)
Islamic Empires	612	(1)
The Ottoman Empire	612	(6)
Origins and Development of the Ottoman State Before 1600	612	(2)
The ``Classical'' Ottoman Order	614	(1)
After Suleyman: Challenges and Change	615	(3)
The Decline of Ottoman Military and Political Power	618	(1)
The Safavid Shi'ite Empire	618	(3)
Origins	618	(1)
Shah Abbas I	619	(1)
Safavid Decline	620	(1)
Culture and Learning	621	(1)
The Mughals	621	(4)
Origins	621	(1)
Akbar's Reign	622	(1)
The Last Great Mughals	622	(1)
Sikhs and Marathas	623	(1)
Political Decline	624	(1)
Religious Developments	625	(1)
Islamic Asia	625	(1)
Central Asia: Islamization and Isolation	625	(2)
Uzbeks and Chaghatays	626	(1)
Consequences of the Shi'ite Rift	626	(1)
Power Shifts in the Southern Seas	627	(3)
Southern-Seas Trade	627	(1)
Control of the Southern Seas	628	(1)
The Indies: Acheh	629	(1)
Summary	630	(1)
Review Questions	631	(1)
Key Terms	631	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	631	(1)
PART 5 ENLIGHTENMENT AND REVOLUTION IN THE WEST	632	(100)
The Age of European Enlightenment	637	(28)
Global Perspective: The European Enlightenment	638	(1)
The Scientific Revolution	639	(7)
Nicolaus Copernicus Rejects and Earth-Centered Universe	639	(1)
Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler	640	(1)
Galileo Galilei	641	(1)
Francis Bacon: The Empirical Method	642	(1)
Isaac Newton Discovers the Laws of Gravitation	643	(1)
Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution	644	(1)
John Locke	645	(1)
The Enlightenment	646	(2)
Voltaire	647	(1)
The Encyclopedia	647	(1)
The Enlightenment and Religion	648	(3)
Deism	649	(1)
Toleration	649	(1)
Islam in Enlightenment Thought	650	(1)
The Enlightenment and Society	651	(7)
Montesquieu and ``The Spirit of the Laws''	651	(1)
Adam Smith on Economic Growth and Social Progress	652	(1)
Rousseau	653	(1)
Enlightened Critics of European Empire	654	(3)
Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment	657	(1)
Enlightened Absolutism	658	(4)
Joseph II of Austria	659	(1)
Catherine the Great of Russia	660	(2)
The Partition of Poland	662	(1)
Summary	662	(1)
Review Questions	663	(1)
Key Terms	663	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	663	(2)
Revolutions in the Transatlantic World	665	(34)
Global Perspective: The Transatlantic Revolutions	666	(1)
Revolution in the British Colonies in North America	667	(3)
Resistance to the Imperial Search for Revenue	667	(1)
American Political Ideas	667	(1)
Crisis and Independence	668	(2)
Revolution in France	670	(18)
Revolutions of 1789	670	(2)
Reconstruction of France	672	(2)
A Second Revolution	674	(3)
The Reign of Terror and Its Aftermath	677	(3)
The Napoleonic Era	680	(6)
The Congress of Vienna and the European Settlement	686	(2)
Wars of Independence in Latin America	688	(5)
Eighteenth-Century Developments	688	(1)
First Movements Toward Independence	689	(1)
San Martin in Rio de la Plata	690	(1)
Simon Bolivar's Liberation of Venezuela	691	(1)
Independence in New Spain	692	(1)
Brazilian Independence	693	(1)
Toward the Abolition of Slavery in the Transatlantic	693	(3)
Economy	693	(3)
Summary	696	(1)
Review Questions	697	(1)
Key Terms	697	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	697	(2)
Political Consolidation in Nineteenth-Century Europe and North America, 1815--1880	699	(33)
Global Perspective: European and North American Political Consolidation	700	(1)
