Human Communication : Motivation, Knowledge, and Skills

by Morreale,Sherwyn P.

• ISBN13: 9780534570248
• ISBN10: 0534570240
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-02-22
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

Part One: FOUNDATIONS OF COMMUNICATION. 1. Introducing Communication. 2. A Model of Communication Competence. 3. Perception and Culture. 4. Language. 5. Nonverbal Communication. 6. Listening. Part Two: INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION. 7. Interpersonal Competence: Building Knowledge. 8. Interpersonal Competence: Developing Skills. Part Three: SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION. 9. Decision Making: Building Knowledge. 10. Participating In And Leading Groups: Developing Skills. Part Four: PUBLIC SPEAKING. 11. Speech Preparation: Building Knowledge. 12. Speech Presentation: Developing Skills. 13. Speaking to Inform. 14. Speaking to Persuade. Part Five: COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE IN A MEDIATED WORLD. 15. Computer-Mediated Communication Competence 16. Mass Communication And Media Competence. Appendix: Interviewing. Glossary. References. Index.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiv
PART ONE Foundations of Communication	2	(156)
Introducing Communication	2	(24)
What Is Communication?	4	(3)
Messages	5	(1)
Media	6	(1)
Meaning	6	(1)
Managing	7	(1)
Models of Communication	7	(8)
Communication as Information Transfer	7	(2)
Communication as Sharing Meaning	9	(2)
Communication as Persuasion	11	(1)
Communication as Community	12	(3)
Assumptions about Communication	15	(6)
Communication Is a Process	15	(1)
Communication Creates Our Social Worlds	16	(1)
Communication Is Functional	16	(1)
Communication Is Limiting and Liberating	16	(1)
Communication Is Adaptive	17	(1)
Communication Is Holistic	17	(1)
Communication Is Ambiguous	18	(1)
Communication Is Crucial to a Quality Life	19	(1)
Close-Up on Community: Integrating Community Concerns with Your Experience	20	(1)
Communication and Competence	21	(1)
Chapter Summary	21	(1)
Study and Review	22	(4)
A Model of Communication Competence	26	(28)
How Competent Are You?	28	(1)
What Is Communication Competence?	29	(5)
Competence as an Impression	29	(2)
The Competence Grid	31	(1)
Ethics and Communication Competence	32	(1)
Close-Up on Ethics: The Ethics of Interpersonal Communication	33	(1)
Basic Components of the Communication Competence Model	34	(8)
Motivation	25	(12)
Knowledge	37	(1)
Skills	38	(1)
Context	38	(4)
The Process Model of Communication Competence	42	(2)
Verbal and Nonverbal Communication	42	(1)
Perception, Expectations, and Impressions	43	(1)
The Competence Model in Action	43	(1)
Chapter Summary	44	(1)
Study and Review	45	(9)
Perception and Culture	54	(30)
What Is Perception?	56	(7)
Perception Means Noticing	56	(2)
Perception Means Organizing	58	(2)
Perception Means Interpretation	60	(3)
How Does Culture Affect Perception?	63	(2)
Culture and Beliefs, Attitudes, and Values	63	(1)
Perceptions Vary by Culture	64	(1)
How Do We Develop Self-Concept?	65	(3)
Communication and Self	65	(1)
The Postmodern Self	66	(2)
Close-Up on Community: Managing Multiple ``Me's'' in a Diverse Society	68	(1)
Expressing Self to Others	68	(4)
Self-Disclosure	69	(3)
Challenges to Perception and Self	72	(1)
Managing the Challenges to Perception and Self	73	(2)
Using Multiple Perspectives to Create Descriptions	73	(1)
Anticipate Consequences	73	(1)
