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Albert M. Craig is the Harvard-Yenching Research Professor of History Emeritus at Harvard University, where he has taught since 1959. A graduate of Northwestern University, he received his Ph.D. at Harvard University. He has studied at Strasbourg University and at Kyoto, Keio, and Tokyo universities in Japan. He is the author of Choshu in the Meiji Restoration (1961), The Heritage of Japanese Civilization (2011), and, with others, of East Asia , Tradition and Transformation (1989). He is the editor of Japan , A Comparative View (1973) and co-editor of Personality in Japanese History (1970), Civilization and
Enlightnment: the Early Thought of Fukuzawa Yukichi (2009). He was the director of the Harvard-Yenching Institute. He has also been a visiting professor at Kyoto and Tokyo universities. He has received Guggenheim, Fulbright, and Japan Foundation Fellowships. In 1988 he was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun by the Japanese government.
William A. Graham is Albertson Professor of Middle Eastern Studies in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and O’Brian Professor of Divinity and Dean in the Faculty of Divinity at Harvard University, where he has taught for thirty-four years. He has directed the Center for Middle Eastern Studies and chaired the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, the Committee on the Study of Religion, and the Core Curriculum Committee on Foreign Cultures. He received his BA in Comparative Literature from University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, an A.M. and Ph.D. in History of Religion from Harvard, and studied also in Göttingen, Tübingen, Lebanon, and London. He is former chair of the Council on Graduate Studies in Religion (U.S. and Canada). In 2000 he received the quinquennial Award for Excellence in Research in Islamic History and Culture from the Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture (IRCICA) of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference. He has held John Simon Guggenheim and Alexander von Humboldt research fellowships and is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Among his publications are Beyond the Written Word: Oral Aspects of Scripture in the History of Religion (1987); Divine Word and Prophetic Word in Early Islam (1977—ACLS History of Religions Prize, 1978); and Three Faiths, One God (co-authored, 2003).
Donald Kagan is Sterling Professor of History and Classics at Yale University, where he has taught since 1969. He received the A.B. degree in history from Brooklyn College, the M.A. in classics from Brown University, and the Ph.D. in history from Ohio State University. During 1958—1959 he studied at the American School of Classical Studies as a Fulbright Scholar. He has received three awards for undergraduate teaching at Cornell and Yale. He is the author of a history of Greek political thought, The Great Dialogue (1965); a four-volume history of the Peloponnesian war, The Origins of the Peloponnesian War (1969); The Archidamian War (1974); The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition (1981); The Fall of the Athenian Empire (1987); a biography of Pericles, Pericles of Athens and the Birth of Democracy (1991); On the Origins of War (1995); and The Peloponnesian War (2003). He is coauthor, with Frederick W. Kagan, of While America Sleeps (2000). With Brian Tierney and L. Pearce Williams, he is the editor of Great Issues in Western Civilization, a collection of readings. He was awarded the National Humanities Medal for 2002 and was chosen by the National Endowment for the Humanities to deliver the Jefferson Lecture in 2004.
Steven Ozment is McLean Professor of Ancient and Modern History at Harvard University. He has taught Western Civilization at Yale, Stanford, and Harvard. He is the author of eleven books. The Age of Reform, 1250–1550 (1980) won the Schaff Prize and was nominated for the 1981 National Book Award. Five of his books have been selections of the History Book Club: Magdalena and Balthasar: An Intimate Portrait of Life in Sixteenth Century Europe (1986), Three Behaim Boys: Growing Up in Early Modern Germany (1990), Protestants: The Birth of A Revolution (1992), The Burgermeister’s Daughter: Scandal in a Sixteenth Century German Town (1996), and Flesh and Spirit: Private Life in Early Modern Germany (1999). His most recent publications are Ancestors: The Loving Family of Old Europe (2001), A Mighty Fortress: A New History of the German People (2004), and “Why We Study Western Civ,” The Public Interest 158 (2005).
Frank M. Turner is John Hay Whitney Professor of History at Yale University and Director of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University, where he served as University Provost from 1988 to 1992. He received his B.A. degree at the College of William and Mary and his Ph.D. from Yale. He has received the Yale College Award for Distinguished Undergraduate Teaching. He has directed a National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Institute. His scholarly research has received the support of fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Guggenheim Foundation and the Woodrow Wilson Center. He is the author of Between Science and Religion: The Reaction to Scientific Naturalism in Late Victorian England (1974), The Greek Heritage in Victorian Britain (1981), which received the British Council Prize of the Conference on British Studies and the Yale Press Governors Award, Contesting Cultural Authority: Essays in Victorian Intellectual Life (1993), and John Henry Newman: The Challenge to Evangelical Religion (2002). He has also contributed numerous articles to journals and has served on the editorial advisory boards of The Journal of Modern History, Isis, and Victorian Studies. He edited The Idea of a University by John Henry Newman (1996), Reflections on the Revolution in France by Edmund Burke (2003), and Apologia Pro Vita Sua and Six Sermons by John Henry Newman (2008). Between l996 and 2006 he served as a Trustee of Connecticut College and between 2004 and 2008 as a member of the Connecticut Humanities Council. In 2003, Professor Turner was appointed Director of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University.
Documents xix
Maps xxi
Preface xxiii
Part 1
Human Origins and Early Civilizations
to 500 B.C.E.