The Emergence of Nationalism in Europe	701	(2)
Creating Nations	701	(1)
Meaning of Nationhood	702	(1)
Regions of Nationalistic Pressure in Europe	702	(1)
Early-Nineteenth-Century Political Liberalism	703	(2)
Politics	703	(1)
Economics	704	(1)
Relationship of Nationalism and Liberalism	704	(1)
Liberalism and Nationalism in Modern World History	705	(1)
Efforts to Liberalize Early-Nineteenth-Century European Political Structures	705	(7)
Russia: The Decembrist Revolt of 1825 and the Autocracy of Nicholas I	705	(1)
Revolution in France (1830)	706	(1)
The Great Reform Bill in Britain (1832)	707	(3)
1848: Year of Revolutions in Europe	710	(2)
Testing the New American Republic	712	(5)
Toward Sectional Conflict	712	(3)
The Abolitionist Movement	715	(2)
The Canadian Experience	717	(1)
Road to Self-Government	718	(1)
Keeping a Distinctive Culture	718	(1)
Midcentury Political Consolidation in Europe	718	(6)
The Crimean War	718	(1)
Italian Unification	718	(3)
German Unification	721	(2)
The Franco-Prussian War and the German Empire	723	(1)
Unrest of Nationalities in Eastern Europe	724	(2)
Racial Theory and Anti-Semitism	726	(3)
Anti-Semitism and the Birth of Zionism	727	(2)
Summary	729	(1)
Review Questions	730	(1)
Key Terms	730	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	731	(1)
PART 6 INTO THE MODERN WORLD	732	(134)
Northern Transatlantic Economy and Society, 1815--1914	737	(36)
Global Perspective: The Building of Northern Transatlantic Supremacy	738	(1)
European Factory Workers and Urban Artisans	739	(2)
Nineteenth-Century European Women	741	(9)
Women in the Early Industrial Revolution	741	(3)
Social Disabilities Confronted by All Women	744	(2)
New Employment Patterns for Women	746	(1)
Late-Nineteenth-Century Working-Class Women	747	(1)
The Rise of Political Feminism	748	(2)
Jewish Emancipation	750	(1)
Early Steps to Equal Citizenship	750	(1)
Broadened Opportunities	750	(1)
European Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I	751	(7)
The Working Classes in the Late Nineteenth Century	751	(1)
Marxist Critique of the Industrial Order	752	(1)
Germany: Social Democrats and Revisionism	753	(1)
Great Britain: The Labour Party and Fabianism	754	(1)
Russia: Industrial Development and the Birth of Bolshevism	754	(3)
European Socialism in World History	757	(1)
North America and the New Industrial Economy	758	(7)
European Immigration to the United States	759	(2)
Unions: Organization of Labor	761	(1)
The Progressives	762	(1)
Social Reform	762	(1)
The Progressive Presidency	763	(2)
The Emergence of Modern European Thought	765	(3)
Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection	765	(1)
The Revolution in Physics	766	(1)
Friedrich Nietzsche and the Revolt against Reason	767	(1)
The Birth of Psychoanalysis	768	(1)
Islam and Late-Nineteenth-Century European Thought	768	(1)
Summary	769	(1)
Review Questions	770	(1)
Key Terms	771	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	771	(2)
Latin America from Independence to the 1940s	773	(26)
Global Perspective: Latin American History	774	(1)
Independence Without Revolution	775	(4)
Immediate Consequences of Latin American Independence	775	(2)
Absence of Social Change	777	(1)
Control of the Land	777	(1)
Submissive Political Philosophies	778	(1)
Economy of Dependence	779	(3)
New Exploitation of Resources	779	(1)
Increased Foreign Ownership and Influence	780	(1)