Envision the Future	74	(1)
Chapter Summary	75	(1)
Study and Review	75	(9)
Language	84	(24)
What Is Language?	86	(4)
Language Is a System of Symbols	87	(2)
Language Is Guided by Rules	89	(1)
How Is Language Important?	90	(1)
Functions of Language	91	(7)
Language Makes Us Notice Things	91	(1)
Language Creates Opportunities and Limitations	92	(2)
Language Facilitates Social Coordination	94	(1)
Close-Up on Diversity: Reducing Bias in Language	95	(3)
Challenges to Competent Language Use	98	(1)
Strategies for Overcoming Challenges to Language	99	(4)
Be Curious about the Meaning of Words	99	(1)
Anticipate Possible Interpretations before You Speak	100	(1)
Experiment with Possible Phrasings	101	(2)
Chapter Summary	103	(1)
Study and Review	103	(5)
Nonverbal Communication	108	(26)
Defining Nonverbal Communication	110	(1)
Appreciating Nonverbal Communication	110	(1)
Functions of Nonverbal Communication	111	(3)
Substituting for and Repeating Words	112	(1)
Complementing and Accenting Words	112	(1)
Contradicting Words	112	(1)
Regulating Interactions	113	(1)
Defining Social and Emotional Relationships	113	(1)
Types of Nonverbal Messages	114	(10)
Physical Appearance and First Impressions	114	(1)
Body Communication	114	(4)
Touch	118	(1)
Voice	119	(1)
Time and Space	120	(4)
Challenges to Nonverbal Communication	124	(2)
Quantity, Constancy, and Awareness of Nonverbal Messages	124	(1)
Individual, Gender, and Cultural Differences	124	(1)
Close-Up on Gender: Female and Male Nonverbal Communication---Nature or Nurture?	125	(1)
Overcoming Challenges to Nonverbal Communication	126	(1)
Chapter Summary	127	(1)
Study and Review	127	(7)
Listening	134	(24)
What Is Listening?	137	(1)
Types of Listening	138	(4)
Listening to Learn and Comprehend	138	(1)
Listening to Evaluate and Critique	139	(2)
Listening to Empathize and Understand	141	(1)
Integrating the Types of Listening	141	(1)
Close-Up on Gender: Gender-Based Stereotypes and Expectations for Listening	142	(1)
Challenges to Listening	142	(4)
Physical Barriers	143	(2)
Interaction Barriers	145	(1)
Overcoming Challenges to Listening	146	(5)
Receiving Competence	146	(1)
Constructing Meaning Competence	147	(1)
Responding Competence	148	(3)
Chapter Summary	151	(1)
Study and Review	152	(4)
Listening Competence Skills Grid	156	(2)
PART TWO Interpersonal Communication	158	(54)
Interpersonal Competence: Building Knowledge	158	(26)
How We Learn	161	(1)
Content Knowledge: Knowing What to Communicate	162	(6)
Repertoires	163	(2)
Scripts	165	(3)
Rules	168	(1)
Procedural Knowledge: Knowing How to Communicate	168	(7)
Planning	168	(2)
Close-Up on Culture: Conversational Rules	170	(3)
Action Assembly	173	(2)
Challenges to Competence in Relationships	175	(2)
Empathy and Perspective Taking	175	(1)
Knowledge-Gaining Strategies	176	(1)
Chapter Summary	177	(1)
Study and Review	177	(7)
Interpersonal Competence: Developing Skills	184	(28)
The Nature of Communication Skills	186	(11)
Characteristics of Skills	186	(3)
Types of Interpersonal Skills	189	(5)
Close-Up on Conflict: Conflict, Assertiveness, and Competence	194	(3)
Challenges to Managing Interpersonal Skills	197	(4)
Habit and Routine	197	(1)
Balancing Adaptability and Consistency	198	(1)
Balancing the Amount of Skills	199	(1)
Balancing Self-Interests and Other-Interests	200	(1)
Chapter Summary	201	(1)
Study and Review	202	(8)
Interpersonal Communication Competence Skills Grid	210	(2)