CHAPTER 1
The Birth of Civilization 1
Early Humans and Their Culture 2
The Paleolithic Age 2
Global Perspective: Civilizations 2
The Neolithic Age 3
The Bronze Age and the Birth of Civilization 7
Early Civilizations in the Middle East
to About 1000 B.C.E. 8
Mesopotamian Civilization 8
A Closer Look: Babylonian World Map 13
Egyptian Civilization 14
Ancient Near Eastern Empires 20
The Hittites 21
The Kassites 21
The Mitannians 21
The Assyrians 21
The Second Assyrian Empire 22
The Neo-Babylonians 23
Early Indian Civilization 23
The Indus Civilization 23
The Vedic Aryan Civilization 26
Early Chinese Civilization 30
Neolithic Origins in the Yellow River Valley 30
Early Bronze Age: The Shang 31
Late Bronze Age: The Western Zhou 32
Iron Age: The Eastern Zhou 32
The Rise of Civilization in the Americas 35
Summary 37
Key Terms 38
Review Questions 38
CHAPTER 2
Four Great Revolutions in Thought
and Religion 40
Comparing the Four Great Revolutions 41
Philosophy in China 41
Global Perspective: Philosophy and Religion 42
Confucianism 43
Daoism 46
Legalism 49
Religion in India 49
“Hindu” and “Indian” 49
Historical Background 49
The Upanishadic Worldview 50
Mahavira and the Jain Tradition 52
The Buddha’s Middle Path 54
A Closer Look: Statue of Siddhartha Gotama
as Fasting Ascetic (2nd Century C.E.) 55
The Religion of the Israelites 56
From Hebrew Nomads to the Israelite Nation 57
The Monotheistic Revolution 58
Greek Philosophy 61
Reason and the Scientific Spirit 63
Political and Moral Philosophy 65
Summary 70
Key Terms 70
Review Questions 71
Religions of the World: Judaism 72
Part 2
Empires and Cultures of the Ancient World,
1000 B.C.E. to 500 C.E.
CHAPTER 3
Greek and Hellenistic Civilization 74
The Bronze Age on Crete and on the Mainland to
ca. 1150 B.C.E. 75
The Minoans 75
The Mycenaeans 76
Global Perspective: The Achievement of Greek
and Hellenistic Civilization 76
Greek “Middle Age” to ca. 750 B.C.E. 77
The Age of Homer 78
The Polis 80
Development of the Polis 80
The Hoplite Phalanx 81
Expansion of the Greek World 82
Greek Colonies 82
The Tyrants (ca. 700–500 B.C.E.) 82
Life in Archaic Greece 84
Society 84
Religion 85
Poetry 87
Major City-States 87
Sparta87
Athens89
The Persian Wars 91
Ionian Rebellion 91
The War in Greece 92
A Closer Look: The Trireme 93
Classical Greece 94
The Delian League 94
The First Peloponnesian War 94
The Athenian Empire 96
Athenian Democracy 96
Women of Athens 97
The Great Peloponnesian War 98
Struggle for Greek Leadership 100
Fifth Century B.C.E. 102
Fourth Century B.C.E. 104
Emergence of the Hellenistic World 104
Macedonian Conquest 104
Alexander the Great and His Successors 105
Death of Alexander 108
Alexander’s Successors 108
Hellenistic Culture 109
Literature 110
Architecture and Sculpture 111
Mathematics and Science 112
Summary 113
Key Terms 113
Review Questions 113
CHAPTER 4
West Asia, Inner Asia, and South Asia
to 1000 C.E. 115
Global Perspective: Indo-Iranian Roles
in the Eurasian World before Islam 116
WEST AND INNER ASIA 118
The Ancient Background 118
The Elamites 118
The Iranian Peoples 119
Ancient Iranian Religion 120
Zoroaster and the Zoroastrian Tradition 120
The First Persian Empire in the Iranian Plateau
(550–330 B.C.E.) 120
The Achaemenids 120
The Achaemenid State 122
The Achaemenid Economy 123
The Seleucid Successors to Alexander in the East
(ca. 312–63 B.C.E.) 124
The Parthian Arsacid Empire
(ca. 247 B.C.E.–223 C.E.) 124
The Indo-Greeks, Sythians, and Kushans 125
Sythians and Kushans 126
The Sasanid Empire (224–651 C.E.) 126
Society and Economy 128
Religion 128
Later Sasanid Developments 131
SOUTH ASIA TO 1000 C.E. 131
The First Indian Empire: The Mauryas
(321–185 B.C.E.) 131
Political Background 131
The Mauryas 131
The Consolidation of Indian Civilization
(ca. 200 B.C.E.–300 C.E.) 134
A Closer Look: Lion Capital of Ashoka
at Sarnath 135
The Economic Base 136
High Culture 136
Religion and Society 136
The Golden Age of the Guptas (ca. 320–550 C.E.) 137
Gupta Rule 137
Gupta Culture 138
The Development of “Classical” Indian Civilization
(ca. 300–1000 C.E.) 138
Society 138
Religion 140
Summary 143
Key Terms 144
Review Questions 145
Religions of the World: Hinduism 146
CHAPTER 5
Africa: Early History to 1000 C.E. 148
Issues of Interpretation, Sources, and Disciplines 149
The Question of “Civilization” 149
Source Issues 149
History and Disciplinary Boundaries 149
Physical Description of the Continent 150
Global Perspective: “Traditional” Peoples
and Nontraditional Histories 150
African Peoples 154
Africa and Early Human Culture 154
Diffusion of Languages and Peoples 154
“Race” and Physiological Variation 155
The Sahara and the Sudan to the Beginning
of the Common Era 157
Early Saharan Cultures 157
Neolithic Sudanic Cultures 157
The Early Iron Age and the Nok Culture 158
Nilotic Africa and the Ethiopian Highlands 158
The Kingdom of Kush 158
The Napatan Empire 159
The Meroitic Empire 159
The Aksumite Empire 161
Isolation of Christian Ethiopia 163
The Western and Central Sudan 163
Agriculture, Trade, and the Rise of Urban Centers 163
Formation of Sudanic Kingdoms in the First
Millennium 165
