Study Guide for Human Anatomy & Physiology

by Marieb, Elaine Nicpon

• ISBN13: 9780805343694
• ISBN10: 0805343695
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson

Table of Contents

1 The Human Body: An Orientation	1	(23)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	2	(15)
An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology	2	(1)
The Hierarchy of Structural Organization Maintaining Life	8	(1)
Homeostasis	9	(2)
The Language of Anatomy	11	(6)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	17	(3)
At the Clinic	17	(1)
Stop and Think	18	(2)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	20	(4)
Multiple Choice	20	(3)
Word Dissection	23	(1)
2 Chemistry Comes Alive	24	(28)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	25	(19)
Part I: Basic Chemistry	25	(1)
Definition of Concepts: Matter and Energy	25	(1)
Composition of Matter: Atoms and Elements	26	(1)
How Matter Is Combined: Molecules and Mixtures	27	(2)
Chemical Bonds	29	(3)
Chemical Reactions	32	(1)
Part II: Biochemistry: The Composition and Reactions of Living Matter	33	(1)
Inorganic Compounds	33	(2)
Organic Compounds	35	(7)
The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for Biochemistry	42	(2)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	44	(4)
At the Clinic	44	(1)
Stop and Think	45	(3)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	48	(4)
Multiple Choice	48	(3)
Word Dissection	51	(1)
3 Cells: The Living Units	52	(28)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	53	(19)
Overview of the Cellular Basis of Life	53	(1)
The Plasma Membrane: Structure and Functions	54	(6)
The Cytoplasm	60	(4)
The Nucleus	64	(1)
Cell Growth and Reproduction	65	(5)
Extracellular Materials	70	(1)
Developmental Aspects of Cells	70	(1)
The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Cell	71	(1)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	72	(4)
At the Clinic	72	(2)
Stop and Think	74	(2)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	76	(4)
Multiple Choice	76	(2)
Word Dissection	78	(2)
4 Tissue: The Living Fabric	80	(21)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	81	(14)
Overview of Body Tissues	81	(3)
Epithelial Tissue	84	(4)
Connective Tissue	88	(3)
Epithelial Membranes	91	(1)
Muscle Tissue	92	(1)
Nervous Tissue	93	(1)
Tissue Repair	93	(1)
Developmental Aspects of Tissues	94	(1)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	95	(2)
At the Clinic	95	(1)
Stop and Think	96	(1)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	97	(4)
Multiple Choice	97	(3)
Word Dissection	100	(1)
5 The Integumentary System	101	(19)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	102	(11)
The Skin	102	(4)
Appendages of the Skin	106	(3)
Functions of the Integumentary System	109	(1)
Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin	110	(1)
Developmental Aspects of the Integumentary System	111	(1)
The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Skin	111	(2)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	113	(3)
At the Clinic	113	(1)
Stop and Think	114	(2)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	116	(4)
Multiple Choice	116	(2)
Word Dissection	118	(2)
6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues	120	(23)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	121	(16)
Skeletal Cartilages	121	(1)
Functions of the Bones	122	(1)
Classification of Bones	122	(1)
Bone Structure	123	(3)
Bone Development (Osteogenesis)	126	(3)
Bone Homeostasis: Remodeling and Repair	129	(5)
Homeostatic Imbalances of Bone	134	(1)
Developmental Aspects of Bones: Timing of Events	134	(2)
The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Skeletal System	136	(1)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	137	(3)
At the Clinic	137	(1)
Stop and Think	138	(2)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	140	(3)
Multiple Choice	140	(2)
Word Dissection	142	(1)
7 The Skeleton	143	(29)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	144	(20)
Part I: The Axial Skeleton	146	(1)
The Skull	146	(4)
The Vertebral Column	150	(4)
The Bony Thorax	154	(1)
Part II: The Appendicular Skeleton	155	(1)
The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle and the Upper Limb	155	(5)
The Pelvic (Hip) Girdle and the Lower Limb	160	(3)
Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton	163	(1)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	164	(4)
At the Clinic	164	(3)
Stop and Think	167	(1)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	168	(4)
Multiple Choice	168	(2)
Word Dissection	170	(2)
8 Joints	172	(16)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	173	(9)