PART THREE Small Group Communication	212	(62)
Small Groups and Decision Making: Building Knowledge and Skills	212	(32)
What Is a Small Group?	215	(3)
Includes Three or More People	215	(1)
Includes Shared Perception	215	(1)
Emphasizes Interdependence	216	(1)
Requires Communication	217	(1)
Knowing How to Make Group Decisions	218	(8)
Distinguishing between Problem Solving and Decision Making	218	(1)
Close-Up on Teams and Teamwork: Teams and Teamwork	219	(2)
Defining Group Decision-Making Tasks	221	(1)
Communication and Group Decision Making	222	(3)
Assessing the Quality of Decision Making	225	(1)
Task Skills for Making Decisions	226	(5)
Close-Up on Group Decision Making: When to Use Groups to Make Decisions	227	(1)
Defining the Problem	228	(1)
Analyzing the Problem	229	(1)
Identifying Criteria for Solving the Problem	230	(1)
Generating Solutions or Alternatives	230	(1)
Evaluating Solutions or Alternatives	230	(1)
Challenges to Competent Decision Making	231	(1)
Causes of Groupthink	231	(1)
Concurrence Seeking and Decision Making	232	(1)
Overcoming Challenges to Competence	233	(4)
Stimulating Divergent Thinking	234	(1)
Initiating Convergent Thinking	235	(2)
Chapter Summary	237	(1)
Study and Review	238	(6)
Leadership in Small Groups: Challenges and Overcoming Them	244	(30)
Knowing How to Lead Groups	247	(6)
Understanding Leadership	247	(3)
Close-Up on Gender: A Feminine Advantage?	250	(2)
Leadership and Change	252	(1)
Group Conflict	253	(3)
Conflict Management Styles	256
Challenges to Leadership	253	(6)
Managing Leadership Challenges	259	(7)
Creating a Supportive Group Climate	259	(2)
Explaining Positions	261	(3)
Framing the Issue	264	(2)
Chapter Summary	266	(1)
Study and Review	267	(4)
Leadership Competence Skills Grid	271	(3)
PART FOUR Public Speaking	274	(124)
Speech Preparation: Building Knowledge	274	(38)
Rhetoric and Public Speaking	276	(2)
The Greek Period	276	(1)
The Roman Period	276	(2)
What Is Public Speaking?	278	(2)
Types of Speeches	278	(1)
Types of Delivery	278	(2)
Preparing with Competence	280	(1)
Analyzing the Audience and Situation	280	(7)
Analyzing the Audience	280	(4)
Close-Up on Diversity: Analyzing and Adapting to a Diverse Audience	284	(2)
Analyzing the Situation	286	(1)
Choosing and Narrowing a Topic	287	(1)
Finding a Good Topic	287	(1)
Adapting and Narrowing the Topic	287	(1)
Developing a Speech Purpose and Thesis Statement	288	(1)
General Purpose	288	(1)
Specific Purpose	288	(1)
Thesis Statement	289	(1)
Gathering Support Materials	289	(7)
Personal Observations, Experiences, and Interviews	290	(1)
Using the Internet	290	(3)
Evaluating Internet Sources	293	(1)
Using the Library	293	(3)
Support Materials and Critical Thinking	296	(1)
Organizing and Outlining	296	(10)
Close-Up on Critical Thinking: Thinking Critically during Speech Preparation	297	(1)
Organizational Patterns	297	(1)
Basics of Outlining	298	(1)
Types of Outlines	299	(2)
Introduction	301	(4)
Body of the Speech	305	(1)
Conclusion	305	(1)
Chapter Summary	306	(1)
Study and Review	306	(6)
Speech Presentation: Developing Skills	312	(34)
Presenting with Competence and Credibility	314	(2)
Becoming a Credible Speaker	315	(1)
Becoming a Competent Presenter	315	(1)
Using Words	316	(5)
Clarity	316	(1)
Vividness	317	(2)
Appropriateness	319	(2)
Using Your Voice	321	(3)
Rate	321	(1)
Close-Up on Diversity: Language in a Multicultural World	322	(1)
Pitch	323	(1)
Volume	323	(1)
Public Voice and Private Voice	324	(1)
