Homeland Security and Terrorism, Loose-Leaf Edition

by Gaines, Larry K; Kremling, Janine

• ISBN13: 9780135204931
• ISBN10: 0135204933
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Loose-leaf
• Copyright: 2018-04-09
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

NOTE: This edition features the same content as the traditional text in a convenient, three-hole-punched, loose-leaf version. Student Value Editions also offer a great value; this format costs significantly less than a new textbook. Before purchasing, check with your instructor or review your course syllabus to ensure that you select the correct ISBN.

For introductory courses in homeland security.

A complete picture of homeland security and terrorism – past and present
Homeland Security provides a comprehensive overview of homeland security and terrorism. Acknowledging that homeland security is primarily a response to terrorism, the text examines the threats and operations of terrorist organizations before moving on to U.S. counterterrorism efforts. Homeland security measures are assessed alongside laws and presidential directives from the early 2000s to the present day. The 2nd edition includes new analysis of hotly contested issues such as immigration and border security, cybercrime and cybersecurity, the disaster response system (FEMA), and U.S. government guidance on protecting critical infrastructure and key assets from acts of terrorism.

Author Biography

Larry K. Gaines currently is a professor and chair of the Criminal Justice Department at California State University at San Bernardino. He received his doctorate in criminal justice from Sam Houston State University. He has police experience with the Kentucky State Police and the Lexington, Kentucky, Police Department. Additionally, he served as the executive director of the Kentucky Association of Chiefs of Police for 14 years. Dr. Gaines is also a past president of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. His research centers on policing and drugs. In addition to numerous articles, he has coauthored a number of books in the field: Police Operations; Police Administration; Managing the Police Organization; Community Policing: A Contemporary Perspective; Policing Perspectives: An Anthology; Policing in America; Drugs, Crime, and Justice; Criminal Justice in Action; and Readings in White Collar Crime. His current research agenda involves the evaluation of police tactics in terms of their effectiveness in reducing problems and fitting within the community policing paradigm. He is also researching the issue of racial profiling in a number of California cities.

Janine Kremling is an Associate Professor at California State University San Bernardino. She has taught a wide variety of classes, such as transnational crime, which includes components of homeland security and terrorism. She has also published three textbooks: Cyberspace, Cybersecurity, and Cybercrime (2017) with Amanda Sharp-Parker; Why Students Resist Learning (2016) with Anton Tolman; and Drugs, Crime, and Justice (2014) as coauthor with Larry Gaines. 

Table of Contents

1. Introduction to Homeland Security
Introduction
American and Terrorist Attacks
What Is Homeland Security
    Homeland Security Missions and Goals
    Definitional Issues and Homeland Security
    Collateral Benefits from Homeland Security
The Scope of Homeland Security
Pre-9/11 Efforts to Improve Homeland Security
The 9/11 Commission Report
The National Strategy for Homeland Security
    Intelligence and Warning
    Border and Transportation Security
    Domestic Counterterrorism
    Protecting Critical Infrastructure
    Defend against Catastrophic Events
    Emergency Preparedness and Response
    Legal Initiatives
    Science and Technology
    Information Sharing and Systems
    International Cooperation
Costs of Homeland Security
    Indirect Costs
Summary

2. Homeland Security Apparatus
Introduction
Department of Homeland Security
Political Considerations in the Creation of the Department of Homeland Security
    White House and Congressional Oversight
    Agency Confusion and Mission Distortion
The Structure of the Department of Homeland Security
    DHS Administrative and Support Agencies
    Transportation Security Administration
    U.S. Customs and Border Protection
    U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
    Immigration Enforcement
    Investigating Illegal Movement of People and Goods
         U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
         U.S. Secret Service
         U.S. Coast Guard
    Federal Emergency Management Agency
    Federal Law Enforcement Training Center
    Domestic Nuclear Detection Office
Department of Defense and Homeland Security
State-Level Homeland Security
Summary

3. Overview of National Infrastructure Protection
Introduction
Threats to Critical Infrastructure
Federal Agencies Involved in the Protection of American Assets
Scope of American Critical Infrastructure Assets
Critical Infrastructure Sectors
National Critical Infrastructure Prioritization Program
The National Infrastructure Protection Plan: Conceptual Operation of Homeland Security Protection
    Set Goals and Objectives
    Identify Infrastructure
    Assess and Analyze Risks
    Implement Risk Management Activities
    Measure Effectiveness
Critique of the National Infrastructure Protection Plan Model
A Bottom-Up Approach
The Buffer Zone Protection Plan
The Reality of Critical Infrastructure Protection: States’ Responsibilities
Key Critical Infrastructure Sectors
    Water and Wastewater Systems
    Chemical Sector
    Commercial Facilities Sector
    Communications Sector
    Critical Manufacturing Sector
    Dams Sector
    Defense Industrial Base Sector
    Emergency Services Sector
    Energy
    Transportation Security
    Ground Transportation
Infrastructure from the Terrorists’ Viewpoint
Complacency: The Threat to Homeland Security
Summary