Economic Crises and New Directions	781	(1)
Search for Political Stability	782	(1)
Three National Histories	782	(14)
Argentina	782	(3)
Mexico	785	(6)
Brazil	791	(5)
Summary	796	(1)
Review Questions	796	(1)
Key Terms	797	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	797	(2)
India, the Islamic Heartlands, and Africa: The Challenge of Modernity (1800--1945)	799	(32)
Global Perspective: India and the Encounter with the Modern West	800	(1)
The Indian Experience	801	(1)
British Dominance and Colonial Rule	801	(5)
Building the Empire: The First Half of the Nineteenth Century	802	(1)
British-Indian Relations	803	(3)
From British Crown Raj to Independence	806	(3)
The Burden of Crown Rule	806	(1)
Indian Resistance	806	(3)
Hindu-Muslim Friction on the Road to Independence	809	(1)
The Islamic Experience	809	(1)
Islamic Responses to Declining Power and Independence	809	(2)
Western Political and Economic Encroachment	811	(1)
The Western Impact	811	(1)
Islamic Responses to Foreign Encroachment	812	(4)
Emulation of the West	812	(1)
Integration of Western and Islamic Ideas	813	(1)
Women and Reform in the Middle East	814	(1)
Purification and Revival of Islam	815	(1)
Nationalism	816	(1)
The African Experience	816	(1)
New States and Power Centers	816	(1)
Southern Africa	816	(1)
East and Central Africa	817	(1)
West Africa	817	(1)
Islamic Reform Movements	817	(3)
Increasing European Involvement	820	(1)
Exploration	820	(4)
Christian Missions	820	(1)
The Colonial ``Scramble for Africa''	821	(3)
African Resistance to Colonialism: The Rise of Nationalism	824	(2)
Summary	826	(1)
Review Questions	827	(1)
Key Terms	827	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	827	(1)
Religions of the World: Islam	828	(3)
Modern East Asia	831	(35)
Global Perspective: Modern East Asia	832	(1)
Modern China (1839--1949)	833	(1)
Close of Manchu Rule	833	(7)
The Opium War	833	(3)
Rebellions Against the Manchu	836	(1)
Self-Strengthening and Decline (1874--1895)	837	(2)
The Borderlands: The Northwest, Vietnam, and Korea	839	(1)
From Dynasty to Warlordism (1895--1926)	840	(2)
Cultural and Ideological Ferment: The May Fourth Movement	842	(2)
Nationalist China	844	(4)
Guomindang Unification of China and the Nanjing Decade (1927--1937)	844	(2)
War and Revolution (1937--1949)	846	(2)
Modern Japan (1853--1945)	848	(1)
Overthrow of the Tokugawa Bakufu (1853--1868)	848	(1)
Building the Meiji State (1868--1890)	849	(3)
Centralization of Power	850	(1)
Political Parties	850	(1)
The Constitution	851	(1)
Growth of a Modern Economy	852	(3)
First Phase: Model Industries	852	(1)
Second Phase: 1880s--1890s	853	(1)
Third Phase: 1905--1929	854	(1)
Fourth Phase: Depression and Recovery	855	(1)
The Politics of Imperial Japan (1890--1945)	855	(8)
From Confrontation to the Founding of the Seiyukai (1890--1900)	855	(2)
The Golden Years of Meiji	857	(1)
Rise of the Parties to Power	858	(2)
Militarism and War (1927--1945)	860	(3)
Japanese Militarism and German Nazism	863	(1)
Summary	864	(1)
Review Questions	865	(1)
Key Terms	865	(1)
Documents CD--ROM	865	(1)
PART 7 GLOBAL CONFLICT AND CHANGE	866
Imperialism and World War I	871	(30)
Global Perspective: Imperialism and the Great War	872	(1)
Expansion of European Power and the ``New Imperialism''	873	(4)
The New Imperialism	873	(2)
Motives for the New Imperialism: Economic Interpretation	875	(1)
Cultural, Religious, and Social Interpretations	875	(1)
