What is included with this book?
Preface | p. xiii |
Fundamentals | |
Prologue | p. 3 |
The new "Plague" | p. 3 |
Global situation | p. 4 |
Sub-Saharan Africa | p. 5 |
The Caribbean | p. 5 |
South and South-East Asia | p. 6 |
Eastern Europe and Central Asia | p. 17 |
Latin America | p. 19 |
North America | p. 19 |
East Asia | p. 20 |
Other regions | p. 21 |
Situation in India | p. 23 |
Economic cost of the epidemic | p. 24 |
Challenges | p. 25 |
Fundamentals of Immunity | p. 27 |
Introduction | p. 27 |
Host defence mechanisms | p. 28 |
Immunoglobulins | p. 29 |
Passive immunity | p. 31 |
Active immunity | p. 31 |
Humoral immunity | p. 32 |
Cell-mediated immunity | p. 34 |
Mucosal immune system | p. 35 |
Vaccination | p. 36 |
Herd immunity | p. 36 |
Hypersensitivity | p. 37 |
Immune deficiency | p. 37 |
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) | p. 39 |
Retroviruses and HIV | p. 39 |
Structure of HIV | p. 41 |
Variants of HIV | p. 43 |
Target cells and organs | p. 46 |
Inactivation | p. 48 |
Routes of transmission | p. 48 |
Replication | p. 49 |
Origin of HIV | p. 50 |
Immunity to HIV? | p. 51 |
Social and Environmental Factors | p. 55 |
Social factors | p. 55 |
Biological factors | p. 57 |
Behavioural factors | p. 58 |
Socio-political factors | p. 60 |
Armed conflicts and natural calamities | p. 61 |
Religion and HIV/AIDS | p. 63 |
Immunopathology | p. 67 |
Primary infection | p. 67 |
Asymptomatic phase | p. 68 |
Advanced HIV infection and AIDS | p. 68 |
Opportunistic infections | p. 69 |
Hypersensitivity reactions | p. 72 |
Neurological disorders | p. 74 |
Malignancies | p. 74 |
Autoimmune disorders | p. 76 |
Natural History of HIV Infection | p. 79 |
Progression of HIV infection | p. 79 |
WHO clinical staging classification | p. 80 |
CDC classification | p. 81 |
Disease progression | p. 82 |
Long-term non-progressors | p. 82 |
Infection Control Methods | p. 85 |
Definitions | p. 85 |
Kinetics of sterilisation and disinfection | p. 86 |
Physical methods | p. 89 |
Chemical methods | p. 95 |
Barrier nursing | p. 107 |
Universal biosafety precautions | p. 107 |
Personal protective equipment (PPE) | p. 113 |
Management of biomedical waste | p. 115 |
Infection control checklist | p. 116 |
Diagnostic Aspects | |
Case Definitions | p. 123 |
Introduction | p. 123 |
NACO case definition for children (Upto 12 years of age) | p. 124 |
NACO case definition for adults | p. 125 |
WHO clinical case definitions | p. 125 |
AIDS-defining clinical conditions | p. 126 |
Systemic manifestations | p. 126 |
Laboratory Diagnosis of HIV Infection | p. 129 |
Purpose of HIV testing | p. 129 |
Types of tests | p. 130 |
Specific tests | p. 131 |
Testing protocols | p. 139 |
Strategies for HIV testing | p. 140 |
Quality assurance and safety | p. 141 |
Laboratory Diagnosis of Common Reproductive Tract and Sexually Transmitted Infections | p. 143 |
Bacterial vaginosis | p. 143 |
Infections in non-pregnant women | p. 145 |
Infections in pregnant women | p. 145 |
Need for laboratory diagnosis | p. 146 |
Tests for vaginal discharge | p. 146 |
Tests for urethral and endocervical discharge | p. 149 |
Laboratory tests for syphilis | p. 152 |
Clinical Aspects | |
Accidental Occupational Exposure | p. 161 |
Introduction | p. 161 |
Risk of HIV infection | p. 162 |
Prevention | p. 163 |
Management of accidental exposure | p. 163 |
Seeking specialist opinion | p. 168 |
HIV-Related Neurological Disorders | p. 171 |
AIDS dementia complex | p. 171 |
Vacuolar myelopathy | p. 172 |
Myopathies | p. 173 |
Peripheral neuropathy | p. 173 |
HIV-related headaches | p. 174 |
Seizures | p. 174 |
Cerebrovascular disease | p. 175 |
HIV-Related Psychological Disorders | p. 177 |
Psychological reactions to diagnosis | p. 177 |
Denial | p. 178 |
Effect of social stigma | p. 178 |
Living with HIV | p. 179 |
Role of the doctor | p. 179 |
Symptomatic HIV infection | p. 180 |
Psychological impact on providers | p. 180 |
Co-Infection with HIV and Tuberculosis | p. 183 |
Magnitude | p. 183 |
Sources of tuberculous infection | p. 185 |
Host factors | p. 185 |
Natural history of tuberculosis | p. 186 |
Pathogenesis and immunopathology | p. 187 |
Diagnostic techniques | p. 189 |
Directly observed treatment, short course | p. 189 |
HIV-tuberculosis co-infection | p. 191 |
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) | p. 194 |
Antiretroviral therapy in co-infection | p. 195 |
Prevention | p. 196 |
Research | p. 196 |
Sexually transmitted infections | p. 199 |
Introduction | p. 199 |
Co-infection with HIV with STIs | p. 200 |
Syndromic management of STIs | p. 201 |
Managing STIs in HIV-infected individuals | p. 203 |
Clinical aspects | p. 204 |
Antiretroviral Therapy | p. 211 |
Introduction | p. 211 |
Clinical and laboratory monitoring | p. 213 |
