Human Behavior in the Social Environment A Multidimensional Perspective (with InfoTrac)

by Ashford, Jose B.; LeCroy, Craig Winston

• ISBN13: 9780534359157
• ISBN10: 0534359159
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-08-24
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

In this revision of their ground-breaking book, the authors offer an even more balanced, integrated, and applied text. In addition, the book's multidimensional framework, integration of the biopsychosocial dimensions for assessing social functioning, attention to foundation knowledge and diversity, and use of case studies to illuminate the applied aspects of HBSE content all combine to give readers an experience that is meaningful and exciting. Using a unique, multidimensional framework for assessing behavior, the authors look at biopsychosocial development across the life span. Essentially, the framework provides a concrete tool for the reader to assess human behavior from a perspective that truly reflects the values and knowledge base of the social work profession. Lively and comprehensive, this book succeeds by helping students connect foundation knowledge with practice concerns.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
A Multidimensional Framework for Assessing Social Functioning	1	(36)
Focus on Theory: Approaches to Assessing Social Functioning	5	(2)
Focus on the Social Environment: School Shootings and Noticeable Gaps in the News	7	(2)
Why Do Social Workers Study Human Behavior and the Social Environment?	8	(1)
Focus on Spirituality: The Spiritual Dimension in Assessing Human Behavior	9	(2)
Dimensions of Human Behavior and the Social Environment	11	(1)
What Is Social Functioning?	12	(1)
Focus on Diversity: The Dual Perspective	13	(1)
Social Competence Models and Strengths Perspective	14	(3)
Focus on Diversity: Psychiatric Diagnosis and Cultural Diversity	17	(1)
The Person-in-Environment System	18	(2)
Focus on Narrative: Life's Troubles	20	(1)
Models Involving Stress and Coping	21	(3)
Life-Span versus Life-Course Perspectives on Human Development	24	(1)
Focus on Narrative: High School and College Transitional Experiences	25	(3)
The Biopsychosocial Interaction	28	(2)
Multidimensional Framework	29	(1)
Applying the Multidimensional Framework	30	(1)
Biophysical Hypotheses	30	(1)
Psychological Hypotheses	31	(1)
Social Hypotheses	32	(1)
Selecting Interventions Based on Hypotheses	33	(4)
Overview	33	(1)
Summary	34	(3)
The Biophysical Dimension for Assessing Social Functioning	37	(32)
Focus on Theory: Evolution and Evolutionary Psychological Assumptions	40	(2)
Biophysical Growth and Development	41	(1)
Focus on Theory: What Is Sociobiology?	42	(1)
Genetics and Human Behavior	43	(6)
Focus on Genetics: Genetic and Environmental Effects on Human Behavior	49	(7)
Biochemical Systems and Behavior Growth and Development of Neurons	56	(1)
Focus on Theory: Neurons in Their Environment (NIE)	57	(5)
Biophysical Hazards	61	(1)
Cancer	62	(1)
Cardiovascular System Problems	62	(2)
Respiratory System Problems	64	(1)
Endocrine System Problems	65	(4)
Overview	67	(1)
Summary	67	(2)
The Psychological Dimension for Assessing Social Functioning	69	(34)
Focus on Theory: Psychodynamic Theory	71	(2)
Focus on Theory: Erikson's Psychosocial Development	73	(1)
Cognitive Development and Information Processing	74	(1)
Jean Piaget's Structural Approach to Cognition	74	(2)
Information Processing	76	(5)
Focus on Theory: Learning Theories	81	(2)
Focus on Theory: Social-Learning Theory	83	(2)
Focus on Theory: Implicit Memory: A Form of Remembering Without Awareness	85	(1)
Focus on Psychology: Information-Processing Functions in Remembering a Phone Number	86	(5)
Attitudes and Emotions	91	(1)
The Nature and Functions of Attitudes	91	(1)
Focus on Research: Attitudes of African-American Homeless Men	92	(2)
