The Human Body in Health & Disease

by Thibodeau, Gary A.

• ISBN13: 9780323031615
• ISBN10: 0323031617
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-04-01
• Publisher: MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC

Summary

Offering a student-friendly writing style, this text presents a body systems approach with a strong emphasis on vocabulary and basic anatomy and physiology concepts, as well as the basic mechanisms of disease and pathologic conditions associated with each body system. This comprehensive text is dominated by two unifying themes: the complementarity of structure and function and homeostasis. The integrating principle of homeostasis is used to show how "normal" structure and function is achieved and maintained. Failures of homeostasis are shown as basic mechanisms of disease. The reader is drawn into the subject by superior illustrations, including cadaver dissections, and other student-friendly features.

Table of Contents

An Introduction to the Structure and Function of the Body	1	(20)
Structural Levels of Organization	2	(2)
Anatomical Position	4	(1)
Anatomical Directions	4	(2)
Planes or Body Sections	6	(1)
Body Cavities	6	(2)
Body Regions	8	(2)
The Balance of Body Functions	10	(10)
Chemistry of Life	20	(20)
Levels of Chemical Organization	21	(1)
Atoms	22	(1)
Elements, Molecules, and Compounds	22	(1)
Chemical Bonding	22	(4)
Ionic Bonds	24	(1)
Covalent Bonds	25	(1)
Inorganic Chemistry	26	(2)
Water	26	(1)
Acids, Bases, and Salts	27	(1)
Organic Chemistry	28	(12)
Carbohydrates	30	(1)
Lipids	30	(1)
Proteins	31	(2)
Nucleic Acids	33	(7)
Cells and Tissues	40	(44)
Cells	42	(7)
Size and Shape	42	(1)
Composition	42	(1)
Parts of the Cell	42	(7)
Relationship of Cell Structure and Function	49	(1)
Movement of Substances Through Cell Membranes	49	(6)
Passive Transport Processes	49	(2)
Active Transport Processes	51	(3)
Cell Transport and Disease	54	(1)
Cell Reproduction and Heredity	55	(7)
DNA Molecule and Genetic Information	55	(2)
Cells, Genetics, and Disease	57	(1)
Cell Division	58	(2)
Changes in Cell Growth and Reproduction	60	(2)
Tissues	62	(22)
Epithelial Tissue	62	(5)
Connective Tissue	67	(4)
Muscle Tissue	71	(1)
Nervous Tissue	72	(1)
Tissue Repair	73	(11)
Organ Systems of the Body	84	(26)
Organ Systems of the Body	87	(11)
Integumentary System	87	(1)
Skeletal System	87	(3)
Muscular System	90	(1)
Nervous System	90	(1)
Endocrine System	91	(1)
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System	91	(2)
Lymphatic and Immune Systems	93	(1)
Respiratory System	94	(1)
Digestive System	94	(1)
Urinary System	95	(1)
Reproductive System	96	(2)
Integration of Body Organ System Functions	98	(1)
Organ Replacement	98	(12)
Artificial Organs	98	(3)
Organ Transplantation	101	(9)
Mechanisms of Disease	110	(36)
Studying Disease	111	(2)
Disease Terminology	111	(1)
Patterns of Disease	112	(1)
Pathophysiology	113	(3)
Mechanisms of Disease	113	(2)
Risk Factors	115	(1)
Pathogenic Organisms and Particles	116	(9)
Types of Organisms and Particles	116	(9)
Prevention and Control	125	(1)
Tumors and Cancer	126	(8)
Neoplasms	126	(3)
Causes of Cancer	129	(1)
Pathogenesis of Cancer	130	(4)
Inflammation	134	(12)
Inflammatory Response	134	(3)
Inflammatory Disease	137	(9)