ARV therapy for adults and adolescents | p. 214 |
ARV therapy for women | p. 217 |
ARV therapy for infants and children | p. 218 |
ARV therapy for tuberculosis patients | p. 220 |
ARV therapy for injecting drug users | p. 220 |
Adherence to ARV therapy | p. 221 |
Surveillance of drug resistance | p. 223 |
Limitations of ARV therapy | p. 224 |
Appendices 1 - 6 | p. 228 |
Traditional ethnomedicinal systems and alternative therapies | p. 251 |
Introduction | p. 251 |
Types of "alternative" therapies | p. 252 |
Intricacies | p. 253 |
Role of the physician | p. 254 |
Ayurveda | p. 254 |
Siddha medicine | p. 255 |
Unani-Tibb | p. 256 |
Chinese medicine | p. 257 |
Homeopathy | p. 260 |
Herbal therapies | p. 260 |
Yoga | p. 264 |
Other alternative therapies | p. 266 |
Side effects and interactions | p. 267 |
Approach to alternative therapies | p. 268 |
Prevention And Control | |
Strategies for Prevention and Control | p. 275 |
Information, education and communication | p. 275 |
Preventing sexual transmission | p. 277 |
Preventing injecting drug use | p. 280 |
Preventing blood-borne transmission | p. 280 |
Antiretroviral therapy | p. 282 |
Specific prophylaxis | p. 282 |
Sexually transmitted infections: diagnosis and treatment | p. 283 |
Primary health care | p. 283 |
Targeted interventions | p. 283 |
Surveillance for HIV | p. 287 |
Introduction | p. 288 |
Types of HIV surveillance | p. 288 |
Epidemic projection package | p. 290 |
Case reporting | p. 290 |
HIV sentinel surveillance in India | p. 292 |
HIV sentinel surveillance-2005 | p. 293 |
Counselling | p. 297 |
Introduction | p. 297 |
Fundamentals of counselling | p. 298 |
HIV-related counselling | p. 299 |
Pre-test counselling | p. 301 |
Post-test counselling | p. 301 |
Partner counselling | p. 305 |
Counselling in special situations | p. 307 |
Referrals | p. 309 |
Evaluation of counselling | p. 310 |
Improving counselling services | p. 311 |
Voluntary Counselling and Testing Services | p. 313 |
Introduction | p. 313 |
Utility of VCT services | p. 314 |
Essential elements of VCT programme | p. 315 |
Methods for assessment | p. 315 |
Assessment of the community | p. 315 |
Organisational assessment | p. 316 |
Operational assessment | p. 316 |
Models for VCT service delivery | p. 318 |
Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission | p. 323 |
HIV infection in women | p. 323 |
Risk factors in pregnancy | p. 325 |
Probable timings for transmission | p. 326 |
Factors affecting MTCT | p. 327 |
Challenges in developing countries | p. 329 |
Possible intervention strategies | p. 329 |
Human Rights, Legal, and Ethical Issues | p. 337 |
Concepts | p. 337 |
Ethics in provision of health care | p. 338 |
Ethics in public education | p. 339 |
Ethical issues related to access | p. 340 |
Legal aspects | p. 340 |
Confidentiality | p. 342 |
Informed consent | p. 344 |
HIV testing and reporting | p. 345 |
Issues pertaining to treatment | p. 346 |
Issues pertaining to dying | p. 346 |
HIV and marriage | p. 347 |
Ethical issues in HIV/AIDS research | p. 348 |
Role of Health Care Providers | p. 355 |
Expectations from health care providers | p. 355 |
Continuing HIV education | p. 357 |
Role in public health | p. 358 |
Peer support organisations | p. 358 |
Preventive HIV Vaccine | p. 361 |
Introduction | p. 362 |
Study of immune responses | p. 363 |
Scientific obstacles | p. 364 |
Programme-related obstacles | p. 365 |
Various approaches | p. 366 |
Ethical issues | p. 368 |
India's role in HIV vaccine trials | p. 369 |
Conclusion | p. 369 |
Response to the HIV Epidemic in India | p. 373 |
Government's response | p. 373 |
National level programme management | p. 374 |
State-level programme management | p. 375 |
First phase of NACP | p. 375 |
Second phase of NACP | p. 378 |
National HIV policy | p. 379 |
Community response | p. 380 |
Private sector's response | p. 380 |
Conclusion | p. 381 |
Response to the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Thailand | p. 383 |
Introduction | p. 383 |
Response to the epidemic | p. 384 |
Current situation | p. 384 |
Conclusion | p. 385 |
Response to the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in China | p. 387 |
Introduction | p. 387 |
Phases of China's epidemic and response | p. 388 |
Geographical variations | p. 389 |
High-risk groups | p. 390 |
Conclusion | p. 392 |
Epilogue | p. 395 |
Early years of the epidemic | p. 395 |
Theories about aetiology | p. 396 |
Socio-political consequences | p. 397 |
AIDS activism | p. 397 |
The Red Ribbon | p. 398 |
Advent of HAART | p. 398 |
Effect on blood-banking | p. 399 |
The global response | p. 400 |
Two epidemics | p. 401 |
Strategies for prevention | p. 402 |
The future | p. 403 |
Index | p. 407 |
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