Focus on Theory: Theories of Attitudes and Their Change	94	(1)
Emotions	95	(1)
Focus on Sociological Theory: Shame and the Sociology of Emotions	96	(7)
Social Cognition and Regulation	98	(2)
Psychological Hazards	100	(1)
Overview	100	(1)
Summary	100	(3)
The Social Dimension for Assessing Social Functioning	103	(50)
Focus on Theory: Ecological Systems Theory	105	(4)
Families, Groups, Support Systems, and Contexts	108	(1)
Defining the Family	109	(1)
The Family Life Cycle	109	(4)
Groups as Social Subsystems	113	(6)
Support Systems	119	(3)
Contexts: Communities, Organizations, and Institutions	122	(5)
Focus on Theory: Weber's Topology of Rational Action	127	(3)
Focus on Theory: Modern Functionalism	130	(2)
Multicultural and Gender Considerations	132	(1)
Racial and Ethical Considerations	132	(7)
Focus on Multiculturalism: One Girl's Reflection on Being Biracial	139	(4)
Gender and Sexism	143	(1)
Focus on Theory: Conflict Theories	144	(4)
Social Hazards	147	(1)
Focus on Sociology: What Is Postmodernism?	148	(5)
Overview	149	(1)
Summary	149	(4)
Pregnancy, Birth, and the Newborn	153	(44)
Developmental Themes	154	(1)
Focus on Ethics: Abortion: A Difficult Decision	155	(2)
Biophysical Dimension	156	(1)
Biophysical Growth and Development	156	(1)
Physical Development of the Fetus	157	(1)
The Birth Process	158	(1)
Focus on History: Prepared Childbirth	158	(2)
Medications for Labor and Delivery	160	(1)
Characteristics of a Normal Newborn	160	(1)
Newborn Evaluations	161	(1)
Biophysical Hazards	161	(1)
Complications of Pregnancy	162	(1)
Environmental Effects on Prenatal Development	162	(1)
Focus on Diversity: Low-SES Teens May Have Healthier Babies	163	(1)
Focus on Multiculturalism: Pica During Pregnancy	164	(1)
Focus on Sociology: Mandatory Drug Testing of Pregnant Women---Does It Work?	165	(4)
Prenatal Testing	169	(1)
Focus on Ethics: Selecting for Perfection---Important Questions to Consider	169	(1)
Complications of Birth	170	(1)
Focus on Biophysics: Cesarean Section	171	(1)
Neonatal Complications---The High-Risk Infant	171	(4)
Focus on Sociology: When the Baby Isn't Perfect	175	(2)
Psychological Dimension	175	(1)
Cognitive Development and Information Processing	175	(1)
Communication	176	(1)
Attitudes and Emotions	176	(1)
Focus on Research: How Do We Know Babies Prefer Boy George?	177	(1)
Social Cognition and Regulation	177	(1)
Newborn States	178	(1)
Newborn Reflexes	178	(1)
The Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale	178	(3)
Psychological Hazards	180	(1)
The Baby's Experience of Birth	181	(1)
The NICU Experience	182	(1)
Multiple Gestation Births	182	(1)
Social Dimension	183	(1)
Families, Groups, Support Systems, and Communities	183	(1)
Prenatal Intervention Programs: Every Birth a Healthy One	183	(1)
Postpartum Early Intervention Programs	183	(1)
Focus on Diversity: Fighting the Stereotype---Resilient Adolescent Mothers	184	(1)
Multicultural and Gender Considerations	185	(1)
Infant Mortality: The African-American-White Disparity	185	(1)
Focus on Multiculturalism: Cultural Differences of Newborns	186	(1)
Circumcision	186	(1)
Social Hazards	187	(1)
Drug-Exposed infants	187	(1)
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome	188	(1)
Focus on Sociology: Domestic Violence	188	(9)
Applying the Framework: The Family of a Premature Infant	190	(2)
Summary	192	(5)
Infancy	197	(54)
Developmental Themes	198	(1)
Biophysical Dimension	199	(1)
Biophysical Growth and Development	199	(2)
Focus on Development: Early Intervention for Developmental Delay	201	(1)
Biophysical Hazards	201	(1)
Illness	202	(1)
Focus on Biophysics: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome	203	(1)
Psychological Dimension	204	(1)
Cognitive Development and Information Processing	204	(1)
Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage	204	(2)