Strategic and Political Interpretations: The Scramble for Africa	875	(1)
The Irrational Element	876	(1)
Emergence of the German Empire	877	(4)
Formation of the Triple Alliance (1873--1890)	877	(1)
Bismarck's Leadership (1873--1890)	878	(1)
Forging the Triple Entente (1890--1907)	879	(2)
World War I	881	(8)
The Road to War (1908--1914)	881	(2)
Sarajevo and the Outbreak of War (June-August 1914)	883	(1)
Strategies and Stalemate (1914--1917)	884	(5)
The Russian Revolution	889	(2)
End of World War I	891	(6)
Military Resolution	891	(2)
Settlement at Paris	893	(3)
Evaluation of the Peace	896	(1)
Summary	897	(1)
Review Questions	898	(1)
Key Terms	898	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	899	(2)
Depression, European Dictators, and the American New Deal	901	(28)
Global Perspective: The Interwar Period	902	(1)
After Versailles: Demands for Revision and Enforcement	903	(1)
Toward the Great Depression in Europe	903	(2)
Financial Tailspin	903	(1)
Problems in Agricultural Commodities	904	(1)
Depression and Government Policy	905	(1)
The Soviet Experiment	905	(6)
War Communism	906	(1)
The New Economic Policy	906	(1)
Stalin Versus Trotsky	906	(2)
Decision for Rapid Industrialization	908	(1)
The Purges	909	(2)
The Fascist Experiment in Italy	911	(2)
Rise of Mussolini	911	(2)
The Fascists in Power	913	(1)
German Democracy and Dictatorship	913	(10)
The Weimar Republic	913	(4)
Depression and Political Deadlock	917	(1)
Hitler Comes to Power	917	(1)
Hitler's Consolidation of Power	918	(2)
The Police State	920	(1)
Women in Nazi Germany	921	(2)
The Great Depression and the New Deal in the United States	923	(3)
Economic Collapse	923	(1)
New Role for Government	924	(2)
Summary	926	(1)
Review Questions	927	(1)
Key Terms	927	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	927	(2)
World War II	929	(30)
Global Perspective: World War II	930	(1)
Again the Road to War (1933--1939)	931	(6)
Hitler's Goals	931	(1)
Destruction of Versailles	931	(1)
Italy Attacks Ethiopia	932	(1)
Remilitarization of the Rhineland	933	(1)
The Spanish Civil War	933	(1)
Austria and Czechoslovakia	934	(2)
Munich	936	(1)
The Nazi-Soviet Pact	937	(1)
World War II (1939--1945)	937	(11)
German Conquest of Europe	937	(1)
Battle of Britain	938	(1)
German Attack on Russia	939	(1)
Hitler's Europe	939	(2)
Racism and the Holocaust	941	(1)
The Road to Pearl Harbor	942	(2)
America's Entry into the War	944	(1)
The Tide Turns	944	(3)
Defeat of Nazi Germany	947	(1)
Fall of the Japanese Empire	947	(1)
The Cost of War	947	(1)
The Domestic Fronts	948	(5)
Germany: From Apparent Victory to Defeat	948	(3)
France: Defeat, Collaboration, and Resistance	951	(1)
Great Britain: Organization for Victory	952	(1)
The United States: American Women and African Americans in the War Effort	952	(1)
The Soviet Union: ``The Great Patriotic War''	953	(1)
Preparations for Peace	953	(3)
The Atlantic Charter	954	(1)
Tehran	954	(1)
Yalta	955	(1)
Potsdam	955	(1)
Summary	956	(1)
Review Questions	957	(1)
Key Terms	957	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	957	(2)
The West Since World War II	959	(34)
Global Perspective: The West Since 1945	960	(1)
The Cold War Era	961	(6)
Initial Causes	961	(1)
Areas of Early Cold War Conflict	962	(1)
NATO and the Warsaw Pact	963	(1)
Crises of 1956	963	(2)
The Cold War Intensified	965	(1)
Detente and Afterward	966	(1)