4. The Legal Aspects of Homeland Security
Introduction
Presidential Executive Orders and Directives
    Executive Orders of President Clinton
    Executive Orders of President George W. Bush
    Executive Orders of President Barack Obama
    Executive Orders of President Donald Trump
Federal Antiterrorism Statutes
    Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996
    The USA Patriot Act
U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
Summary

5. Political and Social Foundations of Terrorism
Introduction
    Continuum of Social Conflict
Defining Terrorism
A Brief History of Terrorism
    Early Forms of Terrorism
    The French Revolution
    Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth Century Terrorism
    Terrorism in the Late Twentieth Century
    Terrorism in Early America
    Terrorism Today
The Roots and Causes of Terrorism
    Globalization
    Religion
    Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
    Russian Invasion of Afghanistan
    Wahhabism
    Authoritarian Governments
    Failed States and Terrorism
Individual Explanations of Terrorism
Types of Terrorism
    State-Sponsored Terrorism
    Dissent Terrorism
    Terrorists on the Left and Right
    Religious Terrorism
    Criminal Terrorism
Level of Terrorist Activities
Strategies for Dealing with Terrorism
    Crushing Terrorist Groups Unilaterally
    Crushing Terrorist Groups Multilaterally
    Containment
    Defense
    Diversion
    Delegitimation
    Transforming Terrorist Breeding Grounds
Women Terrorists
Summary

6. The Nature and Geography of Terrorist Groups, State Sponsors of Terror, and Safe Havens
Introduction
Foreign Terrorist Organizations
    Middle East and North Africa Groups
    African Groups
    Asian Groups
    Latin American Groups
    European Groups
Terrorism in America
    Radical Muslim-Inspired Terrorism
    Right-Wing Terrorists and Militias
    Eco-Terrorism and Animal Rights Groups
Summary

7. Transnational Organized Crime and Terrorism
Introduction
Defining Transnational Organized Crime
Distinguishing Types or Categories of Crime
Impact of Transnational Organized Crime
Conditions Facilitating Transnational Organized Crime
Networking: The Etiology of Transnational Organized Crime Groups
    Political Models
    Economic Models
    Social Models
How Transnational Crime Is Organized
    Standard Hierarchy
    Regional Hierarchy
    Clustered Hierarchy
    Core Group
    Criminal Network
Transnational Organized Crime Activities
    Drug Trafficking
    Human Trafficking
    Smuggling of Technology and WMD Materials
    Arms Trafficking
    Trafficking in Precious Gems
    Piracy
    Non-Drug Contraband Smuggling
    Counterfeiting
    Theft
    Financial Fraud
    Environmental Crimes
Failed States and Transnational Organized Crime and Terrorism
Links between Transnational Organized Crime and Terrorist Organizations
The Continuum of Terrorism and Transnational Organized Crime
Incentives for TOC and Terrorist Organizations to Cooperate
Summary

8. Intelligence and Counterintelligence and Terrorism
Introduction
    Intelligence Failure—What Does It Mean?
Advisory
The Director of National Intelligence
    National Counterterrorism Center
Conceptual Overview of Homeland Security Intelligence
Types of Intelligence Collection Activities
    Human Intelligence
    Signals Intelligence
    Measures and Signatures Intelligence
    Imagery Intelligence
    Open-Source Intelligence
Agencies within the American Intelligence Community
    Central Intelligence Agency
    Defense Intelligence Agency
    Department of Energy
    Department of Homeland Security
    Department of State
    Department of the Treasury
    Drug Enforcement Administration
    Federal Bureau of Investigation
    National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
    National Reconnaissance Office
    National Security Agency
    Armed Services Intelligence
Intersection of Policy Decisions and Intelligence: The Intelligence Cycle
    Joint Special Operations Command Specialized Military Antiterrorism Agencies
Counterintelligence
The Globalization of Intelligence
    Domestic Industrial Espionage
Summary