Information Processing	206	(2)
Focus on Research: IQ Testing in Infancy	208	(1)
Communication	208	(1)
Crying and Cooing	209	(1)
Babbling	209	(1)
Holophrastic Speech	209	(1)
Telegraphic Speech	210	(1)
Focus on Development: How's My Little Schnookums?	211	(1)
Attitudes and Emotions	211	(1)
Focus on Psychology: Shy Children (and Uptight Monkeys) Are Born, Not Made	212	(1)
Infant Temperament	213	(3)
Attachment	216	(1)
The Parent's Behaviors	216	(1)
The Infant's Behaviors	217	(1)
Other Attachment Ideas	217	(1)
Risk Factors Associated with Attachment Failure	218	(1)
Focus on Multiculturalism: Cultural Considerations in Examining African-American Attachment Patterns	219	(2)
Social Cognition and Regulation	220	(1)
Regulation	221	(1)
Psychological Hazards	222	(1)
Failure to Form an Attachment	222	(1)
Separation After Attachment	223	(1)
Failure to Thrive	224	(2)
Infant Mental Health	226	(1)
Social Dimension	227	(1)
Families, Groups, Support Systems, and Communities	227	(1)
Family Influences	227	(1)
Fathers and Babies	228	(1)
Grandparents and Babies	229	(1)
Siblings and Babies	229	(1)
Babies and Their Peers	229	(1)
Playing with Baby	230	(1)
Adoption	230	(1)
Open Adoption	230	(1)
Transracial Adoption	230	(1)
Native-American Adoption	231	(1)
Birth Fathers	231	(2)
Focus on Sociology: How Are Adoptive Families Doing?	233	(1)
Day Care	234	(1)
Focus on Research: Who's Minding the Baby?	234	(1)
Multicultural and Gender Considerations	235	(1)
Developmental Assessment of Minority Infants	235	(1)
Focus on Multiculturalism: Understanding Different Cultural Beliefs	235	(1)
Gender Issues	236	(1)
Social Hazards	237	(1)
Environmental Context and Child Development	237	(1)
Focus on Resiliency: Programs Targeted at Infants and Children Living in Poverty	238	(1)
Infant Abuse	239	(1)
Foster Care	240	(1)
Lead Poisoning	240	(2)
Parents with Mental Illness	242	(1)
Parents with a History of Developmental Delay	242	(1)
Teen Parents---Children Having Children	243	(8)
Applying the Framework: Failure to Thrive	244	(3)
Summary	247	(4)
Early Childhood	251	(50)
Developmental Themes	253	(1)
Biophysical Dimension	253	(1)
Biophysical Growth and Development	253	(1)
Gross Motor Skills	254	(1)
Fine Motor Skills	254	(1)
Biophysical Hazards	255	(1)
Asthma	255	(1)
Psychological Dimension	256	(1)
Cognitive Development and Information Processing	256	(1)
Piaget's Preoperational Stage	256	(1)
Information Processing	257	(1)
Task Analysis	258	(1)
Developmental Waves	258	(2)
Communication	259	(1)
Focus on Social Development: Language as a Social Reinforcement	260	(1)
Communication Disorders	260	(1)
Attitudes and Emotions	261	(1)
Focus on Resilience: Emotion Coaching and Emotional Intelligence	261	(1)
Fears	262	(1)
Aggression	262	(2)
Focus on Development: Handling Preschool Aggression---Do They Grow Out of It?	264	(1)
Focus on Research: Children's Coping with Background Anger	265	(1)
Altruism and Empathy	266	(2)
Social Cognition and Regulation	267	(1)
Focus on Psychology: Self-Esteem versus Competency Debate	268	(1)
Sociability of Preschoolers	269	(1)
Focus on Social Development: Social Skills Training for Preschool Children	269	(1)
Regulation	270	(1)
Psychological Hazards	271	(1)
Diagnostic and Assessment Issues	271	(1)
Elimination	272	(1)
Anxiety Disorders	272	(1)
Childhood Depression	273	(1)
Focus on Psychology: Childhood Autism---A Severe Developmental Disorder	273	(1)
Social Dimension	274	(1)
Families, Groups, Support Systems, and Communities	274	(1)
Family Influences	275	(1)
Parenting Styles	275	(2)
Focus on Multiculturalism: Cultural Differences in Parenting Styles	277	(1)
Nontraditional Families	277	(1)
Mother's Role	278	(1)
Father's Role	278	(1)
Focus on Family: Is There Such a Thing as ``Quality Time''?	279	(1)
Siblings	280	(1)
Peer Relationships	281	(1)
Preschoolers' Play	282	(1)