The Integumentary System and Body Membranes	146	(34)
Classification of Body Membranes	147	(3)
Epithelial Membranes	148	(2)
Connective Tissue Membranes	150	(1)
The Skin	150	(14)
Structure of the Skin	150	(9)
Appendages of the Skin	159	(4)
Functions of the Skin	163	(1)
Disorders of the Skin	164	(16)
Skin Lesions	164	(1)
Burns	165	(2)
Skin Infections	167	(2)
Vascular and Inflammatory Skin Disorders	169	(1)
Skin Cancer	170	(10)
The Skeletal System	180	(48)
Functions of the Skeletal System	182	(1)
Support	182	(1)
Protection	182	(1)
Movement	182	(1)
Storage	182	(1)
Hematopoiesis	182	(1)
Types of Bones	182	(1)
Structure of Long Bones	182	(1)
Microscopic Structure of Bone and Cartilage	183	(2)
Bone Formation and Growth	185	(2)
Divisions of Skeleton	187	(17)
Axial Skeleton	187	(10)
Appendicular Skeleton	197	(7)
Differences Between a Man's and A Woman's Skeleton	204	(1)
Joints (Articulations)	205	(7)
Kinds of Joints	205	(7)
Skeletal Disorders	212	(16)
Tumors of Bone and Cartilage	212	(1)
Metabolic Bone Diseases	213	(1)
Bone Infection	214	(1)
Bone Fractures	215	(1)
Joint Disorders	215	(13)
The Muscular System	228	(32)
Muscle Tissue	230	(1)
Structure of Skeletal Muscle	231	(2)
Microscopic Structure	231	(2)
Functions of Skeletal Muscle	233	(1)
Movement	233	(1)
Posture	234	(1)
Heat Production	234	(1)
Fatigue	234	(1)
Role of Other Body Systems in Movement	234	(1)
Motor Unit	235	(1)
Muscle Stimulus	235	(1)
Types of Skeletal Muscle Contraction	235	(5)
Twitch and Tetanic Contractions	236	(1)
Isotonic Contraction	236	(1)
Isometric Contraction	236	(4)
Effects of Exercise on Skeletal Muscles	240	(1)
Skeletal Muscle Groups	240	(9)
Muscles of the Head and Neck	242	(1)
Muscles That Move the Upper Extremities	242	(2)
Muscles of the Trunk	244	(1)
Muscles That Move the Lower Extremities	245	(1)
Movements Produced by Skeletal Muscle Contractions	245	(4)
Major Muscular Disorders	249	(11)
Muscle Injury	249	(1)
Muscle Infections	250	(1)
Muscular Dystrophy	251	(1)
Myasthenia Gravis	251	(9)
The Nervous System	260	(50)
Organs and Divisions of the Nervous System	262	(1)
Cells of the Nervous System	262	(4)
Neurons	262	(1)
Glia	263	(2)
Disorders of Nervous Tissue	265	(1)
Nerves	266	(1)
Reflex Arcs	267	(3)
Nerve Impulses	270	(1)
The Synapse	270	(4)
Central Nervous System	274	(12)
Divisions of the Brain	274	(4)
Brain Disorders	278	(4)
Spinal Cord	282	(3)
Coverings and Fluid Spaces of the Brain and Spinal Cord	285	(1)
Peripheral Nervous System	286	(6)
Cranial Nerves	289	(1)
Spinal Nerves	290	(2)
Peripheral Nerve Disorders	292	(1)
Autonomic Nervous System	292	(18)
Functional Anatomy	294	(1)
Autonomic Conduction Paths	295	(1)
Sympathetic Nervous System	295	(1)
Parasympathetic Nervous System	296	(1)
Autonomic Neurotransmitters	297	(1)
Autonomic Nervous System as a Whole	298	(1)
Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System	299	(11)
The Senses	310	(32)
Classification of Sense Organs	311	(3)
Converting a Stimulus Into a Sensation	314	(1)
General Sense Organs	314	(1)
Special Sense Organs	315	(27)
The Eye	315	(3)
Visual Disorders	318	(8)
The Ear	326	(5)
Hearing Disorders	331	(1)
The Taste Receptors	332	(1)
The Smell Receptors	332	(10)
The Endocrine System	342	(36)
Mechanisms of Hormone Action	344	(4)