Central, Southern, and East Africa 167
Bantu Expansion and Diffusion 167
A Closer Look: Four Rock Art Paintings from
Tassili n-Ajjer (4000–2000 B.C.E.) 168
The Khoisan and Twa Peoples 170
East Africa170
Summary 173
Key Terms 173
Review Questions 174
CHAPTER 6
Republican and Imperial Rome 175
Prehistoric Italy 176
The Etruscans 176
Royal Rome 176
Global Perspective: Republican
and Imperial Rome 176
Government 177
Family 177
Clientage 177
Patricians and Plebeians 178
The Republic 178
Constitution 178
Conquest of Italy 179
Rome and Carthage 179
A Closer Look: Lictors 180
The Republic’s Conquest of the Hellenistic World 183
Civilization in the Early Roman Republic:
Greek Influence 183
Religion 183
Education 184
Roman Imperialism 185
Aftermath of Conquest 185
The Gracchi 186
Marius and Sulla 187
War against the Italian Allies (90–88 B.C.E.) 188
Sulla’s Dictatorship 188
The Fall of the Republic 188
Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar 188
The First Triumvirate 188
The Dictatorship of Julius Caesar 188
The Second Triumvirate and the Emergence of Octavian 189
The Augustan Principate 189
Administration 190
The Army and Defense 190
Religion and Morality 191
Civilization of the Ciceronian and Augustan Ages 191
The Late Republic 191
The Age of Augustus 192
Peace and Prosperity: Imperial Rome (14–180 C.E.) 193
Administration of the Empire 195
Culture of the Early Empire 197
Life in Imperial Rome: The Apartment House 198
The Rise of Christianity 198
Jesus of Nazareth 199
Paul of Tarsus 199
Organization 200
Persecution of Christians 201
Emergence of Catholicism 201
Rome as a Center of the Early Church 202
The Crisis of the Third Century 202
Barbarian Invasions 202
Economic Difficulties 202
The Social Order 202
Civil Disorder 203
The Late Empire 203
The Fourth Century and Imperial Reorganization 203
Diocletian 203
Constantine204
Triumph of Christianity 205
Arts and Letters in the Late Empire 207
Preservation of Classical Culture 207
Christian Writers 207
The Problem of the Decline and Fall of the Empire in
the West 208
Summary 208
Key Terms 210
Review Questions 210
CHAPTER 7
China’s First Empire, 221 B.C.E.–589 C.E. 212
Qin Unification of China 213
Global Perspective: China’s First Empire 214
Former Han Dynasty (206 B.C.E.–8 C.E.) 215
The Dynastic Cycle 215
Early Years of the Former Han Dynasty 215
Han Wudi 216
The Xiongnu 216
A Closer Look: The Terra-Cotta Army of the First
Qin Emperor 217
Government during the Former Han 218
The Silk Road 220
Decline and Usurpation 221
Later Han (25–220 C.E.) and Its Aftermath 222
First Century 222
Decline during the Second Century 222
Aftermath of Empire 222
Han Thought and Religion 224
Han Confucianism 224
History 225
Neo-Daoism 225
Buddhism 227
Summary 230
Key Terms 230
Review Questions 230
Part 3
Consolidation and Interaction of World
Civilizations, 500 C.E. to 1500 C.E.
CHAPTER 8
Imperial China, 589–1368 232
Reestablishment of Empire: Sui (589–618) and Tang
(618–907) Dynasties 233
The Sui Dynasty 233
The Tang Dynasty 233
Global Perspective: Imperial China 234
A Closer Look: A Tang Painting
of the Goddess of Mercy 242
Transition to Late Imperial China: The Song Dynasty
(960–1279) 244
Agricultural Revolution of the Song: From Serfs to Free
Farmers 244
Commercial Revolution of the Song 245
Government: From Aristocracy to Autocracy 247
Song Culture 249
China in the Mongol World Empire: The Yuan Dynasty
(1279–1368) 252
Rise of the Mongol Empire 252
Mongol Rule in China 253
Foreign Contacts and Chinese Culture 255
Last Years of the Yuan 258
Summary 258
Key Terms 258
Review Questions 259
CHAPTER 9
Early Japanese History 260
Japanese Origins 261
The Jo-mon, Japan’s Old Stone Age 261
The Yayoi Revolution 262
Global Perspective: East Asia 262
Tomb Culture, the Yamato State, and Korea 263
Religion in Early Japan 265
Nara and Heian Japan 267
Court Government 267
People, Land, and Taxes 269
Rise of the Samurai 270
Aristocratic Culture and Buddhism 270
Chinese Tradition in Japan 271
The Birth of Japanese Literature 273
Nara and Heian Buddhism 274
Japan’s Early Feudal Age 276
The Kamakura Era 276
A Closer Look: The East Meets the East 278
The Question of Feudalism 279
The Ashikaga Era 280
Women in Warrior Society 281
Agriculture, Commerce, and Medieval Guilds 281
Buddhism and Medieval Culture 282
Japanese Pietism: Pure Land
and Nichiren Buddhism 282
Zen Buddhism 283
No- Plays 285
Summary 285
Key Terms 286
Review Questions 286
Religions of the World: Buddhism 288
CHAPTER 10
The Formation of Islamic Civilization,
622–1000 290
Origins and Early Development 291
The Setting 291
Muhammad and the Qur’an 292
Global Perspective: The Early Islamic Worlds
of Arab and Persian Cultures 292
Women in Early Islamic Society 295
Early Islamic Conquests 297
Course of Conquest 297
Factors of Success 297
The New Islamic World Order 298
A Closer Look: The Dome of the Rock,
Jerusalem (Interior) 300
The Caliphate 301
The Ulama 302
The Umma 303
The High Caliphate 306
The Abbasid State 306
Society 306
Decline 306
Islamic Culture in the Classical Era 307
Intellectual Traditions 308
Language and Literature 309
Art and Architecture 309
Summary 311