European Society in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century and Beyond	967	(7)
Toward Western European Unification	967	(2)
Students and Popular Music	969	(1)
The Movement of Peoples	970	(1)
The New Muslim Population	971	(1)
New Patterns in the Work and Expectations of Women	972	(1)
Feminism	972	(2)
American Domestic Scene Since World War II	974	(3)
Truman and Eisenhower Administrations	974	(1)
Civil Rights	974	(1)
New Social Programs	975	(1)
The Vietnam War and Domestic Turmoil	975	(1)
The Watergate Scandal	976	(1)
The Triumph of Political Conservatism	976	(1)
The Soviet Union to 1989	977	(3)
The Khrushchev Years	977	(1)
Brezhnev	978	(1)
Communism and Solidarity in Poland	979	(1)
Gorbachev Attempts to Redirect the Soviet Union	980	(1)
1989: Year of Revolutions in Eastern Europe	980	(3)
Solidarity Reemerges in Poland	981	(1)
Hungary Moves Toward Independence	981	(1)
The Breach of the Berlin Wall and German Reunification	981	(1)
The Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia	982	(1)
Violent Revolution in Romania	982	(1)
The Collapse of the Soviet Union	983	(4)
Renunciation of Communist Political Monopoly	983	(1)
The August 1991 Coup	984	(1)
The Yeltsin Years	984	(3)
The Collapse of Yugoslavia and Civil War	987	(1)
Challenges to the Atlantic Alliance	988	(2)
Summary	990	(1)
Review Questions	991	(1)
Key Terms	991	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	991	(2)
East Asia: The Recent Decades	993	(30)
Global Perspective: Modern East Asia	994	(2)
Japan	996	(9)
The Occupation	996	(2)
Parliamentary Politics	998	(1)
Economic Growth	999	(2)
Society and Culture	1001	(4)
Japan and the World	1005	(1)
China	1005	(6)
Soviet Period (1950--1960)	1005	(2)
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1965--1976)	1007	(1)
China After Mao	1007	(4)
Taiwan	1011	(2)
Korea	1013	(3)
Korea as a Japanese Colony	1013	(1)
North and South	1013	(1)
Civil War and U.S. Involvement	1014	(1)
Recent Developments	1014	(2)
Vietnam	1016	(4)
The Colonial Backdrop	1016	(1)
The Anticolonial War	1017	(1)
The Vietnam War	1017	(2)
War with Cambodia	1019	(1)
Recent Developments	1019	(1)
Summary	1020	(1)
Review Questions	1021	(1)
Key Terms	1021	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	1021	(2)
Postcolonialism and Beyond	1023
Global Perspective: Democratization, Globalization, and Terrorism	1024	(1)
Beyond the Postcolonial Era	1025	(3)
Latin America Since 1945	1028	(7)
Revolutionary Challenges	1030	(3)
Pursuit of Stability Under the Threat of Revolution	1033	(2)
Continuity and Change in Recent Latin American History	1035	(1)
Postcolonial Africa	1035	(4)
The Transition to Independence	1035	(4)
The African Future	1039	(1)
Central, South, and Southeast Asia- The Islamic Heartland	1039	(6)
Turkey	1039	(1)
Iran and its Islamic Revolution	1040	(1)
Afghanistan and the Former Soviet Republics	1041	(1)
India	1042	(2)
Pakistan and Bangladesh	1044	(1)
Indonesia and Malaysia	1044	(1)
The Postcolonial Middle East	1045	(10)
New Nations in the Middle East	1045	(1)
The Arab-Israeli Conflict	1045	(5)
Middle Eastern Oil	1050	(1)
The Rise of Political Islamism	1050	(3)
Iraq and United States Intervention	1053	(2)
Summary	1055	(1)
Review Questions	1056	(1)
Key Terms	1056	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	1056
Glossary	1	(1)
Suggested Readings	1	(1)
World History Documents CD-ROM	1	(1)
Index	1