Nonsteroid Hormones	347	(1)
Steroid Hormones	348	(1)
Regulation of Hormone Secretion	348	(3)
Mechanisms of Endocrine Disease	351	(1)
Prostaglandins	351	(1)
Pituitary Gland	352	(3)
Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones	352	(2)
Posterior Pituitary Gland Hormones	354	(1)
Hypothalamus	355	(1)
Thyroid Gland	355	(3)
Parathyroid Glands	358	(1)
Adrenal Glands	358	(5)
Adrenal Cortex	360	(1)
Adrenal Medulla	360	(2)
Adrenal Abnormalities	362	(1)
Pancreatic Islets	363	(3)
Female Sex Glands	366	(1)
Male Sex Glands	366	(1)
Thymus	366	(1)
Placenta	367	(1)
Pineal Gland	367	(1)
Other Endocrine Structures	367	(11)
Blood	378	(32)
Blood Composition and Volume	379	(2)
Blood Types	381	(1)
ABO System	381	(1)
Rh System	382	(1)
Blood Plasma	382	(2)
Formed Elements	384	(1)
Mechanisms of Blood Disease	385	(1)
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)	385	(2)
Red Blood Cell Disorders	387	(4)
Polycythemia	387	(1)
Anemia	388	(3)
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)	391	(3)
WBC Count	393	(1)
Leukocyte Types and Functions	393	(1)
White Blood Cell Disorders	394	(3)
Multiple Myeloma	394	(1)
Leukemia	395	(2)
Infectious Mononucleosis	397	(1)
Platelets and Blood Clotting	397	(13)
Clotting Disorders	399	(11)
The Heart and Heart Disease	410	(24)
Location, Size, and Position of the Heart	411	(2)
Anatomy of the Heart	413	(4)
Heart Chambers	413	(1)
The Pericardium and Pericarditis	413	(2)
Heart Action	415	(1)
Heart Valves and Valve Disorders	415	(2)
Heart Sounds	417	(1)
Blood Flow Through the Heart	417	(2)
Coronary Circulation and Coronary Heart Disease	419	(1)
Cardiac Cycle	420	(1)
Conduction System of the Heart	421	(5)
Electrocardiography	421	(1)
Cardiac Dysrhythmia	422	(4)
Heart Failure	426	(8)
The Circulation of the Blood	434	(26)
Blood Vessels	435	(6)
Types	435	(1)
Structure	435	(2)
Functions	437	(4)
Disorders of Blood Vessels	441	(3)
Disorders of Arteries	441	(1)
Disorders of Veins	442	(2)
Circulation of Blood	444	(4)
Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation	444	(1)
Hepatic Portal Circulation	444	(1)
Fetal Circulation	445	(3)
Blood Pressure	448	(4)
Defining Blood Pressure	448	(1)
Factors That Influence Blood Pressure	448	(3)
Fluctuations in Blood Pressure	451	(1)
Pulse	452	(1)
Circulatory Shock	452	(8)
The Lymphatic System and Immunity	460	(28)
The Lymphatic System	462	(6)
Lymph and Lymph Vessels	462	(2)
Lymphedema	464	(1)
Lymph Nodes	464	(2)
Lymphoma	466	(1)
Thymus	467	(1)
Tonsils	467	(1)
Spleen	468	(1)
The Immune System	468	(2)
Function of the Immune System	468	(1)
Nonspecific Immunity	468	(1)
Specific Immunity	469	(1)
Immune System Molecules	470	(2)
Antibodies	470	(2)
Complement Proteins	472	(1)
Immune System Cells	472	(5)
Phagocytes	472	(1)
Lymphocytes	473	(4)
Hypersensitivity of the Immune System	477	(2)
Allergy	477	(1)
Autoimmunity	478	(1)
Isoimmunity	478	(1)
Immune System Deficiency	479	(9)
Congenital Immune Deficiency	480	(1)
Acquired Immune Deficiency	480	(8)
The Respiratory System	488	(38)
Structural Plan	490	(1)
Respiratory Tracts	490	(2)
Respiratory Mucosa	492	(1)
Nose	493	(2)
Pharynx	495	(2)
Larynx	497	(1)
Disorders of the Upper Respiratory Tract	498	(2)
Upper Respiratory Infection	498	(1)
Anatomical Disorders	498	(2)
Trachea	500	(1)