Key Terms 311
Review Questions 311
CHAPTER 11
The Byzantine Empire and Western
Europe to 1000 313
The End of the Western Roman Empire 314
Global Perspective: The Early Middle Ages 314
The Byzantine Empire 316
The Reign of Justinian 317
The Impact of Islam on East and West 325
Byzantium’s Contribution to Islamic Civilization 326
The Western Debt to Islam 326
The Developing Roman Church 327
Monastic Culture 328
The Doctrine of Papal Primacy 329
Division of Christendom 330
The Kingdom of the Franks 331
Merovingians and Carolingians: From Clovis to
Charlemagne 331
Reign of Charlemagne (768–814) 332
A Closer Look: A Multicultural Book Cover 337
Breakup of the Carolingian Kingdom 338
Feudal Society 339
Origins 340
Vassalage and the Fief 341
Fragmentation and Divided Loyalty 342
Summary 342
Key Terms 343
Review Questions 343
CHAPTER 12
The Islamic World, 1000–1500 345
THE ISLAMIC HEARTLANDS 346
Religion and Society 346
Consolidation of a Sunni Orthopraxy 346
Global Perspective: The Expansion of Islamic
Civilization, 1000–1500 346
Sufi Piety and Organization 350
Consolidation of Shi’ite Traditions 351
Regional Developments 351
Spain , North Africa, and the Western Mediterranean
Islamic World 351
Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean Islamic World 352
The Islamic East: Asia before the Mongol Conquests 355
Islamic Asia in the Mongol Age 356
A Closer Look: Al-Hariri, Assemblies
(Maqamat) 358
The Spread of Islam beyond the Heartlands 360
ISLAMIC INDIA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA 360
The Spread of Islam to South Asia 360
Muslim–Hindu Encounter 362
Islamic States and Dynasties 363
Southeast Asia363
Religious and Cultural Accommodation 364
Hindu and Other Indian Traditions 366
Summary 366
Key Terms 367
Review Questions 367
CHAPTER 13
Ancient Civilizations of the Americas 369
Global Perspective: Ancient Civilizations
of the Americas 370
Problems in Reconstructing the History
of Native American Civilization 371
Mesoamerica 372
Mesoamerican Ball Games 373
The Formative Period and the Emergence
of Mesoamerican Civilization 374
The Olmec 375
The Valley of Oaxaca and the Rise of Monte Alban 376
The Emergence of Writing and the Mesoamerican
Calendar 376
The Classic Period in Mesoamerica 376
Teotihuacán 377
A Closer Look: The Pyramid of the Sun
in Teotihuacán 378
The Maya 379
The Post-Classic Period 383
The Toltecs 384
The Aztecs 384
Andean South America 390
The Preceramic and the Initial Periods 391
Chavín de Huantar and the Early Horizon 392
The Early Intermediate Period 392
Nazca 392
Moche 393
The Middle Horizon through the Late
Intermediate Period 394
Tiwanaku and Huari 394
The Chimu Empire 395
The Inca Empire 395
Summary 398
Key Terms 399
Review Questions 399
CHAPTER 14
Africa ca. 1000–1700 401
North Africa and Egypt 402
The Spread of Islam South of the Sahara 402
Global Perspective: Africa, 1000–1700 402
Sahelian Empires of the Western and Central Sudan 404
Ghana404
Mali405
Songhai408
Kanem and Kanem-Bornu 410
The Eastern Sudan 412
The Forestlands—Coastal West and
Central Africa 412
West African Forest Kingdoms: The Example
of Benin 412
A Closer Look: Benin Bronze Plaque with Chief
and Two Attendants 413
European Arrivals on the Coastlands 414
Central Africa415
East Africa 417
Swahili Culture and Commerce 417
The Portuguese and the Omanis of Zanzibar 419
Southern Africa 419
Southeastern Africa: “Great Zimbabwe” 419
The Portuguese in Southeastern Africa 420
South Africa : The Cape Colony 421
Summary 422
Key Terms 422
Review Questions 422
CHAPTER 15
Europe to the Early 1500s: Revival, Decline,
and Renaissance 424
Revival of Empire, Church, and Towns 425
Otto I and the Revival of the Empire 425
The Reviving Catholic Church 425
The Crusades 426
Global Perspective: The High Middle Ages
in Western Europe 426
A Closer Look: European Embrace
of a Black Saint 431
Towns and Townspeople 432
Society 436
The Order of Life 436
Medieval Women 439
Growth of National Monarchies 440
England and France: Hastings (1066) to Bouvines
(1214) 440
France in the Thirteenth Century: Reign of Louis IX 441
The Hohenstaufen Empire (1152–1272) 442
Political and Social Breakdown 444
Hundred Years’War 444
The Black Death 444
New Conflicts and Opportunities 447
Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival:
The Late Medieval Church 447
Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair 447
The Great Schism (1378–1417) and the Conciliar
Movement to 1449 448
The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527) 448
The Italian City-State: Social Conflict and Despotism 449
Humanism 449
Renaissance Art in and beyond Italy 451
Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions
(1494–1527) 452
Niccolò Machiavelli 453
Revival of Monarchy: Nation Building
in the Fifteenth Century 454
Medieval Russia 455
France455
Spain455
England457
Summary 457
Key Terms 458
Review Questions 458
Part 4
The World in Transition, 1500 to 1850
CHAPTER 16
Europe, 1500–1650: Expansion, Reformation,
and Religious Wars 460
The Discovery of a New World 461
The Portuguese Chart the Course 461
The Spanish Voyages of Christopher Columbus 462