Classification of Joints	173	(1)
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial Joints	174	(6)
Homeostatic Imbalances of Joints	180	(1)
Developmental Aspects of Joints	181	(1)
The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Knee Joint	181	(1)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	182	(3)
At the Clinic	182	(1)
Stop and Think	183	(2)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	185	(3)
Multiple Choice	185	(2)
Word Dissection	187	(1)
9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue	188	(26)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	189	(17)
Overview of Muscle Tissues	189	(2)
Skeletal Muscle	191	(11)
Smooth Muscle	202	(2)
Developmental Aspects of Muscles	204	(1)
The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for Skeletal Muscle Tissue	205	(1)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	206	(4)
At the Clinic	206	(1)
Stop and Think	207	(3)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	210	(4)
Multiple Choice	210	(3)
Word Dissection	213	(1)
10 The Muscular System	214	(33)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	215	(26)
Muscle Mechanics: The Importance of Leverage and Fascicle Arrangement	215	(3)
Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body	218	(1)
Naming Skeletal Muscles	218	(1)
Major Skeletal Muscles of the Body	219	(22)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	241	(3)
At the Clinic	241	(2)
Stop and Think	243	(1)
Closer Connections: Checking the Systems--Covering, Support, and Movement	243	(1)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	244	(3)
Multiple Choice	244	(2)
Word Dissection	246	(1)
11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue	247	(26)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	248	(18)
Organization of the Nervous System	248	(2)
Histology of Nervous Tissue	250	(6)
Neurophysiology	256	(7)
Basic Concepts of Neural Integration	263	(2)
Developmental Aspects of Neurons	265	(1)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	266	(3)
At the Clinic	266	(1)
Stop and Think	267	(2)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	269	(4)
Multiple Choice	269	(3)
Word Dissection	272	(1)
12 The Central Nervous System	273	(30)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	274	(20)
The Brain	274	(15)
The Spinal Cord	289	(3)
Diagnostic Procedures for Assessing CNS Dysfunction	292	(1)
Developmental Aspects of the Central Nervous System	292	(1)
The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Nervous System	293	(1)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	294	(5)
At the Clinic	294	(3)
Stop and Think	297	(2)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	299	(4)
Multiple Choice	299	(3)
Word Dissection	302	(1)
13 The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity	303	(24)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	304	(16)
Overview of the Peripheral Nervous System	304	(5)
Cranial Nerves	309	(3)
Spinal Nerves	312	(4)
Reflex Activity	316	(4)
Developmental Aspects of the Peripheral Nervous System	320	(1)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	320	(4)
At the Clinic	320	(2)
Stop and Think	322	(2)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	324	(3)
Multiple Choice	324	(2)
Word Dissection	326	(1)
14 The Autonomic Nervous System	327	(14)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	328	(8)
Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System	328	(2)
Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System	330	(3)
Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System	333	(2)
Homeostatic Imbalances of the Autonomic Nervous System	335	(1)
Developmental Aspects of the Autonomic Nervous System	335	(1)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	336	(3)
At the Clinic	336	(2)
Stop and Think	338	(1)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	339	(2)
Multiple Choice	339	(1)
Word Dissection	340	(1)
15 Neural Integration	341	(20)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	342	(12)
Sensory Integration: From Reception to Perception	342	(4)
Motor Integration: From Intention to Effect	346	(5)
Higher Mental Functions	351	(3)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	354	(3)
At the Clinic	354	(2)
Stop and Think	356	(1)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	357	(4)
Multiple Choice	357	(2)
Word Dissection	359	(2)
16 The Special Senses	361	(30)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	362	(20)
The Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell	362	(3)
The Eye and Vision	365	(9)
The Ear: Hearing and Balance	374	(6)