Effects of TV on Preschool Children	282	(1)
Focus on Research: Television and Aggression	283	(1)
Preschool Environment	284	(1)
Kindergarten	284	(1)
Project Head Start	284	(2)
Full-Service Schools	286	(1)
Multicultural and Gender Considerations	286	(1)
Focus on Multiculturalism: Cross-Culturally Adopted Children and Ethnic Identity Development	286	(1)
Gender-Role and Sexual Identity Development	287	(1)
Focus on Gender: The Effects of Sex Stereotyping	287	(2)
Social Hazards	288	(1)
Child Abuse	289	(1)
Factors That Contribute to Child Abuse	290	(1)
Incidence of Child Abuse	290	(1)
Reporting Child Abuse	291	(1)
Investigation of Child Maltreatment	291	(1)
The Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect	292	(1)
Focus on Narrative: A Child Called ``It''	293	(1)
Risks and Protective Factors	293	(8)
Applying the Framework: Developmental Delay in a 4-Year-Old	294	(3)
Summary	297	(4)
Middle Childhood	301	(54)
Developmental Themes	302	(1)
Biophysical Dimension	303	(1)
Biophysical Growth and Development	303	(1)
Focus on Activity: Our Nation's Kids Are Turning into Couch Potatoes	304	(2)
Biophysical Hazards	305	(1)
Psychological Dimension	305	(1)
Cognitive Development and Information Processing	305	(1)
Intelligence and Intelligence Tests	306	(2)
Intelligence Tests: Good or Bad?	308	(1)
Information Processing	308	(1)
Focus on Research: The Significance of Emotional Intelligence	309	(1)
Focus on Assessment: Assessing Childhood Competency to Testify	310	(2)
Communication	311	(1)
Developmental Aspects of Sign Language	312	(1)
Focus on Development: Speech Disorders in Children	313	(1)
Bilingual Children	314	(1)
Other Cultural Influence on Language Abilities	315	(1)
Focus on Multiculturalism: Refugee Children: A New Life	316	(3)
Attitudes and Emotions	317	(1)
Social Cognition and Regulation	318	(1)
Interpersonal Awareness	319	(1)
Interpersonal Awareness and Interpersonal Relationships	320	(2)
Psychological Hazards	321	(1)
Focus on Assessment: Empirical Assessment---The Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist	322	(1)
Hyperactivity, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	322	(2)
Focus on Health: Are We Overmedicating Our Children?	324	(1)
Social Dimension	325	(1)
Families, Groups, Support Systems, and Communities	325	(1)
Normal Family Process	325	(1)
Parental Discipline	325	(1)
Parent-Effectiveness Training (P.E.T.)	326	(1)
Parent-Involvement Training (P.I.T.)	327	(1)
Behavior Modification	328	(1)
Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (STEP)	328	(1)
Groups, Support Systems, and Communities	329	(1)
Group Formation	329	(1)
The Power of Peers	330	(2)
Culture and Cooperation	332	(1)
Focus on Research: Can Isolated Children Be Taught the Social Skills Needed for Friendship Making?	333	(1)
Focus on Research: Why Are Children Afraid to Go to School?	333	(1)
School Influences	334	(1)
Designing More Effective Schools	335	(1)
Teacher Expectations	335	(1)
Self-Expectations and School Performance	335	(1)
Disadvantaged Children and the Public School System	336	(1)
Schools and U.S. Public Law 94-142	337	(2)
Multicultural and Gender Considerations	338	(1)
Focus on Multiculturalism: Heritage-Based Rites of Passage for African-American Youth	339	(1)
Sex Roles in Middle Childhood	340	(2)
Social Hazards	341	(1)
Focus on Multiculturalism: Primary Prevention for Traumatized Khmer Children	342	(1)
Marital Conflict and Divorce	342	(13)
Applying the Framework: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	347
Summary	345	(10)
Adolescence	355	(58)
Developmental Themes	357	(1)
Biophysical Dimension	357	(1)
Biophysical Growth and Development	357	(1)
The Pubertal Process	358	(1)
Focus on Multiculturalism: The Apache Ceremony of the Changing Woman	358	(1)
Hormonal Changes in Adolescence	359	(2)
Biophysical Hazards	361	(1)