Global Perspective: European Expansion 462
Impact on Europe and America 463
The Reformation 463
Religion and Society 465
Popular Movements and Criticism of the Church 465
Secular Control over Religious Life 466
The Northern Renaissance 466
Martin Luther and German Reformation to 1525 467
Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation 472
Anabaptists and Radical Protestants 472
John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation 472
Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation 473
The English Reformation to 1553 474
Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation 475
The Reformation’s Achievements 476
Religion in Fifteenth-Century Life 477
Religion in Sixteenth-Century Life 478
Family Life in Early Modern Europe 478
A Closer Look: A Contemporary Commentary
on the Sexes 479
The Wars of Religion 480
French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) 481
Imperial Spain and the Reign of Philip II
(1556–1598) 483
England and Spain (1558–1603) 484
The Thirty Years’War (1618–1648) 485
Superstition and Enlightenment: The Battle Within 487
Witch Hunts and Panic 487
Writers and Philosophers 488
Summary 492
Key Terms 492
Review Questions 492
Religions of the World: Christianity 494
CHAPTER 17
Conquest and Exploitation: The Development
of the Transatlantic Economy 496
Periods of European Overseas Expansion 497
Mercantilist Theory of Economic Exploitation 498
Global Perspective: The Atlantic World 498
Establishment of the Spanish Empire in America 500
Conquest of the Aztecs and the Incas 500
The Roman Catholic Church in Spanish America 501
Economies of Exploitation in the Spanish Empire 503
Varieties of Economic Activity 503
Commercial Regulation and the Flota System 505
Colonial Brazil 507
French and British Colonies in North America 509
The Columbian Exchange: Disease, Animals, and
Agriculture 510
Diseases Enter the Americas 511
Animals and Agriculture 513
Slavery in the Americas 515
The Background of Slavery 515
Establishment of Slavery 516
The Plantation Economy and Transatlantic Trade 517
Slavery on the Plantations 517
Africa and the Transatlantic Slave Trade 518
Slavery and Slaving in Africa 519
The African Side of the Transatlantic Trade 520
The Extent of the Slave Trade 522
Consequences of the Slave Trade for Africa 522
A Closer Look: The Slave Ship Brookes 525
Summary 526
Key Terms 527
Review Questions 527
CHAPTER 18
East Asia in the Late Traditional Era 529
Global Perspective: East Asia in the Late
Traditional Era 530
LATE IMPERIAL CHINA 531
Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) Dynasties 531
Land and People 531
China’s Third Commercial Revolution 532
Political System 534
Ming–Qing Foreign Relations 540
Ming–Qing Culture 544
JAPAN 547
Warring States Era (1467–1600) 547
War of All against All 547
Foot Soldier Revolution 547
Foreign Relations and Trade 549
Tokugawa Era (1600–1868) 550
Political Engineering and Economic Growth during the
Seventeenth Century 550
Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries 555
A Closer Look: Bridal Procession 558
Languages of East Asia 559
Tokugawa Culture 559
KOREA AND VIETNAM 564
Korea 565
Early History 565
Choson Dynasty 567
Vietnam 569
Vietnam in Southeast Asia 569
Vietnamese Origins 569
A Millennium of Chinese Rule: 111 B.C.E.–939 C.E. 570
An Independent Vietnam 571
The March South 571
Summary 573
Key Terms 573
Review Questions 573
CHAPTER 19
State Building and Society in Early Modern
Europe 575
European Political Consolidation 576
Two Models of European Political Development 576
Global Perspective: Early Modern Europe 576
Toward Parliamentary Government in England 577
The “Glorious Revolution” 578
Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World
of Louis XIV 580
Years of Personal Rule 581
A Closer Look: Versailles 582
Russia Enters the European Political Arena 583
Birth of the Romanov Dynasty 583
Peter the Great 583
The Habsburg Empire and the Pragmatic Sanction 586
The Rise of Prussia 587
European Warfare: From Continental to World
Conflict 588
The Wars of Louis XIV 588
The Eighteenth-Century Colonial Arena 590
War of Jenkins’s Ear 590
The War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) 590
The Seven Years’War (1756–1763) 591
The Old Regime 592
Hierarchy and Privilege 592
Aristocracy 592
The Land and Its Tillers 594
Peasants and Serfs 594
Family Structures and the Family Economy 595
The Family Economy 595
Women and the Family Economy 597
The Revolution in Agriculture 597
New Crops and New Methods 599
Population Expansion 600
The Eighteenth-Century Industrial Revolution: An Event
in World History 601
Industrial Leadership of Great Britain 602
European Cities 605
Patterns of Preindustrial Urbanization 605
Urban Classes 605
The Jewish Population: Age of the Ghetto 607
Summary 608
Key Terms 609
Review Questions 610
CHAPTER 20
The Last Great Islamic Empires, 1500–1800 612
The Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Mediterranean
World 614
Origins and Development of the Ottoman
State before 1600 614
Global Perspective: The Last Great
Islamic Empires 614
The “Classical” Ottoman Order 616