Bronchi, Bronchioles, and Alveoli	501	(2)
Respiratory Distress	501	(2)
Lungs and Pleura	503	(3)
Respiration	506	(4)
Mechanics of Breathing	506	(1)
Exchange of Gases in Lungs	507	(1)
Exchange of Gases in Tissues	508	(2)
Volumes of Air Exchanged in Pulmonary Ventilation	510	(1)
Regulation of Respiration	510	(2)
Cerebral Cortex	512	(1)
Receptors Influencing Respiration	512	(1)
Types of Breathing	512	(2)
Disorders of the Lower Respiratory Tract	514	(12)
Lower Respiratory Infection	514	(1)
Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders	515	(1)
Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders	516	(1)
Lung Cancer	516	(10)
The Digestive System	526	(40)
Mouth	529	(1)
Teeth	530	(1)
Types of Teeth	530	(1)
Typical Tooth	530	(1)
Disorders of the Mouth and Teeth	531	(4)
Salivary Glands	535	(1)
Pharynx	535	(1)
Wall of the Digestive Tract	536	(1)
Esophagus	536	(2)
Stomach	538	(4)
Disorders of the Stomach	541	(1)
Small Intestine	542	(3)
Disorders of the Small Intestine	542	(3)
Liver and Gallbladder	545	(2)
Disorders of the Liver and Gallbladder	545	(2)
Pancreas	547	(1)
Large Intestine	547	(4)
Disorders of the Large Intestine	550	(1)
Appendix and Appendicitis	551	(2)
Peritoneum	553	(1)
Extensions	553	(1)
Peritonitis	553	(1)
Ascites	553	(1)
Digestion	554	(2)
Carbohydrate Digestion	554	(1)
Protein Digestion	554	(1)
Fat Digestion	554	(2)
Absorption	556	(10)
Nutrition and Metabolism	566	(22)
Role of the Liver	567	(1)
Nutrient Metabolism	568	(4)
Carbohydrate Metabolism	568	(2)
Fat Metabolism	570	(1)
Protein Metabolism	571	(1)
Vitamins and Minerals	572	(2)
Metabolic Rates	574	(1)
Metabolic and Eating Disorders	574	(4)
Body Temperature	578	(10)
Abnormal Body Temperature	579	(9)
The Urinary System	588	(28)
Kidneys	589	(7)
Location	589	(2)
Internal Structure	591	(1)
Microscopic Structure	592	(2)
Function	594	(2)
Formation of Urine	596	(2)
Control of Urine Volume	597	(1)
Ureters	598	(1)
Urinalysis	598	(1)
Urinary Bladder	599	(1)
Urethra	599	(1)
Micturition	600	(1)
Renal and Urinary Disorders	601	(15)
Obstructive Disorders	602	(1)
Urinary Tract Infections	603	(1)
Glomerular Disorders	604	(1)
Kidney Failure	605	(11)
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance	616	(18)
Body Fluids	618	(2)
Body Fluid Compartments	619	(1)
Mechanisms That Maintain Fluid Balance	620	(6)
Regulation of Fluid Intake	621	(1)
Importance of Electrolytes in Body Fluids	621	(4)
Capillary Blood Pressure and Blood Proteins	625	(1)
Fluid Imbalance	626	(1)
Electrolyte Imbalance	627	(7)
Sodium Imbalance	627	(1)
Potassium Imbalance	627	(1)
Calcium Imbalance	627	(7)
Acid-Base Balance	634	(18)
pH of Body Fluids	635	(1)
Mechanisms that Control pH of Body Fluids	636	(6)
Buffers	637	(2)
Respiratory Mechanism of pH Control	639	(1)
Urinary Mechanism of pH Control	640	(2)
pH Imbalances	642	(10)
Metabolic and Respiratory Disturbances	645	(7)
The Reproductive Systems	652	(38)
Common Structural and Functional Characteristics Between the Sexes	654	(1)
Male Reproductive System	654	(8)
Structural Plan	654	(1)
Testes	655	(4)
Reproductive Ducts	659	(1)
Accessory or Supportive Sex Glands	660	(1)
External Genitals	661	(1)
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System	662	(2)
Disorders of the Testes	662	(1)