Speaking Correctly and Appropriately	324	(3)
Pronunciation	325	(1)
Articulation	325	(1)
Grammar	326	(1)
Using Nonverbal Cues	327	(3)
Appearance	327	(1)
Posture and Body Movement	327	(1)
Gestures	328	(1)
Facial Expression	329	(1)
Eye Contact	329	(1)
Using Presentational Aids	330	(7)
Types of Aids	330	(4)
Methods of Presentation	334	(1)
Computerized Aids	335	(1)
How-Tos for Presenting with Aids	336	(1)
The Challenge of Public Speaking Anxiety	337	(1)
Overcoming Public Speaking Anxiety	338	(2)
Systematic Desensitization	339	(1)
Cognitive Modification	339	(1)
Goal Setting	339	(1)
Chapter Summary	340	(1)
Study and Review	341	(5)
Speaking to Inform	346	(24)
Understanding the Informative Speech	348	(3)
What Is an Informative Speech?	348	(2)
Why Do You Need Informative Speaking Skills?	350	(1)
Types of Informative Speeches	351	(1)
Speaking to Describe	351	(1)
Speaking to Explain	351	(1)
Speaking to Instruct	352	(1)
Organizing and Outlining an Informative Speech	352	(5)
Topic	353	(1)
Chronology	354	(1)
Space	355	(1)
Comparison and Contrast	355	(2)
Cause and Effect	357	(1)
Using Support Materials to Inform	357	(5)
Definitions and Descriptions	358	(1)
Examples	359	(1)
Stories	359	(1)
Testimonies and Quotations	360	(1)
Facts and Statistics	360	(2)
Close-Up on Ethics: Ethics and Informative Speaking	362	(1)
Ethics and Informative Speaking	362	(1)
Final Suggestions for Informative Speaking	362	(1)
Chapter Summary	363	(1)
Study and Review	364	(6)
Speaking to Persuade	370	(28)
Understanding the Persuasive Speech	372	(4)
Why Do You Need Persuasive Speaking Skills?	372	(1)
Types of Persuasive Speeches	373	(3)
Making Your Arguments Persuasive	376	(4)
Logical Appeals	376	(2)
Emotional Appeals	378	(1)
Credibility Appeals	379	(1)
Organizing and Outlining a Persuasive Speech	380	(6)
Problem-Solution Organization	380	(1)
Motivated Sequence	381	(4)
Refuting the Opponent	385	(1)
Comparing Alternatives	385	(1)
Reasoning Logically	386	(2)
Close-Up on Ethics: Ethics and Speaking to Persuade	387	(1)
Ethics and Persuasive Public Speaking	388	(1)
Chapter Summary	388	(1)
Study and Review	389	(7)
Public Speaking Presentation Competence Skills Grid	396	(2)
PART FIVE Communication Competence in a Mediated World	398	(53)
Computer-Mediated Communication	393	(31)
What Is Computer-Mediated Communication Competence?	400	(3)
Characteristics of Computer-Mediated Communication	401	(2)
The Importance of Computer-Mediated Communication	403	(2)
The Extent of Mediated Communication	404	(1)
Information Haves and Have-Nots	404	(1)
Close-Up on Technology: The Dark Side of CMC	405	(1)
The Computer-Mediated Communication Competence Model	405	(8)
Motivation	406	(1)
Knowledge	407	(1)
Skills	407	(3)
Context Factors	410	(3)
Overcoming Challenges to Mediated Communication	413	(2)
Access	414	(1)
Mastery	414	(1)
Chapter Summary	415	(1)
Study and Review	415	(9)
Mass Communication	424	(27)
Mass Communication and Media Competence	426	(12)
Trends in Mass Communication	426	(2)
How Mass Communication Works	428	(4)
The Mass Communication Professions	432	(1)
Close-Up on Media Effects: What's the Rap on Rap?	433	(5)
Overcoming Challenges to Media Literacy and Competence	438	(4)
Critical Thinking	440	(1)
Counterarguing	441	(1)
Bias Testing	442	(1)
Chapter Summary	442	(1)
Study and Review	443	(5)
Media Competence Skills Grid	448	(3)
Appendix Communication Competence in Interviews	451	(16)
Glossary	467	(12)
Photo Credits	479	(1)
Index	480