After Süleyman: Challenges and Change 618
The Decline of Ottoman Military and Political Power 621
The Safavid Empire and the West Asian World 622
Origins 622
Shah Abbas I 623
Safavid Decline 624
Culture and Learning 625
The Mughals 626
Origins 626
Akbar’s Reign 626
The Last Great Mughals 626
Sikhs and Marathas 627
Political Decline 627
A Closer Look: The Mughal Emperor Jahangir
Honoring a Muslim Saint over Kings
and Emperors 628
Religious Developments 629
Central Asia: Islamization in the Post-Timur Era 630
Uzbeks and Chaghatays 630
Consequences of the Shi’ite Rift 630
Power Shifts in the Southern Oceans 632
Southern-Oceans Trade 632
Control of the Southern Seas 632
The East Indies: Acheh 634
Summary 635
Key Terms 635
Review Questions 635
Part 5
Enlightenment and Revolution
in the Atlantic World, 1700–1850
CHAPTER 21
The Age of European Enlightenment 637
The Scientific Revolution 638
Global Perspective: The European
Enlightenment 638
Nicolaus Copernicus Rejects an Earth-Centered
Universe 639
Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler 640
Galileo Galilei 641
Francis Bacon: The Empirical Method 642
Isaac Newton Discovers the Laws of Gravitation 643
Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution 644
John Locke 645
The Enlightenment 646
Voltaire 647
The Encyclopedia 647
The Enlightenment and Religion 649
Deism 649
Toleration 650
Islam in Enlightenment Thought 651
The Enlightenment and Society 653
Montesquieu and the Spirit of the Laws 653
Adam Smith on Economic Growth and Social Progress 654
Rousseau 654
Enlightened Critics of European Empire 655
Women in the Thought and Practice of the
Enlightenment 657
Enlightened Absolutism 659
Joseph II of Austria 659
A Closer Look: An Eighteenth-Century Artist
Appeals to the Ancient World 661
Catherine the Great of Russia 662
The Partition of Poland 664
Summary 664
Key Terms 665
Review Questions 665
CHAPTER 22
Revolutions in the Transatlantic World 667
Revolution in the British Colonies in
North America 668
Resistance to the Imperial Search for Revenue 668
Global Perspective: The Transatlantic
Revolutions 668
American Political Ideas 669
Crisis and Independence 669
Revolution in France 672
Revolutions of 1789 672
A Closer Look: Challenging the French
Political Order 674
Reconstruction of France 675
A Second Revolution 678
The Reign of Terror and Its Aftermath 679
The Napoleonic Era 682
The Congress of Vienna and the European Settlement 686
Wars of Independence in Latin America 689
Eighteenth-Century Developments 689
Revolution in Haiti 689
First Movements towards Independence on the South
American Continent 690
Eighteenth-Century Developments in the Spanish
Empire 690
San Martín in Río de la Plata 691
Simón Bolívar’s Liberation of Venezuela 691
Independence in New Spain 692
Brazilian Independence 693
Toward the Abolition of Slavery in the Transatlantic
Economy 693
Summary 696
Key Terms 697
Review Questions 697
CHAPTER 23
Political Consolidation in Nineteenth-Century
Europe and North America 699
The Emergence of Nationalism in Europe 700
Global Perspective: European and North American
Political Consolidation 700
Creating Nations 701
Meaning of Nationhood 701
Regions of Nationalistic Pressure in Europe 703
Early Nineteenth-Century Political Liberalism 704
Politics 704
Economics 704
Relationship of Nationalism and Liberalism 705
Liberalism and Nationalism in Modern
World History 705
Efforts to Liberalize Early Nineteenth-Century European
Political Structures 705
Russia : The Decembrist Revolt of 1825 and the Autocracy
of Nicholas I 705
Revolution in France (1830) 706
The Great Reform Bill in Britain (1832) 708
1848: Year of Revolutions in Europe 709
Testing the New American Republic 711
Toward Sectional Conflict 711
The Abolitionist Movement 714
The Canadian Experience 717
Road to Self-Government 717
Keeping a Distinctive Culture 718
Midcentury Political Consolidation in Europe 718
The Crimean War 718
Italian Unification 718
A Closer Look: The Crimean War Recalled 720
German Unification 722
The Franco-Prussian War and the German Empire 722
Unrest of Nationalities in Eastern Europe 723
Racial Theory and Anti-Semitism 725
Anti-Semitism and the Birth of Zionism 726
Summary 728
Key Terms 729
Review Questions 729
Part 6
Into the Modern World, 1815–1949
CHAPTER 24
Northern Transatlantic Economy and Society,
1815–1914 731
Global Perspective: The Building of Northern
Transatlantic Supremacy 732
European Factory Workers and Urban Artisans 733
Nineteenth-Century European Women 735
Women in the Early Industrial Revolution 735
Social Disabilities Confronted by All Women 736
New Employment Patterns for Women 738
Late Nineteenth-Century Working-Class Women 739
The Rise of Political Feminism 740
Jewish Emancipation 742
Early Steps to Equal Citizenship 742
Broadened Opportunities 742
European Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World
War I 743
The Working Classes in the Late
Nineteenth Century 743
Marxist Critique of the Industrial Order 744
Germany : Social Democrats and Revisionism 745
Great Britain : The Labour Party and Fabianism 747
Russia : Industrial Development and the Birth