Nutritional Needs and Eating Habits	361	(1)
Weight Concerns	361	(1)
Dysmenorrhea	361	(1)
Acne	361	(1)
Headache	362	(1)
Psychological Dimension	362	(1)
Cognitive Development and Information Processing	362	(1)
Focus on Multiculturalism: Racial Differences and Intellectual Ability	362	(2)
Communication	363	(1)
Attitudes and Emotions	364	(1)
Adolescent Self-Esteem	364	(1)
Focus on Research: Foster Care Adolescents' Self-Image	365	(2)
Focus on Multiculturalism: Do African-American Adolescents Have Low Self-Esteem?	367	(2)
Social Cognition and Regulation	367	(2)
Focus on Multiculturalism: Identity and Native-American Youth	369	(1)
Youth of Color and Adolescent Identity	369	(1)
Focus on Narrative: An Open Letter to the World	369	(1)
Social Cognitive Monitoring	370	(1)
Regulation	370	(1)
Critique of Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory	371	(2)
Moral Development: Three Theoretical Perspectives	373	(1)
Egocentrism	374	(1)
Psychological Hazards	374	(1)
Focus on Research: Identifying Risk Factors for Suicide Attempts Among Navajo Adolescents	375	(1)
Delinquency	375	(2)
Social Dimension	377	(1)
Families, Groups, Support Systems, and Communities	377	(1)
Family Influences: Development of Autonomy	377	(1)
Parent-Adolescent Conflict	378	(1)
Parent-Adolescent Attachment	379	(1)
Parenting Styles and Adolescent Development	379	(1)
Focus on Narrative: An Adolescent's Perspective on Divorce	379	(1)
Peers and Adolescent Development	380	(1)
Peer Pressure and Conformity	381	(1)
Friendships	381	(1)
Adolescent Peer Groups	382	(1)
Cliques and Crowds	383	(1)
Gangs	383	(1)
Runaway Youth: A Hopeless Pathway	384	(1)
Focus on Narrative: Homeless Youth	385	(1)
School Influences	385	(2)
High-School Dropouts	387	(1)
Multicultural and Gender Considerations	388	(1)
Peer Relationships and Adolescents of Color	388	(1)
The Adolescent Immigrant	388	(1)
Focus on Gender: Meeting at the Crossroads: A Study of Adolescent Girls	388	(1)
Gender Roles	389	(1)
Body Image and Adolescent Depression for Girls	389	(2)
Focus on Narrative: The Difficulty of Being a Girl in Today's Society	391	(1)
Conducting Ethnographies to Study Adolescent Behavior	391	(1)
Adolescent Heterosexuality	392	(1)
Focus on Narrative: Adolescents' Views on Sex	393	(1)
AIDS Prevention and Adolescent Males	394	(1)
Adolescent Homosexuality	394	(2)
Focus on Behavior: Can Changing a Child's Sex Change His Sexual Orientation?	396	(1)
Focus on Diversity: Guidelines for Adolescents Who Want to Consider Coming Out	396	(2)
Social Hazards	397	(1)
Building Assets for Youth: A Community-Based Approach	398	(1)
Youth Employment	399	(1)
Adolescent Pregnancy and Childbirth	400	(1)
Prevalence of Adolescent Pregnancy	400	(1)
Focus on Multiculturalism: Birth Rate of African-American Girls	400	(1)
Consequences of Adolescent Pregnancy	401	(1)
Adolescent Fathers	401	(1)
Focus on Gender: Including Adolescent Fathers	402	(1)
Sex Education and Adolescent Development	403	(1)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases	404	(1)
Alcohol and Other Drug Use	404	(9)
Applying the Framework: A Depressed Adolescent	407
Summary	406	(7)
Young Adulthood	413	(56)
Developmental Themes	415	(1)
Focus on Development: Levinson's Eight Stages of Adult Development	415	(2)
Biophysical Dimension	416	(1)
Biophysical Growth and Development	416	(1)
Reproductive System During Early Childhood	417	(1)
Effect of Hormones on Women	417	(1)
Biophysical Hazards	417	(1)
Focus on Multiculturalism: Life and Death for African-Americans	418	(1)
Focus on Biophysics: To Drink or Not to Drink: Is That Really the Question?	418	(2)
Psychological Dimension	419	(1)
Cognitive Development and Information Processing	419	(1)
Development of Postformal Thought	420	(1)
Communication	421	(1)
Focus on Diversity: Communicating with the Deaf Requires More Than Just Signs	421	(1)