9. Homeland Security and Weapons of Mass Destruction
The National Terrorism Advisory System: Warning the American People
Introduction
    Defining Weapons of Mass Destruction
    National Terrorism Advisory System
History of the Deployment of WMDs
    Historical Precedents for Biological WMDs
    Historical Precedents for Chemical WMDs
The Threat of Nuclear Weapons of Mass Destruction: Destructiveness, Potential for Use, and Availability
Nuclear and Radiological WMDs
    Availability of Nuclear Materials
    Nuclear Bombs or Weapons
    The Spread of Nuclear Material and Information
    Smuggling Nuclear Weapons and Materials
         Terrorist Attacks Using Dirty Bombs and Attacks on Nuclear Facilities
Biological Weapons of Mass Destruction
    Types of Biological Weapons
    How Biological Weapons Work
    Creating Biological Weapons
    Threat Assessment and Biological Weapons
Chemical Weapons of Mass Destruction
    Advantages of Chemical Weapons
    Weaponizing Chemicals
Factors Constraining Terrorists from Using WMDs
Relative Destructiveness of WMDs
    Examining Which Groups Might Use WMDs
Summary

10. Cybercrime and Terrorism
Introduction
Methods of Attacking Cyber Infrastructure
    Tools Used in Hacking and Cyberattacks
What Is Cyber Terrorism?
Distinguishing Hacking, Cybercrime, Cyber Terrorism, and Cyber Warfare
    Cybercrime
    Cyber Warfare
Points of Cyberattacks
Cyber Terrorism
Physical Attacks on Communications Infrastructure
Significant Cyber Gaps
Deterring Cyber Intrusions and Attacks
Terrorists’ Use of the Internet
    Terrorists and Social Media
    Overview of Terrorist Websites
    Audiences
    How Terrorists Use the Internet
    Terrorists and Social Media
Agencies Charged with Combating Cyber Terrorism
    FBI’s Cybercrime Division
    Department of Homeland Security’s Cyber Security Systems
Summary

11. Terrorist Financing
Introduction
Terrorist Financing of the 9/11 Attacks
Distinguishing Terrorist Financing and Money Laundering
Federal Mechanisms Used to Counter Terrorist Financing and Money Laundering
    U.S. Enforcement Actions
    Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering
Means and Methods of Terrorist Financial Transactions
Earning and Acquiring Resources
    Donor Support of Terrorism
    Criminal Activity
    Charities
    Legitimate Businesses
Moving or Laundering Money
    Precious Commodities
    Banking and Wire Transfers
    Money Brokers or Hawaladars
Storing or Banking Money
Black Market Oil and Gas
Saudi Arabia’s Financing of Terrorism: An American Conundrum
Identity Fraud and Theft
    Real ID Act
    Breeder Documents and the Mechanics of Identity Fraud
Terrorists’ Financial Needs
Summary

12. Border Security and Immigration
Introduction
Immigration
Originating Countries of American Immigrants
Border Security Issues
    Illegal Border Migration: A Case Study in Tucson
    Border Apprehensions
    Terrorist Infiltration via Illegal Immigration
Border Protection Philosophy after 9/11
    Secure Border Initiative
    The Border Security and Immigration Enforcement Improvements Executive Order
    Increase in Customs and Border Protection Agents
    Expanded Detention and Removal Capabilities
    Improved Technology
    Increased Infrastructure Protection (Fencing)
    Enhanced Enforcement of Immigration Laws: Interior Enforcement as Deterrence
    Formulating a Coherent Policy for Border Security
US-Visit Program
Types of Visas
Non-Visa or Visa Waiver Program
Vehicular Screening at Border Crossings
Port and Marine Security
    CTPAT and CSI
Summary

13. The Response to Homeland Security Incidents
Introduction
FEMA: The Primary Response Agency When Disaster Occurs
Response Goals and Objectives
National Response Framework
National Response Framework: An Analysis
    Local Responsibilities under the National Response Framework
    State Responsibilities under the National Response Framework
    Federal Responsibilities under the National Response Framework
Response as Dictated by the National Response Framework
    Prevention
    Protection and Prevention Core Capabilities
    Mitigation/Recovery
    Roles and Responsibilities of Community Entities
    Response
    Recovery
Critique of Past Responses and the National Response Framework
Procedures for Activating Federal Assistance in an Emergency
National Incident Management System
    Preparedness
    Communications and Information Management
    Resource Management
    Command and Management at an Incident
    Ongoing Management and Maintenance
Medical Response to Critical Incidents
National Response Teams
Summary

14. Homeland Security and Policing
Introduction
Community Policing and Homeland Security
Police Departments and Homeland Security: Where Are We?
Policing Muslim Communities
Homeland Security Public Education Programming
Examining Police Calls for Service for Terrorist Leads
Police Efforts to Safeguard Local Critical Infrastructure
    Critical Incident Response Plans
    Partnerships between Law Enforcement and Critical Infrastructure Security Personnel
    Private Security
Police Organization and Terrorism
Intelligence-Led Policing
    The Intelligence Process
    Sources of Intelligence Raw Data
    Intelligence Products
    Tactical and Strategic Intelligence
Fusion Centers
Police Tactical Considerations
    Immediate Police Response to an Act of Terrorism
New York City: A Case Study in Local Homeland Security
Summary