of Bolshevism 748
A Closer Look: Bloody Sunday, Saint
Petersburg 1905 750
European Socialism in World History 751
North America and the New Industrial Economy 751
European Immigration to the United States 752
Unions: Organization of Labor 754
The Progressives 755
Social Reform 755
The Progressive Presidency 756
The Emergence of Modern European Thought 758
Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection 758
The Revolution in Physics 760
Friedrich Nietzsche and the Revolt against Reason 761
The Birth of Psychoanalysis 761
Islam and Late Nineteenth-Century European
Thought 763
Summary 763
Key Terms 764
Review Questions 764
CHAPTER 25
Latin America from Independence to the
1940s 766
Independence without Revolution 767
Immediate Consequences of Latin American
Independence767
Absence of Social Change 767
Control of the Land 767
Global Perspective: Latin American History 768
Submissive Political Philosophies 769
Economy of Dependence 773
New Exploitation of Resources 773
Increased Foreign Ownership and Influence 774
Economic Crises and New Directions 775
Search for Political Stability 775
Three National Histories 776
Argentina776
Mexico779
A Closer Look: Benito Juárez 781
Brazil785
Summary 789
Key Terms 790
Review Questions 790
CHAPTER 26
India, the Islamic Heartlands, and Africa,
1800–1945 792
THE INDIAN EXPERIENCE 793
British Dominance and Colonial Rule 793
Building the Empire: The First Half of the Nineteenth
Century 793
Global Perspective: The Challenge of Modernity:
India , Islam, and Africa 794
British-Indian Relations 795
From British Crown Raj to Independence 798
The Burden of Crown Rule 798
Indian Resistance 798
Hindu-Muslim Friction on the Road to Independence 800
A Closer Look: Gandhi and His Spinning Wheel 801
The Islamic Experience 802
Islamic Responses to Declining Power and
Independence 802
Western Political and Economic Encroachment 803
The Western Impact 805
Islamic Responses to Foreign Encroachment 805
Emulation of the West 805
Integration of Western and Islamic Ideas 807
Women and Reform in the Middle East 808
Purification and Revival of Islam 808
Nationalism 809
THE AFRICAN EXPERIENCE 810
New States and Power Centers 810
Southern Africa810
East and Central Africa 811
West Africa811
Islamic Reform Movements 811
Increasing European Involvement: Exploration
and Colonization 813
Explorers 814
Christian Missions 814
The Colonial “Scramble for Africa” 814
Patterns in European Colonial Rule and African
Resistance 817
The Rise of African Nationalism 818
Summary 819
Key Terms 820
Review Questions 820
Religions of the World: Islam 822
CHAPTER 27
Modern East Asia 824
Global Perspective: Modern East Asia 826
MODERN JAPAN (1853–1945) 825
Overthrow of the Tokugawa Bakufu (1853–1868) 825
A Closer Look: East Meets the West 828
Building the Meiji State (1868–1890) 827
Centralization of Power 829
Political Parties 831
The Constitution 831
Growth of a Modern Economy 832
First Phase: Model Industries 833
Second Phase: 1880s–1890s 833
Third Phase: 1905–1929 834
Fourth Phase: Depression and Recovery 836
The Politics of Imperial Japan (1890–1945) 836
From Confrontation to the Founding of the Seiyu–kai
(1890–1900) 836
The Golden Years of Meiji 837
Rise of the Parties to Power 838
Militarism and War (1927–1945) 840
Japanese Militarism and German Nazism 843
MODERN CHINA (1839–1949) 844
Close of Manchu Rule 844
The Opium War 844
Rebellions against the Manchu 846
Self-Strengthening and Decline (1874–1895) 848
The Borderlands: The Northwest, Vietnam, and Korea 850
From Dynasty to Warlordism (1895–1926) 852
Cultural and Ideological Ferment: The May Fourth
Movement 854
Nationalist China 855
Guomindang Unification of China and the Nanjing Decade
(1927–1937) 855
War and Revolution (1937–1949) 858
Summary 860
Key Terms 861
Review Questions 861
Part 7
Global Conflict and Change, 1900–Present
CHAPTER 28
Imperialism and World War I 863
Expansion of European Power and the
“New Imperialism” 864
Global Perspective: Imperialism and the
Great War 864
The New Imperialism 865
Motives for the New Imperialism 865
The “Scramble for Africa” 867
Emergence of the German Empire 872
Formation of the Triple Alliance (1873–1890) 872
Bismarck ’s Leadership (1873–1890) 873
Forging the Triple Entente (1890–1907) 874
World War I 877
The Road to War (1908–1914) 877
Sarajevo and the Outbreak of War
(June–August 1914) 878
Strategies and Stalemate (1914–1917) 00
A Closer Look: The Development of the
Armored Tank 882
The Russian Revolution 884
End of World War I 886
Military Resolution 886
Settlement at Paris 887
Evaluation of the Peace 891
Summary 892
Key Terms 893
Review Questions 893
CHAPTER 29
Depression, European Dictators, and the
American New Deal 895
After Versailles: Demands for Revision and
Enforcement 896
Toward the Great Depression in Europe 896
Global Perspective: The Interwar Period in Europe
and the United States 896
Problems in Agricultural Commodities 897
The Soviet Experiment 898
War Communism 899
The New Economic Policy 899
Stalin versus Trotsky 900
Decision for Rapid Industrialization 900
The Purges 903
The Fascist Experiment in Italy 904