Disorders of the Prostate	663	(1)
Disorders of the Penis and Scrotum	663	(1)
Female Reproductive System	664	(11)
Structural Plan	664	(1)
Ovaries	665	(3)
Reproductive Ducts	668	(2)
Accessory or Supportive Sex Glands	670	(1)
External Genitals	670	(2)
Menstrual Cycle	672	(3)
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System	675	(5)
Hormonal and Menstrual Disorders	675	(1)
Infection and Inflammation	676	(1)
Tumors and Related Conditions	677	(2)
Infertility	679	(1)
Summary of Male and Female Reproductive Systems	680	(1)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases	680	(10)
Growth and Development	690	(32)
Prenatal Period	692	(9)
Fertilization to Implantation	692	(5)
Periods of Development	697	(1)
Formation of the Primary Germ Layers	697	(2)
Histogenesis and Organogenesis	699	(2)
Birth or Parturition	701	(2)
Stages of Labor	701	(1)
Multiple Births	701	(2)
Disorders of Pregnancy	703	(3)
Implantation Disorders	703	(1)
Preeclampsia	704	(1)
Fetal Death	704	(1)
Birth Defects	705	(1)
Postpartum Disorders	706	(1)
Postnatal Period	706	(4)
Infancy	707	(1)
Childhood	708	(1)
Adolescence	709	(1)
Adulthood	709	(1)
Older Adulthood	709	(1)
Effects of Aging	710	(12)
Skeletal System	710	(1)
Integumentary System (Skin)	710	(1)
Urinary System	710	(2)
Respiratory System	712	(1)
Circulatory (Cardiovascular) System	712	(1)
Special Senses	713	(1)
Reproductive Systems	714	(8)
Genetics and Genetic Diseases	722
Genetics and Human Disease	723	(1)
Chromosomes and Genes	724	(2)
Mechanisms of Gene Function	724	(1)
The Human Genome	724	(2)
Distribution of Chromosomes to Offspring	726	(1)
Gene Expression	726	(6)
Hereditary Traits	726	(2)
Sex-Linked Traits	728	(2)
Genetic Mutations	730	(2)
Genetic Diseases	732	(4)
Mechanisms of Genetic Disease	732	(1)
Single-Gene Diseases	732	(3)
Chromosomal Diseases	735	(1)
Prevention and Treatment of Genetic Diseases	736
Genetic Counseling	736	(1)
Pedigree	736	(3)
Treating Genetic Diseases	739
Appendix A Examples of Pathological Conditions	1	(16)
Table 1 Leading Health Problems	1	(1)
Table 2 Viral Conditions	1	(1)
Table 3 Bacterial Conditions	2	(4)
Table 4 Mycotic (Fungal) Conditions	6	(1)
Table 5 Conditions Caused by Protozoa	7	(1)
Table 6 Conditions Caused by Pathogenic Animals	8	(1)
Table 7 Conditions Caused by Physical Agents	9	(2)
Table 8 Endocrine Conditions	11	(2)
Table 9 Autoimmune Diseases	13	(1)
Table 10 Deficiency Diseases	14	(1)
Table 11 Genetic Conditions	15	(2)
Appendix B Medical Terminology	17	(8)
Hints for Learning and Using Medical Terms	17	(1)
Table 1 Word Parts Commonly Used as Prefixes	18	(2)
Table 2 Word Parts Commonly Used as Suffixes	20	(1)
Table 3 Word Parts Commonly Used as Roots	21	(4)
Appendix C Clinical and Laboratory Values	25	(5)
Table 1 Blood, Plasma, or Serum Values	25	(2)
Table 2 Urine Components	27	(3)
Appendix D Common Abbreviations and Symbols	30
Table 1 Diseases and Infectious Agents	30	(1)
Table 2 Charting Terms	31	(2)
Table 3 Symbols	33	(1)
Table 4 Units of Measurement	33	(1)
Table 5 General Scientific Abbreviations	33	(1)
Table 6 Health Sciences Academic Degrees and Professional Credentials	34
Chapter Test and Case Studies Answers	1	(1)
Glossary	1	(1)
Illustration/Photo Credits	1
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