Developmental Aspects of the Special Senses	380	(1)
The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Special Senses	381	(1)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	382	(4)
At the Clinic	382	(2)
Stop and Think	384	(2)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	386	(5)
Multiple Choice	386	(3)
Word Dissection	389	(2)
17 The Endocrine System	391	(22)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	392	(14)
The Endocrine System and Hormone Function: An Overview	392	(2)
Hormones	394	(2)
Major Endocrine Organs	396	(8)
Other Hormone-Producing Structures	404	(1)
Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System	404	(1)
The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Endocrine System	405	(1)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	406	(4)
At the Clinic	406	(2)
Stop and Think	408	(1)
Closer Connections: Checking the Systems--Regulation and Integration of the Body	409	(1)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	410	(3)
Multiple Choice	410	(2)
Word Dissection	412	(1)
18 Blood	413	(23)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	414	(14)
Overview: Composition and Functions of Blood	414	(1)
Blood Plasma	415	(1)
Formed Elements	416	(6)
Hemostasis	422	(2)
Transfusion and Blood Replacement	424	(1)
Diagnostic Blood Tests	425	(1)
Developmental Aspects of Blood	426	(1)
The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Blood	426	(2)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	428	(4)
At the Clinic	428	(3)
Stop and Think	431	(1)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	432	(4)
Multiple Choice	432	(3)
Word Dissection	435	(1)
19 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart	436	(24)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	437	(16)
Heart Anatomy	437	(4)
Blood Supply to the Heart: Coronary Circulation	441	(1)
Properties of Cardiac Muscle Fibers	442	(2)
Heart Physiology	444	(8)
Developmental Aspects of the Heart	452	(1)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	453	(3)
At the Clinic	453	(2)
Stop and Think	455	(1)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	456	(4)
Multiple Choice	456	(3)
Word Dissection	459	(1)
20 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels	460	(37)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	461	(27)
Overview of Blood Vessel Structure and Function	461	(5)
Physiology of Circulation	466	(7)
Circulatory Pathways: Blood Vessels of the Body	473	(13)
Developmental Aspects of the Blood Vessels	486	(1)
The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Circulatory System	487	(1)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	488	(5)
At the Clinic	488	(3)
Stop and Think	491	(2)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	493	(4)
Multiple Choice	493	(2)
Word Dissection	495	(2)
21 The Lymphatic System	497	(15)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	498	(8)
Lymphatic Vessels	498	(3)
Lymphoid Cells, Tissues, and Organs: An Overview	501	(1)
Lymph Nodes	502	(2)
Other Lymphoid Organs	504	(2)
Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System	506	(1)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	506	(3)
At the Clinic	506	(2)
Stop and Think	508	(1)
Closer Connections: Checking the Systems--Circulation and Protection	508	(1)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	509	(3)
Multiple Choice	509	(2)
Word Dissection	511	(1)
22 Nonspecific Body Defenses and Immunity	512	(26)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	513	(19)
Part I: Nonspecific Body Defenses	513	(1)
Surface Membrane Barriers	513	(1)
Nonspecific Cellular and Chemical Defenses	514	(5)
Part II: Specific Body Defenses: Immunity	519	(1)
Antigens	519	(1)
Cells of the Immune System: An Overview	519	(3)
Humoral Immune Response	522	(2)
Cell-Mediated Immune Response	524	(4)
Homeostatic Imbalances of Immunity	528	(2)
Developmental Aspects of the Immune System	530	(1)
The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Immune System	531	(1)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	532	(3)
At the Clinic	532	(2)
Stop and Think	534	(1)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	535	(3)
Multiple Choice	535	(2)
Word Dissection	537	(1)
23 The Respiratory System	538	(32)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	539	(23)
Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System	539	(10)
Mechanics of Breathing	549	(4)
Gas Exchanges in the Body	553	(2)
Transport of Respiratory Gases by Blood	555	(2)
Control of Respiration	557	(1)
Respiratory Adjustments During Exercise and at High Altitudes	558	(1)
Homeostatic Imbalances of the Respiratory System	559	(1)
Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System	560	(1)
The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Respiratory System	560	(2)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	562	(4)
At the Clinic	562	(2)
Stop and Think	564	(2)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	566	(4)
Multiple Choice	566	(2)
Word Dissection	568	(2)
24 The Digestive System	570	(32)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	571	(22)
Overview of the Digestive System	571	(6)
Functional Anatomy of the Digestive System	577	(11)
Physiology of Chemical Digestion and Absorption	588	(2)
Developmental Aspects of the Digestive System	590	(1)
The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Digestive System	591	(2)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	593	(3)
At the Clinic	593	(2)
Stop and Think	595	(1)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	596	(6)
Multiple Choice	596	(4)
Word Dissection	600	(2)
25 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation	602	(27)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	603	(19)
Nutrition	603	(4)
Metabolism	607	(12)
Body Energy Balance	619	(2)
Developmental Aspects of Nutrition and Metabolism	621	(1)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	622	(4)
At the Clinic	622	(2)
Stop and Think	624	(2)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	626	(3)
Multiple Choice	626	(2)
Word Dissection	628	(1)
26 The Urinary System	629	(25)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	630	(17)
Kidney Anatomy	632	(4)
Kidney Physiology: Mechanisms of Urine Formation	636	(7)
Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra Micturition	643	(1)
Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System	644	(2)
The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Urinary System	646	(1)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	647	(3)
At the Clinic	647	(2)
Stop and Think	649	(1)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	650	(4)
Multiple Choice	650	(3)
Word Dissection	653	(1)
27 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance	654	(20)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	655	(13)
Body Fluids	655	(3)
Water Balance	658	(2)
Electrolyte Balance	660	(2)
Acid-Base Balance	662	(5)
Developmental Aspects of Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance	667	(1)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	668	(3)
At the Clinic	668	(1)
Stop and Think	669	(2)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	671	(3)
Multiple Choice	671	(2)
Word Dissection	673	(1)
28 The Reproductive System	674	(25)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	675	(17)
Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System	675	(3)
Physiology of the Male Reproductive System	678	(4)
Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System	682	(3)
Physiology of the Female Reproductive System	685	(3)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases	688	(1)
Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System: Chronology of Sexual Development	689	(1)
The Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Reproductive System	690	(2)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	692	(2)
At the Clinic	692	(1)
Stop and Think	693	(1)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	694	(5)
Multiple Choice	694	(3)
Word Dissection	697	(2)
29 Pregnancy and Human Development	699	(23)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	700	(14)
From Egg to Embryo	700	(5)
Events of Embryonic Development	705	(3)
Events of Fetal Development	708	(3)
Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother	711	(1)
Parturition (Birth)	712	(1)
Adjustments of the Infant to Extrauterine Life	713	(1)
Lactation	713	(1)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	714	(4)
At the Clinic	714	(2)
Stop and Think	716	(2)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	718	(4)
Multiple Choice	718	(2)
Word Dissection	720	(2)
30 Heredity	722	(15)
BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK	723	(8)
The Vocabulary of Genetics	723	(1)
Sexual Sources of Genetic Variation	724	(1)
Types of Inheritance	725	(3)
The Influence of Environmental Factors on Gene Expression	728	(1)
Nontraditional Inheritance	729	(1)
Genetic Screening, Counseling, and Therapy	729	(2)
CHALLENGING YOURSELF	731	(3)
At the Clinic	731	(2)
Stop and Think	733	(1)
COVERING ALL YOUR BASES	734	(3)
Multiple Choice	734	(1)
Word Dissection	735	(2)
Epilogue: A Day in the Life	737	(10)
Appendix A Answers	747	(130)
Appendix B How to Use A.D.A.M. with This Study Guide	877