Rise of Mussolini 905
The Fascists in Power 906
German Democracy and Dictatorship 907
The Weimar Republic 907
Depression and Political Deadlock 912
Hitler Comes to Power 912
Hitler’s Consolidation of Power 913
The Police State 914
Women in Nazi Germany 915
A Closer Look: The Nazi Party Rally 917
The Great Depression and the New Deal
in the United States 916
Economic Collapse 918
New Role for Government 919
Summary 920
Key Terms 921
Review Questions 921
CHAPTER 30
World War II 923
Again the Road to War (1933–1939) 924
Hitler’s Goals 924
Destruction of Versailles 924
Global Perspective: World War II 924
Italy Attacks Ethiopia 925
Remilitarization of the Rhineland 925
The Spanish Civil War 926
Austria and Czechoslovakia 928
Munich928
The Nazi–Soviet Pact 930
World War II (1939–1945) 931
German Conquest of Europe 931
Battle of Britain 932
German Attack on Russia 933
Hitler’s Europe 934
Racism and the Holocaust 934
The Road to Pearl Harbor 935
America’s Entry into the War 937
The Tide Turns 937
Defeat of Nazi Germany 939
Fall of the Japanese Empire 940
The Cost of War 941
The Domestic Fronts 941
Germany : From Apparent Victory to Defeat 941
France : Defeat, Collaboration, and Resistance 943
Great Britain : Organization for Victory 943
The United States: American Women and African Americans
in the War Effort 944
The Soviet Union: “The Great Patriotic War” 944
A Closer Look: The Vichy Regime in France 945
Preparations for Peace 946
The Atlantic Charter 947
Tehran947
Yalta947
Potsdam948
Summary 949
Key Terms 949
Review Questions 949
CHAPTER 31
The West since World War II 951
The Cold War Era 951
Areas of Early Cold War Conflict 951
Global Perspective: The West since 1945 951
NATO and the Warsaw Pact 955
Crises of 1956 956
The Cold War Intensified 957
Détente and Afterward 958
Toward Western European Unification 959
European Society in the Second Half of the Twentieth
Century and Beyond 961
Toward a Welfare State Society 961
Resistance to the Expansion of the Welfare State 962
The Movement of Peoples 963
The New Muslim Population 966
New Patterns in the Work and Expectations of Women 967
American Domestic Scene since World War II 968
Truman and Eisenhower Administrations 968
Civil Rights 969
New Social Programs 970
The Vietnam War and Domestic Turmoil 970
The Watergate Scandal 970
The Triumph of Political Conservatism 971
The Soviet Union to 1989 972
The Khrushchev Years 972
Brezhnev 973
Communism and Solidarity in Poland 973
Gorbachev Attempts to Redirect the Soviet Union 974
1989: Year of Revolutions in Eastern Europe 974
Solidarity Reemerges in Poland 975
Hungary Moves toward Independence 975
The Breach of the Berlin Wall and German Reunification 975
The Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia 975
A Closer Look: Collapse of the Berlin Wall 976
Violent Revolution in Romania 977
The Collapse of the Soviet Union 977
Renunciation of Communist Political Monopoly 977
The August 1991 Coup 978
The Yeltsin Years 979
The Collapse of Yugoslavia and Civil War 981
Challenges to the Atlantic Alliance
Challenges on the International Security Front 983
Strains over Environmental Policy 984
Summary 986
Key Terms 987
Review Questions 987
CHAPTER 32
East Asia: The Recent Decades 989
Japan 990
Global Perspective: Modern East Asia 990
The Occupation 991
Parliamentary Politics 993
Economic Growth 996
Society and Culture 998
Japan and the World 1000
China 1000
Soviet Period (1950–1960) 1001
A Closer Look: Trial of a Landlord 1002
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1965–1976) 1003
China after Mao 1004
Taiwan 1008
Korea 1010
Korea as a Japanese Colony 1010
North and South 1010
The Korean War and U.S. Involvement 1011
South Korea : Growth and Democracy 1012
North Korea1013
Vietnam 1013
The Colonial Backdrop 1013
The Anticolonial War 1014
The Vietnam War 1014
War with Cambodia 1015
Recent Developments 1016
Summary 1017
Key Terms 1017
Review Questions 1017
CHAPTER 33
Postcolonialism and Beyond: Latin America,
Africa, Asia, and the Middle East 1019
Beyond the Postcolonial Era 1020
Global Perspective: Democratization, Globalization,
and Terrorism 1020
Latin America since 1945 1023
Revolutionary Challenges 1026
Pursuit of Stability under the Threat of Revolution 1028
Continuity and Change in Recent Latin American
History 1030
A Closer Look: Mexican Farmers Protest
the North American Free Trade Agreement 1031
Postcolonial Africa 1030
The Transition to Independence 1032
The African Future 1036
Trade and Development 1038
The Islamic Heartlands, from North Africa to
Indonesia 1038
Turkey1039
Iran and Its Islamic Revolution 1040
Afghanistan and the Former Soviet Republics 1041
India1042
Pakistan and Bangladesh 1043
Indonesia and Malaysia 1044
The Postcolonial Middle East 1044
Postcolonial Nations in the Middle East 1044
The Arab-Israeli Conflict 1046
Middle Eastern Oil 1050
The Rise of Militant Islamism 1050
The Modern Middle Eastern Background 1051
Iraq : Intervention and Occupation 1052
Summary 1054
Key Terms 1055
Review Questions 1055
GLOSSARY G-1
SUGGESTED READINGS S-1
CREDITS C-1
INDEX I-1
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