Attitudes and Emotions	422	(1)
Love	422	(2)
The Counterpoint of Love: Isolation and Loneliness	424	(1)
Social Cognition and Regulation	424	(1)
Regulation	425	(1)
Psychological Hazards	426	(1)
Serious Mental Illness	426	(1)
Focus on Disability: Case Management and Better Tracking Are Keys to Providing Better Care for Persons with Serious Mental Illness	427	(1)
Focus on Gender: Women and Depression	428	(1)
Social Dimension	429	(1)
Families, Groups, Support Systems, and Communities	429	(1)
Marriage---Forming a Family	429	(1)
Selecting a Partner	430	(1)
Focus on Diversity: I Do, and I Will---Marriage as a Union of Souls and Determination	430	(1)
Coming Together---Adjustment to Marriage	431	(1)
Marital Expectations and Myths	431	(1)
Focus on Family: Tasks Associated with Adjustment to a New Marriage	432	(1)
Nonverbal Communication May Be More Powerful Than You Think	432	(1)
Focus on Families: Families Under Stress	433	(1)
Satisfaction and Conflict in Marriage	434	(1)
Gender Differences in Communication	435	(1)
Diversity in Companionship	436	(1)
Remaining or Becoming Single	437	(1)
Homosexual Relationships	437	(1)
Homophobia	438	(1)
Internalized Homophobia	439	(1)
Transition to Parenthood	439	(1)
Focus on Ethics: Parents of Crack Babies---Where Do We Draw the Line?	440	(1)
Voluntary Childlessness	441	(1)
When Couples Can't Conceive: Infertility	442	(1)
Focus on the Family: Some Babies Die	443	(1)
Work Life	444	(1)
Women and Work	444	(1)
Peer Relationships---Forming Mentorships	444	(1)
Focus on Community: Volunteerism and Social Services	444	(2)
Multicultural and Gender Considerations	445	(1)
Blending Religions	446	(1)
Focus on Spirituality: Spiritual Parenting	446	(1)
Gender Roles	447	(1)
Focus on Gender: Housework---Are Men Doing Their Fair Share?	447	(1)
The Effect of Mother's Work on Children's Development	448	(1)
Focus on Gender: When Will Women and Men Be Equal?	448	(1)
Social Hazards	448	(1)
Focus on Welfare Reform: Barely Making Ends Meet	449	(1)
The Family That Has a Child with a Disability	450	(1)
Divorce	451	(1)
Focus on Diversity: When Lesbian and Gay Couples Break Up	452	(1)
Sexual Harassment	453	(1)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases	453	(1)
AIDS and Prevention	453	(2)
AIDS and Therapy	455	(1)
AIDS Internationally	455	(1)
Focus on Narrative: Spiritual Growth in Women with AIDS	456	(1)
Rape and Sexual Assault	457	(2)
Focus on Gender: The Global War Against Women	459	(1)
Domestic Violence in the Family	459	(2)
The Role of Social Workers in Managed Care Systems	461	(1)
The Facts: Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs	461	(8)
Applying the Framework: Schizophrenia	462	(3)
Summary	465	(4)
Middle Adulthood	469	(58)
Developmental Themes	471	(1)
Biophysical Dimension	472	(1)
Biophysical Growth and Development	472	(1)
Menopause	473	(2)
Ethnicity and Menopause	475	(1)
Estrogen Replacement Therapy	476	(1)
Sexuality in Middle Adulthood	477	(1)
Biophysical Hazards	478	(1)
Social Work and Cancer	478	(1)
Focus on Narrative: An African-American Woman's Experience with Breast Cancer	479	(1)
Focus on Biophysics: Prostate Cancer	480	(1)
Focus on Narrative: Cancer Affects Us All	481	(1)
A Family-Systems Look at Couples and Illness	481	(1)
Focus on Gender: Women and Health Care: A Short History	482	(1)
Midlife and the Widening Midsection	483	(1)
Effects of Brain Injury on the Family	484	(2)
Psychological Dimension	485	(1)
Cognitive Development and Information Processing	485	(1)
Effect of Professional Obsolescence	486	(1)
Communication	486	(1)
The Forgiveness Process	486	(1)
Focus on Sociology: Execution and Therapeutic Revenge	487	(1)
The Illiterate Adult	488	(1)
Non-English-Speaking Adults	488	(1)
The Hart-of-Hearing Adult	489	(1)
Legal Implications	490	(1)
Attitudes and Emotions	490	(1)
Midlife as a Crisis	491	(1)
Social Cognition and Regulation	492	(1)
Psychological Hazards	492	(1)
Alcohol and Drug Addiction	492	(2)
Focus on Gender: Women and Drugs	494	(1)
Focus on Narrative: Goodbye, Johnnie Walker	494	(2)
Codependency	496	(2)
Focus on Psychology: False Memory Syndrome	498	(1)
Social Dimension	498	(1)
Families, Groups, Support Systems, and Communities	498	(1)
Blended Families or Stepfamilies	499	(1)
Marriage and Intimate Relationships at Midlife	500	(1)
Focus on Multiculturalism: Marital Satisfaction Among African-Americans	501	(1)
Extramarital Affairs	502	(1)
Parent/Adult-Child Relationships	502	(1)
Middle-Aged Parents and Their Adolescent Children	502	(1)
Middle-Aged Parents and Their Adult Children	503	(1)
Middle-Aged Adults and Their Aging Parents	503	(2)
Focus on Disabilities: Families of Adults with Mental Retardation	505	(1)
Grandparenthood	506	(1)
Some Grandparents Become Parents Again---Grandparents Raising Their Grandchildren	506	(1)
Focus on Multiculturalism: African-American Grandmothcrs	507	(1)
The Men's Movement	507	(2)
Career Development and Job Satisfaction	509	(1)
Work as a Way of Life	510	(1)
Focus on Spirituality: The Spirituality of Work	510	(1)
Career Changes at Midlife	510	(1)
Gender, Work, and the Family: Different Pathways	511	(1)
Multicultural and Gender Considerations	512	(1)
Focus on Narrative: A Bicultural Life: Living in Two Worlds	512	(1)
Gender Concerns	513	(2)
Social Hazards	515	(1)
Homelessness	515	(2)
Predictors and Prevention in Inner-City Homeless Individuals	517	(1)
Focus on Gender: Women at Risk for AIDS---Is There Hope?	517	(4)
Adapting to Midlife	521	(6)
Applying the Framework: Alcoholism in Middle Age	518	(4)
Summary	522	(5)
Late Adulthood	527	(48)
Developmental Themes	528	(4)
Focus on Narrative: Apple Trees, Strength, and Creativity	532	(1)
Biophysical Dimension	532	(1)
Biophysical Growth and Development	532	(1)
Sexuality	532	(3)
Biophysical Hazards	535	(1)
Chronic Health Problems	535	(1)
Alcoholism in Late Adulthood	536	(2)
Psychological Dimension	537	(1)
Cognitive Development and Information Processing	537	(1)
Information Processing, Memory, and Learning	538	(1)
Focus on Narrative: The Professor Prevails	538	(3)
Communication	539	(2)
Focus on Development: Reminiscing with an Older Person	541	(1)
Attitudes and Emotions	541	(1)
Grief and Loss	542	(1)
The Importance of Mourning	542	(1)
Death and Dying	543	(1)
Focus on Biophysics: The Dying Process	544	(1)
Causes of Death	545	(1)
Fear of Death	545	(1)
Focus on Narrative: A Native-American Elder Contemplates Life's End	546	(1)
Widowhood	546	(1)
Focus on Narrative: The Death of a Widower	547	(1)
Other Related Emotions	547	(1)
Social Cognition and Regulation	548	(1)
Theories of Successful Aging	548	(2)
Psychological Hazards	549	(1)
Alzheimer's Disease	550	(2)
Focus on Research: Predicting Alzheimer's	552	(1)
Depression	552	(1)
Suicide	553	(1)
Focus on Ethics: Assisted Suicide: Murder or Mercy?	554	(1)
The Living Will and Medical Power of Attorney	555	(1)
Focus on Sociology: Right to Die	555	(1)
Social Dimension	556	(1)
Families, Groups, Support Systems, and Communities	556	(1)
Families	556	(1)
Couples	556	(1)
Parent-Child Relationships	557	(1)
Grandparenthood	558	(1)
Friendships	559	(1)
Religion and Spirituality	560	(1)
Nursing Homes	560	(1)
Focus on Sociology: Choosing a Nursing Home	560	(1)
Hospice	561	(1)
Retirement	561	(2)
Focus on Multiculturalism: Some Cultures Have No Retirement	563	(1)
Multicultural and Gender Considerations	563	(1)
Gender Issues	564	(1)
Social Hazards	565	(1)
Elder Abuse	565	(1)
Stereotyping	565	(1)
Living on a Fixed Income	566	(9)
Applying the Framework: Depression in an Older Woman	567
Summary	566	(9)
Epilogue: The Journey of Life	575	(1)
Glossary	576	(10)
References	586	(35)
Credits	621	(2)
Photo Credits	623	(1)
Name Index	624	(5)
Subject Index	629